^jjSAtJ^Sux^^ 


JHorris  antJ  fHotgan^s  3Latm  Series 

EDITED  FOR  USE  IN  SCHOOLS  AND   COLLEGES 
UNDER   THE   SUPERVISION    OF 

EDWARD   P.   MORRIS,   L.H.D., 

PROFESSOR  OF  LATIN  IN  YALE   UNIVERSITY 

AND 

MORRIS   H.   MORGAN,   Ph.D., 

PROFESSOR   OF  CLASSICAL   PHILOLOGY  IN  HARVARD  UNIVERSITV 


VOLUMES    OF   THE   SERIES 

Essentials   of  Latin   for   Begfinners.     Henry  C.   Pearson,   Teachers 

College,  New  York. 
A  School  Latin  Grammar.      Morris  H.   Morgan,   Harvard  University. 

A  First  Latin  Writer.      M.  A.  Abbott,  Groton  School. 

Connected  Passages  for  Latin  Prose  Writing.  Maurice  W. 
Mather,  formerly  of  Harvard  University,  and  Arthur  L.  Wheeler,  Bryn 
Mawr  College. 

Caesar.  Episodes  from  the  Gallic  and  Civil  Wars.  Maurice 
W.  Mather,  formerly  of  Harvard  University. 

Cicero.     Ten  Orations  and  Selected  Letters.    J.  Remsen  Bishop, 
Eastern   High  School,  Detroit,  Frederick  A.  King,  Hughes  High  School, 
Cincinnati,  and   Wilbur  Helm,  Evanston  Academy  of  Northwestern  Uni- 
versity. 
Six  Orations. 

Selections  from  Latin  Prose  Authors  for  Sight  Reading.  Susan 
Bralev  Franklin  and  Ella  Catherine  Greene,  Miss  Baldwin's  School,  Bryn 

Cicero.      Cato  Maior.      Frank  G.  Moore,   Columbia  University. 
Cicero.      Laelius  de  Amicitia.      Clifton  Price,  University  of  California. 

Selections  from  Livy.     Harry  E.  Burton,  Dartmouth  Collie. 

Horace.      Odes  and  Epodes.      Clifford  H.  Moore,  Harvard  Unfversniy. 

Horace.      Satires.      Edward  P.   Morris,   Yale   University. 

Horace.      Satires  and  Epistles.     Edward  P.   Morris,  Yak  University. 

Horace.     Odes,  Epodes,  and  Carmen  Saeculare,  Moore.    Satires 

and  Epistles,  Morris.      In  one  volume. 
TibuUus.     Kirby  F.  Smith,  Johns  Hopkins  University. 
Lucretius.      William  A.  Merrill,  University  of  California. 
Latin    Literature    of    the    Empire.      Alfred    Gudeman,    formerly    of 

the   University  of  Pennsylvania. 

Vol.  I.      Prose  :   Velleius  to  Boethius 

Vol.  n.     Poetry  :   Pseudo-Vergiliana  to  Claudianus  . 

Selections  from  the  Public  and  Private  Law  of  the  Romans. 

James  J.  Robinson,  Hotchkiss  School. 

Others  to  be  announced  later. 


View  of  the  Coliseum,  as  one  looks  from  the  Forum  northeast- 
ward THROUGH  the  ArCH  OF  TiTUS 

(From  a  water-color  drawing  made  in  Rome) 


ESSENTIALS  OF  LATIN 


FOR    BEGINNERS 


BY 


HENRY   CARR   PEARSON 

PRINCIPAL  OF  THE   HORACE  MANN   SCHOOL,  TEACHERS  COLLEGE; 
COLUMBIA  UNIVERSITY 


Revised 


oJOSo 


AMERICAN   BOOK   COMPANY 

NEW  YORK  CINCINNATI  CHICAGO 


Copyright,  1905,  by 
EDWARD  P.  MORRIS  AND  MORRIS  H.  MORGAN. 

Entered  at  Stationers'  Hall,  London. 
Copyright,  1911,  1912,  1915,  by 
,  .:    ,  •     .       HENRY  CARR  PEARSON. 


^  #f  ARSON.       ESSENTIALS   OF  LATIN. 
*••  W.  P.     32 


PREFACE 

This  book  is  designed  primarily  to  prepare  pupils  in  a  thorough 
fashion  to  read  Caesar's  Gallic  War,  It  contains  seventy  lessons, 
including  ten  that  are  devoted  exclusively  to  reading,  and  six  supple- 
mentary lessons.  The  first  seventy  lessons  contain  the  minimum 
of  what  a  pupil  should  know  before  he  is  ready  to  read  Latin  with 
any  degree  of  intelligence  and  satisfaction.  The  supplementary 
lessons  deal  largely  with  certain  principles  of  syntax  that  some 
teachers  may  not  wish  to  present  to  their  pupils  during  the  first 
year's  work.  They  are  independent  of  one  another  and  of  the  rest 
of  the  book,  and  may,  therefore,  be  taken  up  in  any  order  that  the 
teacher  wishes,  or  any  number  of  them  may  be  omitted. 

It  is  hoped  that  the  following  features  will  commend  themselves 
to  teachers  of  first  year  Latin : 

1.  Carefully  selected  vocabularies,  containing  with  a  very  few 
exceptions  only  those  words  that  occur  with  the  greatest  frequency 
in  Caesar's  Gallic  War,  About  five  hundred  words  are  presented 
in  the  first  seventy  lessons. 

2.  The  constant  comparison  of  English  and  Latin  usage.  Not 
much  knowledge  of  English  grammar  on  the  part  of  the  pupil  is 
taken  for  granted.  The  more  difficult  constructions  are  first 
considered  from  the  English  point  of  view. 

3.  A  more  logical  and  consecutive  treatment  of  topics.  Nouns, 
adjectives,  pronouns,  and  verbs  are  not  treated  in  a  piecemeal 
fashion,  but  four  or  five  consecutive  lessons  are  devoted  to  a  topic 
before  passing  on  to  another.  Sufficient  change,  however,  is  in- 
troduced to  avoid  monotony. 

3 

459840 


4  PREFACE 

4.  A  brief  preparatory  course.  Allowing  ample  time  for  re- 
views, the  first  seventy  lessons  should  be  thoroughly  mastered  in 
about  twenty-five  weeks. 

5.  The  Review  Exercises  under  each  lesson.  These  employ 
the  vocabulary  and  constructions  of  the  preceding  lessons,  and 
afford  additional  practice  for  those  who  wish  it.  They  may  be 
omitted,  however,  if  desired,  as  the  regular  Exercises  also  review 
preceding  constructions. 

6.  Carefully  graded  material  for  reading.  There  are  stories  for 
rapid  reading,  based  on  the  vocabulary  and  constructions  already 
studied,  and  selections  from  Viri  Romae  and  the  first  twenty 
chapters  of  Caesar's  Gallic  War,  Book  II,  in  simplified  form. 
This  material  should  prepare  a  pupil  to  begin  to  read  the  regular 
text  of  Caesar  at  the  beginning  of  the  second  year. 

I  wish  to  express  my  grateful  acknowledgments  to  the  following 
well-known  teachers  of  Latin  who  have  read  the  manuscript  of 
this  book,  and  have  rendered  valuable  assistance  by  their  sug- 
gestions and  criticisms  :  Mr.  H.  F.  Towle,  Curtis  High  School,  New 
York  City;  Mr.  A.  L.  Hodges,  Wadleigh  High  School,  New  York 
Ci4:y  ;  Mr.  A.  J.  Inglis,  Horace  Mann  High  School,  New  York  City  ; 
Mr.  Herbert  T.  Rich,  Boston  Latin  School.  This  book  has  had 
the  benefit  of  the  criticism  of  Professor  M.  H.  Morgan  of  Harvard 
University,  one  of  the  editors  of  the  series,  who  has  carefully  read 
both  the  manuscript  and  the  proof. 

HENRY  CARR  PEARSON. 

New  York  City,  January,  1905. 

PREFACE  TO   THE   REVISED   EDITION 

The  present  revision  embodies  some  of  the  suggestions  received 
from  time  to  time  from  teachers  who  have  used  the  Essentials. 
It  has  been  undertaken,  not  to  change  the  character  or  plan  of  the 
work,  but  solely  to  introduce  such  simplifications  and  amplifications 
as  will  make  it  still  more  helpful  to  the  beginner.  The  statement 
of  rules  has  in  a  number  of  instances  been  modified ;  a  different 


PREFACE  5 

arrangement  has  been  given  to  the  conjugations  in  the  appendix ; 
the  introduction  has  been  made  somewhat  fuller ;  and  the  order  of 
Lessons  ^8  and  39  has  been  changed.  In  other  respects  the  changes 
are  internal  and  do  not  affect  the  method  or  scope  of  the  work. 

Many  full-page  illustrations  have  been  added,  together  with 
several  new  cuts  of  smaller  size  and  a  double-page  map  of  the 
western  portion  of  the  Roman  empire  at  the  time  of  Caesar. 

All  the  changes  made  in  this  edition  have  been  scrutinized  and 
approved  by  Professor  Charles  Knapp  of  Columbia  University, 
to  whose  keen  scholarship  and  valuable  aid  the  author  is  deeply 
indebted. 

March,  1915.  H.  C  P. 


CONTENTS 

LESSON  PAGE 

Introduction  ^ ii 

1.  First  Declension  or  Stems  in  -J-.     Feminine  Nouns         .         .         .16 

2.  First  Declension  or  Stems  in  -a-  (continued).     Feminine  Adjectives       18 

3.  First  Declension  or  Stems  in  -a-  (continued).      Limiting  Genitive. 

Present  Indicative  of  Sum 20 

4.  First  Conjugation.     Present  Indicative.     Direct  Object    .         .         .  .    22 

5.  Second  Declension  or  Stems  in  -0,     Masculine  Nouns  in  -us.     Mas- 

culine of  Adjectives  .........       25 

6.  Second  Declension  (continued).    Neuters  in -^^w.    Appositive.     In- 

direct Object 28 

7.  Declension  of  Adjectives  in  -us,  -a,  -urn.     Agreement      ...       30 

8.  Second  Declension  (continued).     Masculines  in  -er  and  -ir    .         .       33 

9.  Second  Declension  (continued).     Nouns  in   -ius  and  -iutn.    Ad- 

jectives in  -<?r,  -{e)rai  -(e)rum  ......       36 

10.  Imperfect  and  Future  Indicative  of  Sum.    Order  of  Words.    Review       40 

11.  First  Con jugatioxi.     Principal  Parts.     Formation  and  Conjugation  of 

the  Imperfect  and  Future  Indicative  Active      ....       42 

12.  First  Conjugation  (continued).    Perfect  Indicative  Active.    Ablative 

of  Means  ...........       45 

13.  First   Conjugation    (continued).       Pluperfect    and    Future    Perfect 

Indicative  Active.     Review       .......       48 

14.  Second  Conjugation.     Characteristics.     Formation  and  Conjugation 

of  the  Indicative  Active    .         .         .         .         .         .         .         '51 

15.  Third  Declension.     Consonant  Stems 54 

16.  Third  Declension  (continued).  Consonant  Stems.  Ablative  of  Cause       57 

17.  Third  Declension  (continued).     Stems  in  -i-   .         .  .         .       60 

18.  Review  of  Third  Declension.     Rules  of  Gender.     Ablative  of  Time 

When        ....  63 

19.  Reading  Lesson.     Adaptation  of  Chapter  I,  Book  I,  Gallic  War. 

Hints  for  Translation         ........       65 

20.  Present  Indicative  Passive  of  the  First  and  Second  Conjugations. 

Ablative  of  Agent     . 68 

7 


8  CONTENTS 

LESSOR  PAGE 

21.  Imperfect  and  Future  Passive  of  the  First  and  Second  Conjugations. 

^blative  of  Manner  ........       72 

22.  Perfect,  Pluperfect,  and  Future   Perfect  Passive  of  the  First  and 

Second  Conjugations 75 

23.  Adjectives  of  the  Third  Declension.     Three  Terminations.     Abla- 

tive of  Specification 78 

24.  Adjectives  of  the  Third  Declension  (continued).     Two  and  One 

Terminations.     Dative  with  Adjectives 81 

25.  Reading  Lesson.     Adaptation  of  Chapter  II    .         .         .         .         .84 

26.  Perfect,  Pluperfect,  and  Future  Perfect  of  Sum.      Review  of  the 

First  and  Second  Conjugations  .         .         .         .         .         •85 

27.  Third  Conjugation.      Present,  Imperfect,  and  Future,  Active  and 

Passive      ......         .....       87 

28.  Third  Conjugation  (completed).     Verbs  in  id  ....       89 

29.  Present  Infinitive,  Active  and  Passive.     The  Infinitive  used  as  in 

English 92 

30.  Reading  Lesson.     Adaptation  of  Chapter  III 94 

31.  /y,  Tdem •         •       95 

32.  The  Relative  Pronoun 98 

i^T^,   Hie  and  I  lie.     Adjectives  used  as  Substantives         .         .         .         .101 

34.  Ipse^  hie.     Irregular  Adjectives.     Ablative  of  Separation         .         .     104 

35.  Fourth  Conjugation.     The  Interrogative  Quis  ....     107 

36.  Reading  Lesson.     Adaptation  of  Chapter  IV  .         .         .         .         .     1 10 

37.  Fourth  Declension    .         .         .         ,         .         .         .         ,         .         .Ill 

38.  Review  of  the  Four  Conjugations.     Dative  of  Possession  .         .114 

39.  Irregular  Verb  ^^.     Place  Where,  Whence,  Whither       .         .         .116 

40.  Numerals.     Accusative  of  Extent  of  Time  and  Space       .         .         .120 

41.  Fifth  Declension.     Partitive  Genitive 122 

42.  Reading  Lesson.     Adaptation  of  Chapter  V    .         .         .         .         .125 

43.  Comparison  of  Adjectives.     Ablative  of  Comparison        .         .         .125 

44.  Comparison  of  Adjectives  (continued).      Ablative  of  the  Measure 

of  Difference 128 

45.  Irregular  Comparison  of  Adjectives.     Possum  .         .         .         .131 

46.  Review  of  Comparison  of  Adjectives.     Formation  and  Comparison 

of  Adverbs 134 

47.  Reading  Lesson.     Adaptation  of  Chapter  VI 137 

48.  Personal  and  Reflexive  Pronouns .  137 

49.  Possessive  Adjectives.     Dative  of  Service 141 

50.  Indefinite  Pronouns.     Descriptive  Ablative  and  Genitive  .         .  144 

51.  Participles.     Forms,  Declension,  and  Meanings        ....  147 

52.  Participles  (continued).     Ablative  Absolute 151 


CONTENTS  9 

LESSON  PAGE 

53.  Reading  Lesson.     Adaptation  of  Chapter  VII  .        „        o        .154 

54.  Infinitives.     Formation  and  Meanings      .         .         .         ,         .         •  I55 

55.  Indirect  Discourse.     Siniple  Statements 157 

56.  Deponent  Verbs.     Ablative  with  Utor,  Iruor^  etc 161 

57.  Fero  2ii\(\  Fid.     Dative  with  Intransitives          .....  163 

58.  Reading  Lesson.     Adaptation  of  Chapter  VIII        .         .         .         .165 

59.  The  Subjunctive  Mood.     Present  Tense.     Clauses  of  Purpose           .  166 

60.  The  Subjunctive  (continued).     Imperfect  Tense.     Result  Clauses  .  169 

61.  Volo,  Ndlo^  Maid.     Relative  Clause  of  Purpose         .         .         .         .172 

62.  Indirect  Questions.     Sequence  of  Tenses 174 

63.  Substantive  Clauses          .       ' 179 

64.  Reading  Lesson.     Adaptation  of  Chapter  IX 181 

65.  Object  Clauses  with  Verbs  of  Fearing.      Cum  Temporal,  Causal, 

and  Concessive 182 

66.  Compounds  of  Sum.     Dative  with  Compound  Verbs        .         .         •  185 

67.  The  Imperative.     Commands  and  Exhortations        .         .         .         ,187 

68.  Gerund  and  Gerundive 190 

69.  Complete  Review  of  Verb  Forms 193 

70.  Reading  Lesson.     Adaptation  of  Chapter  X 194 

SUPPLEMENTARY   LESSONS 

71.  Conditional  Sentences.     Present  and  Past  Time       ....  196 

72.  Conditional  Sentences  (continued).     Future  Time  ....  198 

73.  Wishes 2CX5 

74.  Indirect  Discourse.     Complex  Sentences           .....  202 

75.  Impersonal  Use  of  Verbs.     Supine.     Different  Ways  of  expressing 

Purpose 204 

76.  Periphrastic  Conjugations         .         ,         ,         ,        ,         ,        ,         .  206 

Selections  for  Rapid  Reading 209 

Selections  for  Reading  : 

Selections  from  Roman  History       ......          .  227 

Caesar.     Gallic  War,  Book  II,  Chapters  1-20           ....  236 

Appendix.     Tables  of  Declension,  Conjugation,  etc..  Summary  of  Rules 

of  Syntax          .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .  248 

Latin-English  Vocabulary 289 

English-Latin  Vocabulary         .        ,        ,        ...        .        .        .  321 

Index .        o        o        o        o        o        o  337 


LIST   OF   ILLUSTRATIONS 

PAGB 

View  of  the  Coliseum,  as  one  looks  from  the  Forum  northeastward 

through  the  Arch  of  Titus.     Fr®m  a  water-color  drawing  made  in 

Rome       .........        Frontispiece 

The  Roman  Forum  and  its  Surroundings  (300  A.D.)  (Restoration)  .  6 
Map  of   Italy,   Gaul,  and  Other  Parts  of  the  Roman   Empire  at  the 

Time  of  Caesar  (double  page) 22-23 

Hortus 27 

Roman  Soldiers  in  Camp.     Roman  Soldiers  on  the  March      .        facing      31 
A  Roman  School     .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         -35 

Roman  Books  ...........       38 

English  Guardsmen  as  Roman  Soldiers  in  *  tortoise  '-formation.     English 

Guardsmen  as  Roman  Soldiers  discharging  the  Catapult         facing      46 

Pllum 47 

Gladius •         •         •         •         •       53 

Equites  Romdnt      ...........       56 

Coin  of  Caesar,  struck  by  M.  Mettius .59 

Julius  Caesar.  From  the  marble  bust  in  the  British  Museum  fcf^cing  65 
Silver  Coins  of  Caesar^  showing  Gallic  Trophies  .  .  .  .  .66 
Recent  Views  in  the  Roman  Forum        .....        facing      74 

Gives  Romdnt 77 

Sarcophagus  of  one  of  the  Scipios .         .80 

Graffito,  or  Drawing,  from  the  Palatine  Walls,  Rome      .         .         .         -91 
Romdni  cum  GermdnTs  pugnant     ......        facing       97 

Interior  of  a  Roman  House  (Restoration).    Plan  of  the  House  of  Pansa 

at  Pompeii        .........        facing     iii 

Roman  Theater  (Restoration) 112 

Streets  of  Pompeii  ........        facing     1 23 

Gallic  Swords,  Signal  Horn,  and  Shields 136 

Ruined  Arches  of  the  Claudian  Aqueduct,  near  Rome.     Roman  Baths 

at  Bath,  England facing     143 

A  Siege _.        .         .        •     150 

Porta  Maggiore,  Rome :  Gate,  and  Part  of  Frieze  on  Bread  Contractor's 

Tomb        .  .  . facing     164 

Pontem  in  fiumine  faciunt      .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .178 

Arch  of  Constantine,  Rome.  The  Forum  at  Pompeii  .  .  facing  183 
The  Romans  attacked  by  the  Gauls  at  the  Siege  of  Alesia      .  "  192 

Roman  Harbor  and  Ships  (Restoration) 195 

MUcius  Scaevola  dextram  manum  in  igni  ponit  ,  ,  .  facing  223 
Romdnt  in  Britanniam  egrediuntur      .....  "  224 

A  Roman  Camp "         240 

10 


INTRODUCTION 

1.  These  introductory  sections  should  be  read  by  the 
pupils  and  used  for  reference.  Pupils  learn  pronunciation 
quickly  by  imitation.  It  is  suggested  that  the  teacher 
pronounce  slowly  the  words  in  sections  9  and  21,  and  that 
the  pupils  repeat  them  after  the  teacher.  Reference  may 
be  made  to  the  rules  as  mistakes  are  made. 

Alphabet 

2.  The  Latin  alphabet  is  the  s^me  as  the  English, 
except  that  it  has  no  j  or  w,  I  is  used  both  as  a  vowel 
and  as  a  consonant.  It  is  a  consonant  when  it  stands 
before  a  vowel  in  the  same  syllable,  as  in  iunior. 

3.  The  vowels  are  a,  e,  i,  0,  u.  The  other  letters  are 
consonants. 

4.  Diphthongs  are  combinations  of  two  vowels  that  are 
pronounced  as  one  syllable.     They  are 

ae        oe        au        eu        ui 

Pronunciation 

5.  The  long  vowels  are  pronounced  as  follows : 

a  like  a  in  father.  i  like  /  in  machine, 

e  like  e  in  prey,  0  like  0  in  7iote, 

u  like  00  in  root. 

6.  The  short  vowels  are  pronounced  as  follows : 

a  like  the  first  a  in  aha,  i  like  i  in  pit. 

e  like  e  in  step.  0  like  o  in  or, 

u  like  u  in  pull. 


12,   ;  ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 

7.  Most  of  the  consonants  are  pronounced  as  in  English. 
But  note  the  following  points : 

c  and  g  are  always  hard,  as  s  is  a  hissing  sound,  as  in  sin; 

in  come  and  go,  never  like  z  as  in  ease, 

i  consonant  is  like  y  in  yes,  ch  is  like  ck  in  chorus. 

t  is  always  hard,  as  in  tin,  ph  is  like///  in  alphabet, 

V  is  like  w  in  wine.  qu  is  almost  like  kw,    ' 

8.  The  diphthongs  are  pronounced  as  follows  : 
ae  like  ai  in  aisle,  au  like  ou  in  house, 
oe  like  oi  in  toil.  eu  (rare)  like  ^h-00, 

ui  is  almost  like  we,  ei  (rare)  like  ei  in  eight. 

9.  Pronounce  carefully  the  following  words  : 

hi  iam        tot  me  genus         -que  cui 

ad         vis  sic  quia  coepit         vir  aeger 

ita         quis       haec       causa       regn5         mensae 

Syllables 
ID.    A  syllable  consists  of  a  vowel  or  diphthong  alone 
or  with  one  or  more  consonants,  preceding  or  following. 
Therefore  a  word  has  as  many  syllables  as  it  has  separate 
vowels  or  diphthongs :  ae-di-fi-co,  /  build. 

11.  Except  in  compound  words  (see  13),  a  single  con- 
sonant between  vowels  or  diphthongs  should  be  joined  with 
the  second  vowel :  a-mi-cus,  friend,  df-xit,  he  said. 

12.  If  two  or  more  consonants  occur  between  vowels  or 
diphthongs,  the  division  is  before  the  last  consonant,  except 
that  1  or  r  with  the  consonant  immediately  preceding  is 
joined  to  the  second  vowel:  hos-pes,  guest,  dic-tus,  saidy 
s&nc-tus,  holy,  cas-tra,  camp,  de-m6ns-tro,  /  point  out,  cog- 
n6s-co,  /  recognize,  pu-bli-cus,  public. 

13.  Compound  words  are  divided  into  their  component 
parts  :  ad-est  (ad,  near ;  est,  he  is),  he  js  present. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  1 3 

14.  Doubled  consonants  are  separated  :  pu-el-la,  girl. 

15.  The  last  syllable  of  a  word  is  called  the  ultima;  the 
next  to  the  last,  Xh^  penult ;  the  one  before  the  penult,  the 
antepenult. 

Quantity 

16.  Vowels  are  long  (-)  or  short  (^).  The  long  vowels 
are  marked  in  this  book;  unmarked  vowels  must  be  con- 
sidered short.     Diphthongs  are  long. 

17.  The  following  are  a  few  general  rules  for  determin- 
ing the  quantity  of  vowels : 

1.  A  vowel  is  short  before  another  vowel  or  h:   c6-pi-a, 

abundance, 

2.  Vowels    resulting    from    contraction    are    long:    co-go 

(co^go),  /  collect. 

3.  Vowels  are  long  before  nf,  ns,  net,  ncs :  infero,  /  bring 

in;  insanus,  mad. 
'  4.    Diphthongs  are  long  :  causa,  cause, 

18.  A  syllable  containing  a  long  vowel  or  a  diphthong  is 
long  by  nature  :  le-ges,  laws ;  ae-des,  temple. 

19.  A  syllable  containing  a  short  vowel  followed  by  two 
or  more  consonants,  or  by  x  or  z,  is  long  by  position.  The 
short  vowel,  however,  is  still  pronounced  short:  vocant, 
they  call ;  dux,  leader. 

Accent 

20.  The  following  principles  determine  what  syllable 
of  a  word  receives  the  stress  of  the  voice  (accent): 

1.  The  ultima,  or  last  syllable,  is  never  accented. 

2.  Words  of   two   syllables   accent   the   first,  or  penult: 

tdmplum,  temple. 


H 


ESSENTIALS    OF   LATIN 

.  Words  of  more  than  two  syllables  accent  the  penult 
when  it  is  long,  by  nature  or  position,  otherwise  the 
antepenult :  amare,  ^o  love ;  mittere,  to  send. 

.  Certain  words  like  -ne,  the  sign  of  a  question,  and  -que, 
and,  called  enclitics,  are  so  closely  joined  to  the  pre- 
ceding word  that  they  are  pronounced  with  it;  the 
last  syllable  of  the  first  word  has  an  accent:  amatne, 
does  he  love  ?  hominesque,  and  the  men, 

EXERCISE 

21.    Divide  into  syllables,  accent,  and   pronounce   the 


following 

words : 

inlquus 

vincam 

aedificium 

gladio 

gratiae 

filius 

coeperunt 

cuius 

huic 

idem 

flliusque 

quae 

monere 

vero 

mensarum 

faciebam 

facere 

aegritiido 

pugnabo 
Inflection 

laudabimus 

22.  Parts  of  Speech.  —  These  are  the  same  in  Latin 
as  in  EngHsh,  except  that  there  is  no  article  in  Latin: 
namely,  noun,  adjective,  pronoun,  verb,  adverb,  and  the 
particles. 

23.  Inflection.  —  This  is  the  change  that  words  undergo 
to  show  their  grammatical  relations  to  the  rest  of  the  sen- 
tence. The  inflection  of  nouns,  adjectives,  and  pronouns 
is  called  declension  ;  that  of  verbs,  conjugation, 

24.  Declension.  —  Nouns,  pronouns,  and  adjectives  have 
the  following  cases,  which  are  shown  by  means  of  case 
endings  : 

1.  Nominative,  which  is  the  case  of  the  subject. 

2.  Genitive.     It  may  generally  be  rendered  by  the  English 

possessive,  or  by  the  objective  with  of. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  1 5 

3.  Dative,     This  corresponds  sometimes  to  the   English 

objective  with  the  prepositions  to  or  for, 

4.  Accusative,  the  case  of  the  direct  object. 

5.  Vocative,  the  case  of  direct  address.^ 

6.  Ablative,     This  expresses  various   adverbial   relations 

corresponding  to  the  English  objective  with  the  prep- 
ositions from,  with,  in,  by,  at,  and  on. 
Nouns  in   Latin  are  divided   into    five  declensions,  or 

classes,  which  are  best  distinguished  from  one  another  by 

the  ending  of  the  genitive  singular. 

25.  Stem  and  Base.  —  The  stem  is  the  form  which  gives 
in  a  general  way  the  meaning  of  the  word.  The  final  letter 
of  the  stem,  called  the  stem  characteristic,  often  disappears 
or  is  changed  before  case  endings.  It  is  always  found  in 
the  genitive  plural,  except  that  0  of  -o-stems  is  lengthened. 
The  base  (that  part  of  the  noun  which  remains  unchanged 
in  inflection,  and  to  which  the  case  endings  are  added 
directly)  is  formed  by  dropping  the  stem  characteristic  or 
by  omitting  the  ending  of  the  genitive  singular. 

26.  Conjugation.  —  Verbs  in  Latin  have 

1.  Three   finite   moods.   Indicative,  Subjunctive,  Impera- 

tive; also  Infinitives,  Participles,  Supines,  Gerunds, 
and  Gerundives. 

2.  Six  tenses.   Present,   Imperfect,  Future,   Perfect,   Plm- 

perfect.  Future  Perfect. 

3.  Two  voices,  as  in  English,  Active  and  Passive. 

4.  Three  persons,  as  in  English,  First,  Second,  Third. 

5.  Two  numbers,  as  in  English,  Singular  and  Plural 

1  Except  in  the  singular  of  nouns  in  -us  of  the  second  declension,  the  voca- 
tive case  is  like  the  nominative.  It  is  therefore  not  given  in  the  paradigms 
except  in  the  second  declension. 


l6  ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 

Gender 

27.  There  are  three  genders,  Masculine,  Feminine,  and 
Neuter. 

In  names  of  persons  only,  the  gender  is  based,  as  in  Eng- 
lish, on  sex  (Natural  Gender).  In  all  other  classes  of  words 
the  gender  is  determined  by  the  signification  of  the  noun  or 
by  the  ending  of  the  nominative  (Grammatical  Gender). 

28.  General  Rules  of  Gender. 

1.  Nouns  denoting   males,  and    names  of   rivers,  winds, 

and  months  are  masculine :  nauta,  sailor ;  Tiberis, 
the  Tiber ;  Caesar,  Caesar;  aquilo,  north  wind; 
lanuarius,  January, 

2.  Nouns  denoting  females,  and  names  of  countries,  towns, 

and  trees  .re  feminine:  fllidi,  daughter ;  Italisi,  Italy ; 
Athcnae,  Athens;  piruSy pear  tree, 

3.  Indeclinable  nouns  are  neuter :  nihil,  nothing. 

LESSON    I 

FIRST  DECLENSION   OR   STEMS   IN   -a- 

Feminine  and  Masculine  Nouns 

29.  Nouns  of  the  First  Declension  are  feminine^  unless 
they  denote  males,  and  are  declined  like  the  following 
example : 

Stem^  Stella.     Base^  stell-. 

Singular  Case  Endings 

NoM.     Stella,  a  star{2is,  subject)  ^  -a 

Gen.     stellae,  of  a  star,  or  stars  -ae 

Dat.     stellae,  to  or  for  a  star  -ae 

Ace.      stellam,  star,  or  a  star  (as  object)  -am 

Abl.      steWeiy  from,  withy  by  a  star  -a 

^  See  25.  2  There  is  no  article  in  Latin.     Consequently  Stella  may 

mean  star^  the  star,  or  a  star. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  17 

Plural  .  Case  Endings 

NoM.     stellae,  stars  (as  subject)  -ae 

Gen.      stellarum,  of  stars,  or  stars^  -arum 

Dat.     ^\.€^\s,  to  ox  for  stars  -is 

Ace.      Stellas,  stars  (as  object)  -^s 

Abl.      st^Wls,  from y  withy  by  stars  -is 

Note  carefully 

1.  That  the  genitive  and  dative  singular  and  nominative 

plural  are  alike. 

2.  That  the  dative  and  ablative  plural  are  alike. 

3.  That  the  -a  of  the  ablative  singular  is  long. 

VOCABULARY 

30.  Learn  thoroughly  the  meanings  of  the  following 
words,  and  decline  each  noun  like  Stella : 

Nouns 
puella,  ae,  f.,  girl.  rosa,  ae,  f.,  rose. 

regina,  ae,  f.,  queen.  via,  ae,  f.,  road,  way^  street. 

Stella,  ae,  f.,  star.  silva,  ae,  i.,  forest. 

porta,  ae,  f.,  gate.  luna,  ae,  f.,  moon. 

31.  EXERCISES 

(Pronounce,  give  case  and  number,  and  translate) 

I.  I.  Puellarum.  2.  Portis.  3.  Via.  4.  Rosls. 
5.  Silvam.  6.  Stellis.  7.  Reginae.  8.  Viis.  9.  Portae. 
10.  Stellas.  II.  Viarum.  12.  Rosa  reginae.  13.  Vias 
silvarum. 

II.  I.    To  the  queen.      2.  By  a  rose.      3.    The  forests. 

4.  The  rose  of  the  queen.  5.  By  the  streets.  6.  Of 
the  stars.  7.  For  the  girls.  8.  By  the  gates.  9.  Of  the 
girls. 


l8  ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 

LESSON    2 

FIRST  DECLENSION  OR   STEMS  IN  -a-  (Continued) 

Feminine  Adjectives 

32.  Feminine  adjectives  of  the  First  Declension  are 
declined  like  the  nouns. 

rosa  pulchra,  pretty  rose 

Stem  rosa-  pulchra- 
Base  ros-  pulchr- 

SlNGULAR 

NoM.  rosa  pulchra,  a  pretty  rose 

Gen.  rosae  pujchrae,  of  a  pretty  rose 

Dat.  rosae  pulchrae,  to  ox  for  a  pretty  rose 

Ace.  rosam  pulchram,  a  pretty  rose 

Abl.  rosa  pulchra.,  from,  with,  by  a  pretty  rose 

Plural 

NoM.  rosae  pulchrae,  pretty  roses 

Gen.  rosarum  pulchrarum,  of  pretty  roses 

Dat.  rosis  pulchris,  to  ox  for  pretty  roses 

Ace.  rosas  pulchras,  pretty  roses 

Abl.  rosis  pulchris, /h?^;^,  with,  by  pretty  roses 

Observe  that  the  adjective  and  the  noun  are  in  the  same 
case.  Notice  the  position  of  the  Latin  adjective  with 
reference  to  its  noun.  It  does  not  always  precede  the 
noun,  as  in  English.  See  the  remarks  on  the  order  of 
words  (82). 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  ig 

Decline  together  :  via  lata,  the  wide  road ;  puella  parva, 

the  little  girl, 

33.  Examine  the  following : 

1.  Rosa  pulchra  est,  the  rose  \^ pretty, 

2,  Rosae  pulchrae  sunt,  the  roses  zxq  pretty. 

Note  in  these  sentences 

a.  That  the  subjects  (rosa,  rosae)  are  in  the  nominative  case. 

b.  That  the  verb  is  singular,  when  the  subject  is  singular, 

and  plural,  when  the  subject  is  plural. 

c.  That  the  predicate  adjectives  pulchra  and  pulchrae  agree 

with  the  subject  in  number,  gender,  and  case. 

34.  Rules  of  Syntax. 

1 .  Subject.  —  The  subject  of  a  finite  verb  is  always  in  the 
nominative  case. 

2.  Predicate  Agreement.  —  A  predicate  adjective  agrees  in 
number^  gender^  and  case  with  the  ivord  to  which  it  refers, 
—  A  predicate  noun  agrees  in  case  {only)  with  the  word  to 
which  it  refers, 

35.  VOCABULARY 

Nouns  .  Adjectives 

fabula,  ae,  f.,  story,  bona,  good. 

i/sagitta,  ae,  f.,  arrow,  x/^^^»  broad,  wide, 

insula,  ae,  f.,  island.  longa,  long. 

terra,  ae,  f.,  land,  country,         magna,  large,  great, 

pulchra,  beautiful,  pretty. 
Verbs  Adverbs 

est,  {he,  she,  it)  is,  there  is,       ubi,  where,  when, 
sunt,  {they)  are,  there  are,         non,  not. 
Conjunction 
et,  and. 


20  ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 

36.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Fabulae  longae  sunt.  2.  Terra  est  lata  et  pulchra. 
3.  Ubi  est  pulchra  insula  ?  4.  Luna  est  pulchra.  5.  Bonae 
sagittae  sunt  longae.  6.  Non  est  pulchra.  7.  Magnae 
sunt  Insulae.  8.  Latis  terrls.  9.  Luna  et  stellae  sunt 
pulchrae.  10.  Via  est  lata.  11.  Ubi  sunt  Insulae  magnae  ? 
12.  Sagittarum  longarum. 

IL  I.  The  good  queen  is  beautiful.  2.  It ^  is  a  large 
island.  3.  Where  are  the  long  arrows  ?  4.  They  are 
beautiful  girls.  5.  The  land  is  not  wide.  6.  It  is  a  good 
story. 

LESSON    3 

FIRST  DECLENSION  OR  STEMS  IN  -a-  (Continued).    GENI- 
TIVE CASE.     PRESENT  INDICATIVE  OF  sum 

37.  Examine  the  following : 

1.  Rosa  puellae  alba  est,  tke  rose  of  the  girl  is  white y  or 

the  girl's  rose  is  white. 

2.  Rosae  puellarum  albae  sunt,   the  roses  of  the  girls  are 

white y  or  the  girls'  roses  are  white. 

Observe  that  puellae  limits  rosa :  not  every  rose  is  white, 
but  only  the  girl's  rose  is  white.     In  the  same  way  puella-  - 
rum  limits  rosae,  because  it  defines  whose  roses  are  meant. 

38.  Rule. — The  Genitive. —  The  genitive  is  used  to 
limit  or  define  the  meani^ig  of  a  noun. 

39.  Present  Tense,  Indicative  Mood,  of  the  Verb  sum 

Singular  Plural 

1ST  Per.  sum,  I  am  sumus,  we  are 

2D    Per.  es,  you  are  {thou  art)  estis,  you  are 

3D    Per.  est,  (A^,  she^  it)  is,  there  is  sunt,  they  arey  there  are 

1  //  isy  est. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  21 

40.  Examine  the  following  : 

Statement 
Fgmina  est  pulchra,  the  woman  is  beautiful. 

Questions 

1.  Estne  femina  pulchra?  is  the  woman  beautiful?    (An- 

swer expected,  Yes  or  No.) 

2.  Nonne  femina  pulchra  est?  is  not  the  womafi  beautiful? 

(Answer  expected,  Yes.) 

3.  Ubi  est  fgmina  ?  where  is  the  woman  ? 
Observe 

r.  That  in  simple  questions  that  may  be  answered  by  either 
yes  or  no,  the  enclitic  -ne  is  added  to  the  emphatic 
word,  which  usually  stands  first. 

2.  That  questions  expecting  the  answer  yes,  are  introduced 

by  nonne. 

3.  That  -ne  is  not  used  if  the  question  is  introduced  by  an 

interrogative  pronoun  or  adverb  (qui,  who^  ubi,  where^ 
Gur,  why^  etc.). 

41.  VOCABULARY 

Nouns  Adjectives 

pecunia,  ae,  f.,  money r  nova,  new. 

vita,  ae,  f.,  life.  parva,  small. 

copia,  ae,  f.,  abundance  (pi.,  mea,  my,  mine. 

troops,  forces).  tua,  your,  yours  (referring 
femina,  ae,  f.,  woman.  to  one  person  only), 

patria,  ae,  f.,  native  land^  adverb 

country.  semper,  always,  ever, 

Graecia,  ae,  f.,  Greece.  

Europa,  ae,  f .,  Europe.  -ne,   enclitic,   sign    of    a 
Gallia,  ae,  f.,  Gaul.  question,  but  not  sepa- 

filia,  ae,  f.,  daughter.  rately  translated. 


22  ESSENTIALS    OF    LATIN 

42.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Gallia  est  terra  Europae.  2.  Estne  Gallia  tua 
patria  ?  3.  N5nne  sunt  parvae  filiae  ?  4.  Estne  copia 
pecuniae  ?  5.  Non  longa  est  vita  f eminae.  6.  Est  pul- 
chra.  7.  Copiae  reginae  non  sunt  magnae.  8.  Suntne 
parvae    puellae  ?      9.    Regina    tuae    patriae    pulchra    est. 

10.  Copiae    patriae    meae     non     semper     sunt     parvae. 

11.  Reglnarum  rosae  sunt  pulchrae.  12.  Semperne 
novae  lunae  pulchrae  sunt?  13.  Ubi  sunt  reginarum 
copiae.'^       14.    Feminae  Graeciae  sunt  pulchrae. 

II.  I.  We  are;  you  (sing.)  are;  you  (plur.)  are. 
2.  Where  are  we  .^  3.  Of  the  beautiful  women.  4.  My 
country's  forces  are  small.  5.  There  is  not  always  an 
abundance  of  money.  6.  Are  queens'  daughters  always 
beautiful  ?     7.    Is  it  not  a  pretty  country  ? 

(Reading  Selection  441) 

LESSON   4 

FIRST   CONJUGATION,   PRESENT   INDICATIVE,   DIRECT 

OBJECT 

43.  Present  Indicative  of  the  Verb  am5 

Singular  Personal  Endings  1 

1ST  Per.  amo,  /  /oz-e,  am  loving^  do  love  -0  (or  -m),  / 

2D  Per.  RxndiS.j/oi^  love^  are  lovingy  do  love  -^,you  (or  thou) 
3D   Per.  amat,  he  loves,  is  loving,  does  love     -t,  Ju\  she,  it 

Plural  Personal  Endings 

1ST  Per.  amamus,  we  love,  are  loving,  do  love     -mus,  we 
2D    Per.  amatis,  you  love,  are  loving,  do  love     -tis,  yon 
3D    Per.  amant,  they  love,  are  loving,  do  love     -nt,  they 

1  These  are  the  personal  endings  of  all  tenses,  except  the  perfect  indicative. 


Essentials  of  Latin,  H.C.Pearson 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  23 

Observe 

1.  That  the  personal  endings  are  added  to  the  stem  ama-, 

the  final  vowel  of  which  is  lost  before  -0  in  the  first 
person  singular,  and  is  shortened  before  -t,  -nt. 

2.  That  the  person  and  number  of  a  Latin  verb  are  indi- 

cated clearly  by  the  ending,   without  the  use  of  a 
pronoun. 

44.  Like  amo,  conjugate  the  present  indicative  of 

pugno,  I figJit  culpo,  /  blame 

voco,  /  call  laudo,  I  praise 

45.  Carefully  examine  the  following : 

1 .  Regina  nautam  laudat,  the  queen  praises  the  sailor. 

2.  Reginae  nautam  laudant,  tJie  queens  praise  the  sailor, 

3.  Nautam  laudant,  they  praise  the  sailor, 

4.  Nautam  laudamus,  we  praise  the  sailor. 
From  these  sentences  you  will  see 

1.  That  the  direct  object  of  the  verb,  i.e.  that  which  the 

action  of  the  verb  affects,  is  in  the  accusative  case. 

2.  That,   when  a  noun  is  the  subject,  the  verb  is  third 

person. 

3.  That,  when  a  noun  is  not  the  subject,  the  subject  need 

not  be  expressed  by  a  separate  word.     In  English, 
however,  we  must  use  a  pronoun. 

4.  That  the  verb  is  in  the  same  number  ^xid  person  as  the 

subject. 

46.  Rules  of  Syntax. 

1.  Agreement  of  Verb. — A  verb  agrees  with  its  subject 
in  niim^ber  and  person, 

2.  Direct  Object.  —  The  direct  object  of  a  transitive  verb 
is  in  the  accusative  case. 


24  ESSENTIALS    OF    LATIN 

47.  VOCABULARY 

agricola,  ae,  va.}  farmer,  amo,  I  love,  I  like. 

nauteiy  Bie,  m,y^  sailor.  pngnOy /Ji^-Zit. 

Italia,  ae,  f.,  /^aly.  voco,  /  call. 

Roma,  ae,  f.,  Rome.  culpo,  /  blame. 

vinopia,  ae,  f.,  lack,  want.  laudo,  I  praise, 

^il^di, faithful  cur,  adv.,  why? 

superba,  proud,  haughty.  in,  prep,  with  abl.,  in,  on? 

48.  REVIEW   EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Graeciae  insulae  sunt  parvae.  2.  Pecunia  mea. 
3.  Suntne^copiae  patriae  tuaemagnae.'^  4.  Feminae  filiae 
n5n  semper  bonae  sunt.  5.  Est  copia  pecuniae.  6.  Pul- 
chrae  sunt  Europae  viae.     7.  Estne  fabula  nova  } 

IL  I.  Where  are  you  (plur.).'*  2.  Are  the  queen's 
daughters  beautiful.'^  3.  She  is  small.  4.  (O)  queen, 
where  is  your  daughter .'^     5.  We  are;  you  are  (sing.). 

49.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Pugnatis ;  pugnat;  pugnamus.  2.  Vocas ;  vo- 
cantne }.  vocatisne  t  3.  Cur  agricolas  culpamus }  4.  In 
Italia  inopia  est  pecuniae.  5.  Laudantne  nautas  ? 
6.  Superbas  feminas  n5n  amamus.  7.  Reginae  nautas 
non  laudamus.  8.  Superbae  in  Gallia  sunt  puellae. 
9.  Ubi  sunt  agricolarum  filiae }  10.  Cur  nautam  cul- 
pat?  II.  Rosae  magnae  et  pulchrae  sunt  in  mea  patria. 
12.    Agricolae  inopiam  pecuniae  non  amant. 

1  A  masculine  noun  of  the  first  declension.     Why  ?     See  28,  i. 

2  In  is  used  with  the  ablative  only  when  the  verb  expresses  no  idea  of 
motion  toward  a  place.  Sunt  in  Eurdpa,  they  are  in  Europe,  Pugnant  in 
silyis,  they  are  fighting  in  the  forest. 

3  In  Latin  sente-nces  the  verb  normally  comes  last.  In  questions,  however, 
the  verb  often  comes  first. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


25 


IL  I.  We  blame;  she  praises;  you  (plur.)  are  calling. 
2.  They  are  fighting;  you  (sing.)  call;  we  fight.  3.  There  ^ 
are  pretty  roses  in  Italy.  4.  Why  do  you  blame  the  sailor  ? 
5.  The  woman  is  calling  the  sailor's  daughters.  6.  Italy  is 
a  country  of  Europe. 

LESSON    5 

SECOND    DECLENSION    OR    STEMS    IN    -0-.     MASCULINE 
NOUNS   IN   -us.     MASCULINE   ADJECTIVES 


50. 


dominus,  m.,  master,  lord 


Stem  domino- 2 

Base  domin- 

SlNGULAR 

Case  Endings 

NOM. 

dominus,  master 

-US 

Gen. 

domini,  of  the  master 

-i 

DAT. 

domino,  to  ox  for  the  master 

-0 

Ace. 

dominum,  master 

-um 

V0C.3 

domine,  {0)  master 

-e 

Abl. 

domino, /r^;/^,  with,  by  the  master 
Plural 

-0 

NOM. 

domini,  masters 

-i 

Gen. 

dominorum,  of  the  masters 

-orum 

Dat. 

dominis,  to  or  for  the  7nasters 

-is 

Ace. 

dominos,  masters 

-OS 

Voc. 

domini,  {0)  masters 

-i 

Abl. 

dominis,  from,  with,  by  the  masters 

-is 

51.    The  masculine  of  adjectives  ending  in  -us  is  declined 
like  the  nouns  of  this  declension  ending  in  -us. 

1  There  are,  sunt ;   also  it  is,  est.    There  are  no  special  words  in  Latin  for 
there  and  it  used  in  this  way.  ^  See  25.  ^  See  24,  5,  footnote. 


26 


ESSENTIALS    OF    LATIN 


dominus  bonus,  good  master 


Singular 

NOM. 

dominus  bonus 

good  master 

Gen. 

domini  boni 

of  the  good  master 

DAT. 

domino  bono 

to  ox  for  the  good  master 

Ace. 

dominum  bonum 

good  master 

Voc. 

domine  bone 

(0)  good  master 

Abl. 

domino  bono 

from,  with,  by  the  good  master 

Plural 
NoM.  domini  boni  good  masters 

Gen.    dominorum  bonorum  of  the  good  masters 
Dat.   dominis  bonis  to  or  for  the  good  masters 

Ace.    dominos  bonos  good  masters 

Voc.    domini  boni  {^O^  good  masters 

Abl.   dominis  bonis  from,  with,  by  the  good  masters 

52.    I.    What  case  endings  of  this  declension  are  alike.? 
Which  are  the  same  as  the  first  declension  endings } 

2.  The  base  is  obtained  by  dropping  the  -i  of  the  geni- 
tive singular  :  genitive,  domini,  base  domin-. 

3.  Conjugate  the  present  indicative  of  the  verbs  given 
in  the  vocabulary  below. 


S3.  VOCABULARY 

amicus,  i,  va.,  friend. 
cibus,  i,  xn.,food. 
dominus,  i,  m.,  master,  lord, 
equus,  i,  m.,  horse, 
hortus,  i,  m.,  garden, 
servus,  i,  m.,  slave, 
sed,  conj.,  but. 
magnus,  great,  large. 


bonus,  good. 
malus,  bad,  evil, 
parvus,  small. 
superbus,  proud,  haughty, 
f  idus,  faithful. 
delecto,  /  delight,  I  please. 
servo,  /  keep,  I  preserve ^  I 
save. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


27 


54. 

I. 


REVIEW    EXERCISES 


I.   Reglnae  nautas  laudas.      2.   Amatisne   Romam  ? 


3.    Ubi    nautae    pugnant  ?      4. 


Nautae    in   via    pugnant. 
6.  Agricolas  n5n  semper 


5.  Filiam  reglnae  non  amant. 
laudant. 

II.  I.  Is  there  a  lack  of  money  in  your  native  country  ? 
2.  The  queen's  daughter  blames  the  woman.  3.  Where  is 
the  sailor's  money  ? 


55. 


EXERCISES 


I.  I.  Domino;  amlc5rum;  equL  2.  Amicis ;  domini 
superbi;  equls  magnls.  3.  Servus  est  amicus  agricolae. 
4.  EquI  sunt  boni  sed  non  magni.  5.  Reglna  fidum  servum 
laudat.  6.  Superbum  dominum  non  amant.  7.  Reglnae 
filia  malum  servum  culpat.  8.  Cibum  domin5  servant. 
9.  Culpasne,  amlce,^  dominum  servorum  ?  10.  Agricolae 
parv5s  equos  non  laudant.  1 1 .  Cibus  est  in  horto.  1 2.  Cur 
fidi  equi  dominos  delectant  .'* 

II.  I.  To  the  masters;  of  the  horse;  for  the  slaves. 
2.  The  food  of  the  slaves  is  not  good.  3.  The  master  is 
in  the  garden.  4.  He  blames  his  ^  faithful  horse.  5.  The 
garden  is  large,  but  not  good.  6.  Good  food  pleases 
the  slaves.     7.  Slave,  where  is  the  sailor's  friend  ? 

^  The  vocative  in  Latin  seldom  comes  first  in  the  sentence. 

2  Omit.  The  possessives  *  his '  and  *  her,'  and  '  their,'  referring  back  to  the 
subject  of  the  clause  or  sentence,  are  frequently  omitted  in  Latin  if  they  are 
not  emphatic  or  are  not  needed  for  the  sake  of  clearness. 


Hortus 


28 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


LESSON   6 

SECOND   DECLENSION  (Continued).     NEUTERS   IN  -um. 
APPOSITIVE.     INDIRECT   OBJECT 


56.    donum,  gift 

Stem  dono- 
Base  don- 


ddnum  gratum,  acceptable  gift 

Stem  dono-  grato- 
Base  don-  grat- 


Singular 


NOM. 
Gen. 

DAT. 

Ace. 
Abl. 


donum,  gift 
doni,  of  the  gift 
dono,  to  ox  for  the  gift 
donum,  gift  {gift 

dono,  from,  with,  by  the 

Plural 


NoM.  ^ondi,  gifts 

Gen.  donorum,  of  the  gifts 

Dat.  donis,  to  ox  for  the  gifts 

Ace.  dona,  gifts  Vg^fi^ 

Abl.  donlSy  from,  with,  by  the 


Singular 

NoM.  donum  gratum 
Gen.    doni  grati 
Dat.   d5no  grato 
Aee.    donum  gratum 
Abl.   dono  grato 

Plural 

NoM.  dona  grata 
Gen.    donorum  gratOrum 
Dat.   donis  gratis 
Ace.    d5na  grata 
Abl.    d5nis  gratis 


Observe  that  the  nominative  and  accusative  of  neuter 
nouns  are  aHke,  and  that  the  nominative  and  accusative 
plural  end  in  -a.  This  is  true  of  all  neuter  nouns  of  all 
declensions. 

57.    Examine  the  following  : 

1.  Marcus  agricola  filiae  equum  dat,  Marcus,  the  farmery 

gives  {his)  daughter  a  horse ^  or  gives  a  horse  to  {his) 
daughter. 

2.  Marco  amico  cibum  do,  /  give  Marcus  {my)  friend  foody 

OR  I  give  food  to  Marcus,  my  friend. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  29 

Observe  in  these  sentences 

1.  That  agricola  denotes  the  same  person  as  Marcus,  and 

that  it  tells  something  about  him,  and  is  in  the  same 
case.  Such  a  word  is  called  an  appositive.  Amico 
has  the  same  relation  to  Marco.  Compare  with  33,  c^ 
and  note  the  difference. 

2.  That  equum  and  cibum,  being  directly  affected  by  the 

action  of  their  respective  verbs,  are  in  the  accusative, 
but  that  filiae  and  Marco  are  in  the  dative  case,  because 
they  are  indirectly  affected  by  the  verb. 

58.  Rules  of  Syntax. 

1.  Apposition. — Aft  appositive  agrees  i7i  case  with  the 
noun  which  it  limits  or  explains. 

2.  Indirect  Object.  —  The  indirect  object  of  a  verb  is  in 
the  dative  case} 

59.  VOCABULARY 

bellum,  i,  n.,  war,  Marcus,  i,  m.,  Marcus, 

donum,  i,  n.,  gift,  yincola,  ae,   m.  and  f .,  inhab- 

oppidum,  i,  n.,  town,  itant. 

frumentum,  i,  n.,  grain,  \/Romanus,  i,  m.,  Roman, 

vinum,  i,  n.,  wine,  ^  grdit\iSydi,urR,  acceptable, pleas- 

in,  prep,  with  acc.,^  into,  to,  ing  (followed  by  dat.). 

against ;  With  ^h\.yiny  on,      6,0,  I  give, 

over,  porto,  I  carry, 

60.  REVIEW   EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Malum  servum  culpamus.  2.  Laudantne  domini 
superbi  servos  fidos  }     3.   EquI  domini  sunt  in  magno  horto. 

^  The  indirect  object  is  used  especially  with  verbs  of  giving,  doing,  and  saying. 

2  See  47,  footnote  2.  The  accusative  is  used  with  in  when  the  verb  ex- 
presses motion  into,  toward,  or  against  (some  place,  person,  etc.).  VJnuni 
in  oppidum  portat,  he  is  carrying  wine  into  the  town 


30  ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 

4.  Ubi  servi  cibum  dominorum  servant?  5.  Agricolae 
fid5s  equos  non  semper  laudant.  6.  Est  cibus  in  domini 
horto.     7.    Femina  amici  filiam  vocat. 

II.  I.  She  praises  my  friend's  garden.  2.  A  good  horse 
pleases  your  daughter.  3.  The  master  praises  the  friend, 
but  blames  the  slaves.  4.  The  sailors'  friends  are  in 
Greece.     5.    Why  does  the  garden  please  the  farmer  ? 

61.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Oppidis;  bella  ;  vino.  2.  Marcus  nauta  est  fidus. 
3.    Incolis  vinum  damns. ^     4.    Bellum  Romanis  gratum  est. 

5.  Cibum  in  oppidum  portamus.  6.  Marcus,  agricolarum 
amicus,  Romanus  est.  7.  Incolae  in  oppidum  frumentum 
portant.  8.  Filiae  reginae  in  horto  sunt.  9.  Vinum  Marco 
nautae  dant.  10.  Dona  incolis  oppidi  sunt  grata.  11.  Cur 
vinum  servis  datis  ?    1 2.   Portantne  nautae  cibum  in  Galliam  ? 

II.  I.  To  Marcus,  the  farmer;  for  the  good  master. 
2.  Are  you  giving  the  horses  good  grain  ?  3.  Wars  delight 
the  haughty  Romans.  4.  The  farmer  gives  the  horse  food. 
5.  The  queen  gives  wine  to  Marcus,  the  sailor.  6.  They  carry 
grain  into  the  town.     7.    There  is  good  grain  in  the  town. 

(Reading  Selection  442) 

LESSON    7 
DECLENSION   OF   ADJECTIVES.     AGREEMENT 

62.  Adjectives  of  the  first  and  second  declension  are 
declined  like  nouns  of  those  declensions.  As  has  been 
seen  in  51  and  56,  the  endings  of  the  masculine  and  neuter 
of  adjectives  are  the  same  as  the  endings  of  the  nouns  of 
the  second  declension,  and  the  feminine  endings  are  the 
same  as  those  of  nouns  of  the  first  declension  (32).  The 
complete  declension  of  bonus,  £'ood,  is  as  follows : 

1  In  the  verb  do,  a  is  by  exception  short  throughout,  save  in  the  forms 
das  (2nd  person  singular  present  indicative),  dans  (the  nominative  singular 
of  present  participle),  and  da  (imperative  singular). 


Roman  Soldiers  in  Camp 


Roman  Soldiers  on  the  March 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


31 


Singular 

/ 

Masculine 

Feminine 

Neuter 

NOM. 

bonus 

bona 

bonum 

Gen. 

boni 

bonae 

boni 

Dat. 

bono 

bonae 

bono 

Ace. 

bonum 

bonam 

bonum 

y^OC. 

bone 

bona 

bonum 

Abl. 

bono 

bona 

Plural 

bono 

NOM. 

boni 

bonae 

bona 

Gen. 

bonorum 

bonarum 

bonorum 

Dat. 

bonis 

bonis 

bonis 

Ace. 

bonos 

bonas 

bona 

/Voc. 

boni 

bonae 

bona 

Abl. 

bonis 

bonis 

bonis 

Decline  together  amicus  fidus,  faithful  friend ;  puella 
parva,  little  girl ;  oppidum  magnum,  large  town. 

63.    Examine  the  following : 

1.  Amicus  est  fidus,  the  friend  is  faithful, 

2.  Agricolae  sunt  validi,  the  farmers  are  sturdy, 

3.  Puellae  sunt  parvae,  the  girls  are  small. 

4.  Nautas  superbos  non  amamus,  zve  do  not  like  proud  sailors. 

Compare  carefully  the  endings  of  the  nouns  and  adjec- 
tives in  these  sentences,  and  notice 

a.  That  the  adjectives  are  in  the  same  number,  gendery 

and  case  as  the  nouns  they  modify. 

b.  That  the  endings  of  the  nouns  and  adjectives  are  not 

always  the  same,  €or  adjectives  modifying  masculine 
nouns  of  the  first  declension  must  have  the  mascu- 
line endings,  which  are  second  declension  endings. 
Which  of  the  above  sentences  illustrate  this  t 


32  ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 

64.  Decline  together  nauta  bonus,  the  good  sailor; 
poculum  magnum,  the  large  cup;  agricola  validus,  the 
strong  far'tner. 

65.  Rule.  —  Agreement  of  Adjectives.  — Adjectives  agree 
with  their  nouns  in  gender,  number,  and  case. 

66.  VOCABULARY 

m.d\ViS,'di,\xxn,bad,evily wicked,    latus,  a,  um,  wide,  broad. 
magnus,  a,  um,  great,  large.      novus,  a,  um,  new. 
parvus,  a,  um,  small,  fidus,  a,  um,  faithful,  loyal, 

mens,  a,  um,  my,  mine,  superbus,     a,     um,    proud, 

tuus,  a,  um,  your,  yours,  haughty, 

g.ratus,     a,     um,     acceptable^  walidus,  a,  um,  strong,  sturdy, 
pleasing,  convoco,    /  call  together^   I 

albus,  a,  um,  white,  summon, 

carus,  a,  um,  dear,  ^"  hodie,  adv.,  to-day, 

^peritus,  a,  um,  skillful.  nunc,  adv.,  now^ 

longus,  a,  um,  long, 

67.  REVIEW   EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Flliae  equis  cibum  dant.  2.  Inopia  pecuniae  Marco 
agricolae  non  est  grata.  3.  Vocatisne  incolas  Galliae.? 
4.  Ubi  R5manl  pugnant  t  5.  Nautae  reglnae  dona  grata 
dant.     6.  Nauta  Marco  agricolae  bonurn  vinum  dat. 

II.  I.  The  sailor  gives  acceptable  gifts  to  his  daughter. 

2.  The  daughter  of  Marcus,  the  farmer,   is  in  the  town. 

3.  They   give   the   women   money.      4.    He   is   carrying 
grain  into  the  town. 

68.  '         EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Equi  albl  frumentum  in  oppidum  portant.  2.  Ubi 
est  hodie  nauta  perltus }      3.    In  oppido  nunc  est  nauta. 

4.  Dona   meis   amicis   sunt   semper   grata.        5.    Equum 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


33 


agricolae  valido  feminae  dant.  6.  Regina  superba  in 
magnum  oppidum  serv5s  convocat  7.  Dominus  servos 
fid5s  vocat.  8.  Mea  filia  non  est  in  horto.  9.  Hodie 
peritos  agricolas  non  culpamus.  10.  Dona  reglnae  in- 
colas  fidos  delectant.  11.  Est  nova  luna.  12.  Cur  in 
hortum  agricolas  validos  convocas  ? 

IL  I.  A  sailor  is  not  always  faithful.  2.  They  are 
now  praising  the  skillful  farmers.  3.  The  queen  sum- 
mons the  wicked  inhabitants  into  the  towns.  4.  We  are 
praising  your  faithful  friend  to-day.  5.  There  are  loyal 
inhabitants  in  the  towns.  6.  The  queen  is  giving  Marcus, 
the  farmer,  a  slave. 

LESSON    8 


SECOND  DECLENSION  (Continued). 
-er  AND  -ir 


MASCULINES   IN 


49- 

Paradigms 

puer 

,  boy 

ager,  field 

vir,  man 

Stem  puero- 

Stem  agro- 

Stem  viro- 

Base  puer- 

Base  agr- 

Base  vir- 

SlNGULAR 

NOM. 

puer 

ager 

vir 

Gen. 

pueri 

agri 

viri 

DAT. 

puero 

agro 

viro 

Ace. 

puerum 

agrum 

virum 

Abl. 

puero 

agro 
Plural 

viro 

NOM. 

pueri 

agri 

viri 

Gen. 

puerorum 

agrorum 

virorum 

Dat. 

pueris 

agris 

viris 

Ace. 

pueros 

agros 

viros 

Abl. 

pueris 

agris 

viris 

34  ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 

1.  Are  the  case  endings  the  same  as  in  50? 

2.  Is  the  base  obtained  in  the  same  way  as  in  previous 

nouns  ? 

3.  The  vocative  is  like  the  nominative.     See  24,  5,  foot- 

note. 

4.  Compare  carefully  puer  and  ager,  and  note  that  the 

base  of  ager  has  no  e  before  r. 

70.  Only  a  very  few  nouns  are  declined  like  puer. 
Most  nouns  of  this  declension  in  -er  are  declined  like 
ager. 

Like  ager  decline  liber,  book. 

Like  the  plural  of  puer  decline  liberi,  children. 

71.  VOCABULARY 

liber,  libri,  m.,  book,  Gallus,  i,  m.,  a  Gaul. 

liberi,  liberorum,  m.  (plur.),  vir,  viri,  m.,  man, 

children.  puer,  pueri,  m.,  boy, 

magister,       magistri,       m.,  discipulus,  i,  x^.,  pupil, 

teacher.  multus,  a,  um,  much;  plur., 
ager,  agri,  x^,^  field.  many. 

72.  REVIEW   EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Inopia  frumenti  est  in  Gallia.  2.  IncolTs  oppidT 
magni  equos  dant.  3.  Servus  d5na  agricolae  in  oppidum 
portat.  4.  Estne  nunc  pecuniae  c5pia.^  5.  Agricolarum 
vita  Gallos  non  delectat.  6.  Cur  in  pulchram  insulam 
frumentum  portamus  t 

n.  I.  The  inhabitants  like  a  good  story.  2.  There  are 
many^  sturdy  farmers  in  my  country.     3.    The  Romans 

^  Many  sturdy  =  many  and  sturdy. 


ESSENTIALS  OF   LATIN 


35 


are  summoning  large  forces  into  the  towns.     4.  There  are 
farmers  in  the  forest,  and  many  sailors  on  the  island. 


73. 


EXERCISES 


I.  I.  Multl  librl  sunt  in  oppido.  2.  Virl  puellas  et  puer5s 
laudant.  3.  Cibum  in  oppidum  portamus.  4.  Liber  meo 
discipul5  est  gratus.  5.  Reglna  liberos  in  oppidum  con- 
vocat.  6.  Discipuli  magistri  amicum  laudant.  7.  Multi 
agricolae  nunc  in  agr5  sunt.  8.  Filia  mea  liber5s 
magistri  laudat.  9.  Incolarum  agri  sunt  latL  10.  Ma- 
gister  discipulos  non  semper  culpat.  11.  Ubi  nunc  sunt 
filiae  meae  libri.'^  12.  EquI  multos  viros  in  silvam  por- 
tant. 


A  Roman  School 


II.  L  The  boys  are  my  children's  friends.  2.  My 
daughter  loves  her  teacher.  3.  The  sturdy  farmers  are 
calling  the  slaves  into  the  fields.  4.  The  teacher  gives 
the  man  a  book.  5.  There  are  not  many  sailors  in  the 
town.     6.    The  teacher  praises  his  faithful  pupils. 


36 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


LESSON   9 

SECOND  DECLENSION   (Continued).    NOUNS  IN  -ius  AND 
-ium.    ADJECTIVES  IN  -er,  (-e)ra,  (-e)rum 
74- 


filius, 

son 

proelium,  battle 

Stem  filio- 

Stem  proelio- 

Base  fili- 

Base  proeli- 

Singular 

NOM. 

filius 

proelium 

Gen. 

fili  (filii) 

proeli  (proelti) 

Dat. 

filio 

proelio 

Ace. 

filium 

proelium 

•  Voc. 

fili 

proelium 

Abl. 

filio 

proelio 

Plural 

NOM. 

filii 

proelia 

Gen. 

filiorum 

proeliprum 

Dat. 

filiis 

proeliis 

Ace. 

filios 

proelia 

^Voc. 

filii 

proelia 

Abl. 

filiis 

proeliis 

1.  The  genitive  singular  of  nouns  in  -ius  and  -ium  generally 

ends  in  -i  (not  -ii).  The  accent  remains  on  the  same 
syllable  as  in  the  nominative  :  consilium,  plan  ;  (gen.) 
consili.^ 

2.  In  proper  names  in  -ius  and  filius,  the  vocative  singular 

ends  in  -i :  fili,  (6^)  son;  Mercurius,  (voc.)  Merciiri,^ 
(C^)  Mercury.  The  accent  remains  on  the  same  syl- 
lable as  in  the  nominative. 

3.  Do  these  nouns  differ  in  any  other  way  from  those  in 

Lesson  5  } 

^  In  such  forms  the  penult  is  accented,  even  though  short.     Contrast  20,  3. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


37 


75- 


liber,  free 


Stem  libero- 

Base  liber- 

SlNGULAR 

Masculine 

L.              Feminine 

Neuter 

NOM. 

liber 

libera 

liberum 

Gen. 

llberi 

liberae 

llberi 

DAT. 

libero 

liberae 
etc. 

libero 

NoM.  pulcher 
Gen.  pulchri 
Dat.     pulchro 


pulcher,  beautiful 

Stem  pulchro- 
Base   pulchr- 

SlNGULAR 

pulchra 
pulchrae 
pulchrae 
etc. 


pulchrum 

pulchri 

pulchro 


1.  Complete  the  declension  of  these  adjectives. 

2.  It  has  been  noticed  that  adjectives  in  -us,  -a,  -um  are 

declined  in  the  masculine  like  dominus  (So).  Likewise 
adjectives  in  -er,  -era,  -erum  are  declined  in  the  mascu- 
line like  puer  (69),  and  those  in  -er,  -ra,  -rum  like  ager 
(69).  The  feminine  and  neuter  of  these  adjectives 
follow  Stella  (29)  and  donum  (56). 

3.  Learn  the  adjectives  in  the  vocabulary  that  have  e  be- 

fore the  final  r  of  the  base.  Most  other  adjectives 
of  the  first  and  s*econd  declension  are  declinqd  like 
pulcher,  pulchra,  pulchrum.     See  70. 


38 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


76.    Distinguish  carefully 

liber,  libera,  liberum,/;^^. 

liberi,  liberorum,  m.  (plur.),  children. 

liber,  libri,  m.,  book. 


Roman  Books 

77,    Summary  of  Nouns  of  First  and  Second  Declensions 
First  Declension 


Nam,  Sing.  Endings 

Gender 

-a 

Feminine 

(Except 

names  of  males,  27,  23) 

Second 

Declension 

-us 

-ius 
-er 

Masculine 

-ir 

-um  ' 
-ium 

■ 

Neuter 

REVIEW    QUESTIONS 

1.  How  is  the  base  of  a  noun  obtained  ? 

2.  In  what  nouns  is  the  vocative   singular  not  like  the 

nominative  ? 

3.  In  what  nouns  is  there  an  irregularity  in  the  formation 

of  the  genitive  singular?    in  that  of  the  dative  and 
ablative  plural  ? 


ESSENTIALS   OF    LATIN  39 

4.    Enumerate  the  nouns  and  adjectives  in  -er  that  have  e 
before  the  r  of  the  base. 

78.  VOCABULARY 

filius,  fill,  m.,  son,  proelium,  proeli,  n.,  battle. 

nuntius,  i,  m.,  messenger.  miser,      miser  a,      miserum, 
gladius,  i,  m.,  sword.  wretched,  poor. 

pulcher,  pulchra,  pulchrum,  asper,  aspera,  asperum,  rd?^/^/^, 

beautiful,  pretty.  fierce. 

sjtenev,  tenera,  tenerum,  ten-  niger,  nigra,  nigrum,  black. 

der,  delicate,  dainty.  piger,  pigra,  pigrum,  slow, 
aedificium,  i,  n.,  building.  lazy. 

79.  REVIEW   EXERCISES 

I.  I.  In  agro  Marcl  amici  sunt  multi  equL  2.  Liber, 
d5num  pulchrum  magistri,  puerum  delectat.  3.  Multi 
agricolae  magnos  equ5s  amant.  4.  Lataene  sunt  viae 
Italiae?  5.  Pueros  fid5s  vocatis.  6.  Cur  nuntii  liberos  in 
oppidum  convocant  ? 

II.  I.  They  praise  the  sons  of  free  men.  2.  Many  are 
the  inhabitants  in  the  towns  of  Greece.  3.  The  Romans 
are  carrying  much  grain  into  the  towns.  4.  I  am  giving 
my  friend  Marcus  a  large  book. 

80.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Aedificia  in  Graecia  pulchra  sunt.  2.  Ubi  tul, 
fill,  libri  sunt.'^  3.  Nuntiorum  sagittae  non  sunt  Ipngae. 
4.  Viri  multos  gladios  in  aedificium  portant.  5.  Rosae 
multae  et  tenerae  in  aspera  silva  sunt.  6.  Agricolae 
miseri  pigrds  equ5s  non  amant.  7.  Proelia  nautas  aspe- 
r5s  delectant.  8.  Dona  mei  amici  multa  filiis  grata 
sunt.      9.    Cur   dominus    superbus    servos  pigros    culpat.^ 


40  ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 

lO.  Nunti  filio  multos  libros  do.  ii.  Viae  pulchrae 
Galliae  liberos  delectant.  12.  In  magno  aedificio  sunt 
multae  sagittae  et  multi  gladiL 

II.  I.  The  messenger's  daughter  is  pretty.  2.  The 
great  buildings  please  the  fierce  inhabitants.  3.  Marcus,^ 
are  you  carrying  my  sword  ?  4.  Fierce  battles  are  pleasing 
to  the  Romans.  5.  You  are  giving  my  son  a  black  horse. 
6.  There  are  many  women  and  men  in  the  beautiful 
building. 

(Reading  Selection  443) 

LESSON    10 
IMPERFECT   AND   FUTURE   OF  SUm.     REVIEW 

81.  Review  39.     The   imperfect  and  future   tenses  of 

sum  are  conjugated  as  follows : 

Imperfect  Future 

Singular 

1.  eram,  I  was  i.  ero,  I  shall  be 

2.  eras,  yoit  were  2.  eris,  you  will  be 

3.  erat,  he  was,  there  was      3.  tnt,  he  will  be,  there  will  be 

Plural 

1.  eramus,  we  were  i.  erimus,  we  shall  be 

2.  eratis,  you  were  2.  eritis,  you  will  be 

3.  erant,  they  were,  there     3.  erunt,  they  will  be,  there 

were  will  be 

I.  Are  the  personal  endings  of  these  tenses  regular.? 
See  43.  Are.  these  endings  the  same  as  those  of 
the  present  of  sum.? 

82.  Order  of  Words.  —  In  an  English  sentence  the  order 
of  the  words  is  very  important,  because  of  the  compara- 
tively   few  inflectional  endings.     A  change  in  the  order 

^  Be  careful  as  to  the  position  of  this  word.    See  page  27,  footnote  i. 


.    ESSENTIALS    OF   LATIN  4I 

may  change  entirely  the   meaning  of   a   sentence.     For 
example: 

Caesar  praises  the  loyal  farmers. 

The  loyal  farmers  praise  Caesar. 

In  Latin,  a  change  in  the  order  of  the  words  does  not 
usually  change  the  meaning  of  the  sentence,  but  merely 
shows  the  ejnphasis  which  the  writer  wishes  to  give  to  a 
particular  word  or  phrase.     For  example  : 

1.  Caesar  agricolas  fidos  laudat,   Caesar  praises  the  loyal 

farmers, 

2.  Caesar  fidos  agricolas  laudat,   Caesar  praises  the  loyal 

farmers. 

3.  Agricolas  fidos  laudat  Caesar,  Caesar  praises  the  loyal 

farmers. 
The  first  sentence  shows  the  normal^  order,  and  implies 
no  special  emphasis  on  any  word,  but  this  order  is  often 
changed  to  express  the  emphasis  the  writer  wishes  to  show. 
In  the  second  sentence  fidos  is  more  emphatic  than  in  the 
first.     In  the  third  agricolas  fidos  and  Caesar  are  emphatic. 

83. 

Review  List  of  Nouns  of  the  First  and  Second  Declensions 

1.  Review  carefully  the  meaning,  gender,  and  declension 

of  each  noun. 

2.  Recall  any  English  equivalents  that  the  Latin  words 

suggest,  viz.,  vita,  vital ;  nauta,  nautical.  Also 
watch  for  relationship  between  Latin  words,  viz., 
dig^Xy  field ;  agricola,  farmer.  Do  this  for  new  words 
of  succeeding  vocabularies, 

^  The  normal  order  of  a  Latin  sentence  is  (i)  subject  with  modifiers, 
(2)  indirect  object  with  modifiers,  (3)  direct  object  with  modifiers,  (4)  adverb, 
(5)  verb.  But  this  normal  order  very  often  gives  way  to  considerations  of 
emphasis  or  clearness. 


42 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


incola 

gladius 

agricola 

luna 

aedificium 

discipulus 

vir 

patria 

porta 

frumentum 

vinum 

ager 

copia 

fabula 

oppidum 

sagitta 

femina 

vita 

Insula 

donum 

proelium 

nuntius 

pecunia 

amicus 

bellum 

puer 

hortus 

terra 

dominus 

magister 

via 

silva 

reglna 

servus 

liber 

rosa 

inopia 

Stella 

filia 

cibus 

nauta 

equus 

fllius 

84. 


EXERCISES 


I.  I.  Erimus;  eramus;  sumus.  2.  Eratis;  eritis;  estis. 
3.  Erant;  es;  eris.  4.  Eras;  erunt;  eris.  5.  Fllil  agricolae 
erant  parvl.  6.  Filia  nunti  erat  in  insula  pulchra. 
7.  Reglnae  copiae  erunt  in  tua  patria.  8.  Nautae  non 
erant  pigrl.  9.  Ubi  gladius  me!  amici  erat?  10.  In 
magno  aedificio  erat. 

II.  I.  We  were;  we  are;  we  shall  be.  2.  They  will 
be;  you  (plur.)  will  be;  she  was.  3.  You  (sing.)  were; 
he  will  be  ;  you  (sing.)  will  be.  4.  My  friend's  horse  was 
not  lazy.  5.  The  sailor's  sons  were  small.  6.  The  fierce 
inhabitants  will  be  slaves  of  the  queen. 


LESSON    II 

FIRST  CONJUGATION.     PRINCIPAL  PARTS.      FORMATION 
AND  CONJUGATION  OF  THE  IMPERFECT  AND  FUTURE 

85.  Review  26  and  43.  Latin  verbs  are  divided  into  four 
classes  or  conjugations.  These  conjugations  are  distin- 
guished by  the  vowel  before  the  -re  of  the  present  infinitive 
active.     Thus : 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  43 


Conjugation 

Present  Active  Infinitive 

Distinguishing 
Vowel 

I. 

a  mare,  to  love 

a 

II. 

monere,  to  advise 

e 

III. 

regere,  to  rule 

e 

IV. 

audire,  to  hear 

i 

86.  The  principal  parts  of  the  verb  are  (i)  the  present 
indicative  active,  (2)  the  present  infinitive  active,  (3)  the 
perfect  indicative  active,  (4)  the  perfect  passive  participle. 
These  four  forms  of  a  verb  must  be  knov^n,  because  from 
them  are  obtained  the  stems  necessary  to  the  formation  of 
all  forms  of  the  verb.  These  stems  are  called  (i)  present 
stem,  (2)  perfeK:t  stem,  (3)  participial  stem,  and  are  obtained 
from  the  principal  parts  as  follows : 
Pres.  Ind.  Pres.  Inf.  Perf.  Ind.  Perf.  Part. 

amo  ama|re  amav|i  amat|us 

/  love  to  love  I  have  loved  loved 

present  stem        perfect  stem     participial  stem 

870  Paradigm 

Imperfect  Indicative  Active 
Singular 

1.  amabam,  /  was  loving,  I  loved,  I  did  love 

2.  am  abas,  you  were  loving,  loved,  did  love 

3.  amabat,  he  was  loving,  loved ^  did  love 

Plural 

1.  amabamus,  we  were  loving,  loved,  did  love 

2.  amabatis,  you  were  loving,  loved,  did  love 

3.  amabant,  they  were  loving,  loved,  did  love 

Future  Indicative  Active 
Singular  Plural 

1.  amabo,  I  shall  love  i.    amabimus,  we  shall  love 

2.  amabis,  yon  will  love  2.    amabitis,  you  zvill  love 

3.  amabit,  he  will  love  3.    amabunt,  they  will  love 


44  ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 

Observe 

1.  That  the  first  person  of  the  imperfect  is  found  by  add- 

ing -bam  to  the  present  stem,  and  the  first  person  of 
the  future  by  adding  -bo  to  the  present  stem.     Thus  : 
amo      pres.  stem  ama-      imperf.,  ama-bam 
amo      pres.  stem  ama-      fut.,  ama-bo 

2.  That  the  personal  endings  are  the  same  as  those  used  in 

the  present  tense.     See  43. 

88.  Learn  the  principal  parts,  and  form  and  conjugate 
the  imperfect  and  future  active  of  the  following  verbs : 

paro,  prepare,  parare,  paravi,  paratus 

laudo,  praise,  laudare,  laudavi,  laudatus 

culpo,  blame,  culpare,  culpavi,  culpatus 

convoco,  summon,  convocare,  convocavi,  convocatus 

89.  VOCABULARY 

locus,  i,  m.,  plur.,  loci,  m.,  idoneus,  a,  um,  fit,  suitable. 

and  loca,  n.,  place,  paro,  are,  avi,  diXViS,  prepare. 

praemium,  i,  n.,  reward,  comparo,   are,   avi,   atus,  pro- 
v/pilum,  i,  Vi.,  javelin.  vide,  get  {bring^  together. 

^saxum,  i,  n.,  rock,  contra,  prep,  with  ace,  <2^^/;?i-/. 
ytelum,  i,  n.,  weapon.               /hasta,  ae,  f.,  spear. 

castra,  orum,  n.  (plur.),  camp. 

90.  REVIEW   EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Galli  filiis  agricolarum  cibum  n5n  dant.  2.  Cur 
fidum  nautam  culpatis?  3.  Erant  in  Graecia  aedificia  pul- 
chra.  4.  In  silvam  niintios  convocat.  5.  Inopia  cibi  et  vini 
viros  n5n  delectat.     6.    Multi  gladil  semper  in  oppidd  sunt. 

II.  I.  Son,  where  is  my  sword.?  2.  They  are  carrying 
the  grain  into  the  large  building.  3.  You  give  my  daughter 
many  roses.     4.    Why  does  the  island  please  the  boys .? 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  45 

91.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Culpabat;  laudabant;  convocabis.  2.  Pugnabamus; 
comparabas;  dabunt.  3.  Portabimus;  culpabitis;  laudabit. 
4.  Bellum  contra  Gallos  parabant.  5.  Praemia  idonea 
vir5s  delectabunt.  6.  Galli  in  castra  cibum  et  tela  portant. 
7.  Idoneane  praemia  comparabitis  ?  8.  Ubi  est  locus  castrls 
idoneus?  9.  Fill  praemium  erit  pulchrum  pilum.  10.  Ido- 
neas  hastas  viris  dabimus.  11.  Multae  sagittae  et  pila  sunt 
in  castris.      12.    Galli  bellum  contra  R5man5s  parabunt. 

n.  I.  You  (plur.)  will  give ;  they  gave ;  she  was  giving. 
2.  We  praised;  he  will  blame;  we  are  summoning.  3.  They 
will  carry;  we  shall  give;  you  (sing.)  were  praising.  4.  We 
were  preparing  a  place  suitable  for  a  camp.  5.  He  will 
give  his  daughter  a  reward.  6.  The  Romans  prepared 
war  against  the  Gauls.  7.  The  weapons  of  the  Gauls 
were  rocks  and  arrows. 

LESSON    12 

FIRST  CONJUGATION  (Continued).    PERFECT.    ABLATIVE 
OF  MEANS 

92.  Paradigm 

Perfect  Indicative  Active  of  amo,  /  love 

Personal  Endings  with 
Singular  Connecting  Vowel 

1 .  amavi,  /  have  loved^  I  loved,  I  did  love  -i 

2.  amavisti,  you  have  loved,  etc.  -isti 

3.  amavit,  he  has  loved,  etc.  -it 

Plural 

1.  amdvimus,  we  have  loved,  etc.  -imus 

2.  amavistis,  yotc  have  loved,  etc.  -istis 

3.  amaverunt,  they  have  loved,  etc.  -erunt 


46  ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 

1.  The  personal  endings  of  the  perfect  tense  are  the  same  in 

all  the  conjugations,  Notice  that  these  endings  differ 
from  those  of  the  present,  imperfect,  and  future  tenses. 

2.  Compare  the  second  and  third  translations  of  the  per- 

fect with  those  of  the  imperfect  {^^7\  There  is  this 
difference  in  the  use  of  the  two  tenses  :  the  perfect 
denotes  an  act  or  state  (condition)  completed  by  or  at 
the  present  time,  the  imperfect  an  act  or  state  going 
on,  repeated,  or  continued  in  past  time. 

3.  Conjugate  the  perfect  of  the  verbs  in  Z%. 

93.  Examine  the  following  : 

1.  Hastis  et  sagittis  pugnabant,  they  fought  with  spears 

and  arrows, 

2.  Equis  frumentum  portabimus,  we  shall  bring  grain  by- 

.    means-of  horses. 

Notice  that  the  ablatives  hastis,  sagittis,  equis  express 
the  means  or  instrument,  the  things  with  or  by  means  of 
which  the  action  of  the  verb  is  accomplished. 

94.  Rule.  —  Ablative  of   Means   or   Instrument.  —  The 

means  or  instrument  of  an  action  is  expressed  by  the  abla- 
tive without  a  preposition. 

95.  VOCABULARY 

legatus,   i,    m.,   ambassador,  do,  dare,  dedi,^  datus,  give, 

lieutenant.  oppugno,  are,  avi,  atus,  attack, 

Graecus,  i,  m.,  a  Greek,  besiege, 

pauci,  ae,  2,,  few,  a  few,  arma,  orum,  n.  {^\MX^,'arms, 

supero,    are,    avi,   atus,  sur-        weapons, 

pass,  conquer,  overcome,     ^  hiberna,  orum,  n.(plur.),  win- 

armo,    are,    avi,    atus,   arm,         ter  quarters. 

equip,  Helvetius,  i,  vi\.,a  Helvetian, 

1  Note  the  irregular  perfect. 


English   Guardsmen  as  Roman  Soldiers,  in  '  tortoise  '-formation 


English   Guardsmen  as  Roman  Soldiers  discharging  the  Catapult 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  47 

96.  REVIEW   EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Dominus  meus  dona  flliis  dabit.  2.  Nautae  fidi 
contra  R5man5s  pugnabant.  3.  Tela  idonea  in  castra 
portabunt.  4.  Copia  magna  tel5rum  est  in  loc6.  5.  Servi 
pigri  multum  frumentum  in  aedificia  non  portabant. 
6.  Locus  magno  proelio  n5n  erit  idoneus. 

IL  I.  The  camp  of  the  Romans  was  large.  2.  Why 
did  he  give  the  inhabitants  weapons  ?  3.  We  shall  carry 
many  spears  and  arrows  into  the  town.  4,  He  was  prais- 
ing the  queen's  forces. 

97.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Pugnavisti;  dedistine  ?  laudavimus.  2.  Incolae 
oppidi  multa  arma  comparaverunt.  3.  Helvetii  oppidum 
saxis  et  armis  oppugnabant.  4.  Equis  in  aedificium  cibum 
portavit.  5.  Pauca  arma  viris  dedimus.  6.  Cur  R5mani 
Graecos  superaverunt  ?  7.  Servi  multum  frumentum  in 
hiberna  portaverunt.  8.  Roman!  Helvetiorum  oppida 
sagittis  et  pills  oppugnabant.  9.  Incolas  insulae  telis  arma- 
bimus.  10.  In  hibernis  sunt  pauca  tela  et  multus  cibus. 
II.  Gallos  hastis  et  sagittis  superavit.  12.  Locus  hibernis 
idoneus  est. 

IL  I.  You  (plur.)  have  given;  did  he  blame.'*  2.  We 
have  equipped ;  they  were  conquering ;  she  gave.  3.  The 
Gauls  fought  with  spears  and  arrows.  4.  The  Romans 
have  attacked  the  camp  of  the  Greeks.  5.  By-means-of 
rewards  he  summoned  the  Helvetians. 

(Reading  Selection  444) 

Pilum 


48  ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


LESSON    13 

FIRST  CONJUGATION  (Continued).     PLUPERFECT  AND 
FUTURE   PERFECT.     REVIEW 

98.    Review  81. 

Pluperfect  Indicative  Active  of  amo,  /  love 

Singular 

1.  2imdiV QXdimy  I  had  loved 

2.  amaveras,  you  had  loved  ' 

3.  amaverat,  he  had  loved 

Plural 

1.  amaveramus,  zve  had  loved 

2.  amaveratis,  yon  had  loved 

3.  amaverant,  they  had  loved 

Future  Perfect  Indicative  Active 
Singular 

1.  amavertJ,  I  shall  have  loved 

2.  amaveris,  you  will  have  loved 

3.  amaverit,  he  will  have  loved 

Plural 

1.  amaverimus,  we  shall  have  loved 

2.  amaveritis,  you  will  have  loved 

3.  amaverint,  they  will  have  loved 

I.  The  pluperfect  is  formed  by  the  combination  of  the  per- 
fect stem  amav-  and  -eram ;  the  future  perfect  by  the 
combination  of  the  same  stem  and  -ero.  There  is  an 
exception  in  one  form  of  the  future  perfect.     Which  ? 


ESSENTIALS    OF   LATIN  49 

99.  Review  carefully  43,  85,  S6y  Sy,  92.  Observe  that 
the  present  stem  is  used  in  the  formation  of  the  present, 
imperfect,  and  future  tenses,  and  t)\Q  perfect  stem  in  the  for- 
mation of  the  perfect,  pluperfect,  and  future  perfect  tenses. 

Table  for  the  Formation  of  the  Indicative  Active 

Present  Tense,  First  one  of  the  principal  parts. 

Imperfect  Tense,  Present  stem  +  bam. 

Future  Tense,  Present  stem  +  bo. 

Perfect  Tense,  Third  one  of  the  principal  parts. 

Pluperfect  Tense,      ^  Perfect  stem  +  eram. 

Future  Perfect  Tense,  Perfect  stem  +  ero. 

100.  Give  the  principal  parts,  and  form  the  first  person 
singular  of  all  tenses  of  the  indicative,  adding  the  English 
meanings,  of  the  following  verbs  that  have  occurred  in  the 
previous  vocabularies : 

laudo  voco  par5  oppugno       servo 

culpa  convoc5        d5  porto  supero 

I.    Give   the   complete  conjugation  of   all  tenses  of  the 
indicative  of  at  least  three  verbs  in  this  list 

101.  VOCABULARY 

mature,     are,     avi,     atum,^  ^  ferus,   a,   um,   wild,   barba- 

hasten    (usually    with    an  roiis. 

infinitive;  never  followed     impedimentum,    i,    n.,    hin- 

by  ad  and  the  ace).  drdnce ;  (plur.),  baggage, 

expugno,  are,  avi,  atus,  cap-  ^,  vicus,  i,  m.,  village. 

ture,  take  by  storm.  ad,     prep,     with     ace,     to^ 

mox,  adv.,  soon.  '  toivards,  near. 

1  The  masculine  form  of  the  perfect  participle  is  usually  found  only  with 
transitive  verbs.  With  other  verbs  the  form  in  -um,  or  the  future  active 
participle  in  -iirus,  if  they  occur,  are  used. 


so  ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


102.  REVIEW   EXERCISES 


I.  I.  Gladiis  et  sagittis  incolas  oppidi  superaverunt. 
2.  Contra  Romanos  bellum  Galli  parabunt.  3.  In  oppido 
Helvetiorum  erit  cibi  inopia.  4.  Legatus  agricolas  pills 
armavit.  5.  Gladium  pulchrum  Marc5  nautae  perito  de- 
derunt.     6.  In  oppidum  puellas  et  pueros  convocabant. 

II.  I.  There  was  an  abundance  of  grain  in  my  friend's 
fields.  2.  The  arrows,  a  gift  of  the  queen,  pleased  the 
messenger.  3.  He  will  not  fight  with  weapons.  4.  They 
have  given  the  woman  a  beautiful  horse.  5.  Has  he 
armed  many  slaves  ? 


103.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Maturaveras;  laudaveris;  expugnaverant.  2.  Por- 
taveritis;  delectaveratis ;  dederamus.  3.  Arma  com- 
parare  maturavit.  4.  Parvum  Helvetiorum  oppidum 
expugnaverant.  5.  Multa  impedimenta  in  vicum  porta- 
verimus.  6.  D5na  ad  reglnam  portabant.  7.  Reginae 
copiae  ferae  erant.  8.  Ad^  oppidum  frumenti  copia  erat. 
9.  Multos  vicos  Gall5rum  mox  oppugnaverit.  10.  Gladiis 
ad^  impedimenta  pugnaverant.  11.  Magnam^  pecuniam 
incolls  non  dedimus.  12.  Mox  in  agris  latls  Gallorum 
erit  frumentum. 

II.  I.  He  will  hasten  ;  he  will  have  hastened.  2.  They 
had  given;  we  have  given;  you  will  have  praised.  3.  He 
had  carried  much  baggage  into  the  town.  4.  They  will 
soon  have  taken-by-storm  many  towns.  5.  Why  did  he 
not  hasten  to  provide  grain  ?  6.  Near  the  beautiful  village 
were  broad  fields. 

1  fuar,  2  :=  much. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  5 1 

LESSON    14 

SECOND  CONJUGATION.  CHARACTERISTICS.  FORMATION 
AND  CONJUGATION  OF  THE  ACTIVE  INDICATIVE 

104.  All  verbs  whose  present  stem  ends  in  e  are  classed 
under  the  Second  Conjugation.  The  various  tenses  of 
these  verbs  are  formed  from  the  principal  parts  precisely- 
like  those  of  the  First  Conjugation.     Review  86,  Sy,  98,  99. 

Prin.  Parts  :  moneo,  I  advise,  warn,  monere,  monui,  monitus 
video,  /  see,  videre,  vidi,  visus 

Pres.         moneo,  /  warn  video,  /  see 

Impf.         xi\ovLt\ydiVOi,  I  warned  videbam, /i-^^/ 

FuT.  monebo,  /  shall  warn  videbo,  /  shall  see 

Perf.         monui,  /  have  warned  vidi,  /  have  seen 

Plup.        monueram,  /  had  videram,  /  had  seen 

warned 

FuT.  Pf.  monuero,  /  shall  have  videro,  /  shall  have  seen 

warned 

105.  Conjugation  of  Present  Indicative  Active  of  meneO 

Sing.     i.  moneo,  I  advise,  am  advising,  do  advise 

2.  vciOYi^s,  you  advise,  €tQ., 

3.  monet,  he  advises,  etc. 
Plur.    I.  monemus,  we  advise,  etc. 

2.  monetis,  you  advise,  etc. 

3.  monent,  they  advise,  etc. 

1.  Observe  that  the  -e-  of  the  present  stem,  unlike  the  -a- 

of  amo,  is  retained  before  the  personal  ending  -0  of 
the  first  person  singular. 

2.  What  is  the  characteristic  vowel  before  the  personal 

endings  of  moneo }  of  amo } 


52  ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 

io6. 

Conjugation  of  the  Perfect  Indicative  Active  of  moneo 

Singular 

1.  monui,  I  have  advised,  I  advised,  I  did  advise 

2.  monuisti,  j/^//  have  advised,  etc. 

3.  monuit,  he  has  advised,  etc. 

Plural 

1.  monuimus,  we  have  advised,  etc. 

2.  monuistis,  you  have  advised,  etc. 

3.  monuerunt,  they  have  advised,  etc. 

I.  Note  carefully  the  accent  of  the  above  forms,  and  ob- 
serve that  the  personal  endings  are  like  those  of  the 
perfect  of  amo.  Note  that  the  perfect  stem  monu- 
does  not  end  in  v,  as  in  amo,  perfect  stem  amav-. 

107.  The  various  tenses  of  verbs  of  the  Second  Conju- 
gation are  conjugated  like  those  of  the  First  Conjugation, 
with  the  exception  noted  in  105,  i  and  2.  Form  and  con- 
jugate the  tenses  of  the  indicative  active  of  the  following 
verbs : 

habeo,  habere,  habui,  habitus,  I  have,  hold 

video,  videre,  vidi,  visus,  I  see 

108.  VOCABULARY 

moneo,  monere,  monui,  moni-  /  ;;/^^^/ castramovere^^r^^/^ 

tus,  advise,  warn.  up  camp. 

habeo,  habere,  habui,  habitus,  dimico,  are,  avi,  atum,  fight^ 

have,  hold.  ^     contend, 

video,  videre,  vidi,  visus,  see,  praeda,  ae,  f.,  booty,  spoil 

terreo,  terrere,  terrui,  terri-  periculum,  i,  n.,  danger. 

tus,  frighten,  scare,  cum,  prep,  with  abl.,  with, 
moveo,  movere,  movi,  motus. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


53 


109. 


REVIEW    EXERCISES 


I.  I.  Saxis  tells  ^  Galli  cum  Romanis  pugnabant. 
2.  Magnum  bellum  contra  Romanes  paraverant.  3.  Ad 
portam  liberds  portaverunt.  4.  Paucos  libros  amico  me5 
dedL  5.  Roman!  multa  arma  in  hiberna  portabunt. 
6.    Cur  oppidum  expugnare  maturaverunt  ? 

II.  I.  They  armed  the  fierce  inhabitants  with  javelins. 
2.  Near  the  camp  were  a  few  buildings.  3.  We  do  not 
always  take  the  towns  by  storm.  4.  Have  you  given  my 
friend  a  book  ? 


no. 


EXERCISES 


I.  I.  Movebat;  vidit;  terruerat.  2.  Viderimus;  movistl; 
habebis.  3.  Moverant;  terruerunt;  moverint.  4.  RomanI 
cum  Helvetils  dimicabant.  5.  Periculum  magnum  oppidi 
incolas  terruerat.  6.  Praedam  in  vicis  multam  viderunt. 
7.  Galli  copias  ad  oppidum  moverant.  8.  Vldistlne  tuum 
periculum  ?  9.  Pueri  multa  praemia  habebunt.  10.  R5- 
mani  gladiis  et  pills  agricolas  terruerunt.  1 1.  Mox  copiam 
frumenti  habuerit.      12.    Praeda  nautas  pigros  delectabit. 

II.  I.  She  had  seen;  he  has  frightened;  he  will  have 
had.  2.  We  had  moved ;  you  (plur.)  have  seen ;  they  have 
fought.  3.  The  Gauls  broke  up  camp.  4.  They  had  con- 
tended with  the  inhabitants.  5.  The  messenger  frightened 
the  lieutenant  by  the  story.     6.    There  is  great  danger  in 

wine. 

^  In  apposition  with  saxis  (see  58), 


Gladius 


54 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


LESSON  IS 

THIRD   DECLENSION.     CONSONANT   STEMS 

III.   The  stem  of  nouns  of  the  third  declension  ends  in 
a  consonant  or  in  -i-. 


112. 


Consonant  Stems 

Paradigms 

dux,  m.,  miles,  m.,     virtus,  f.,     caput,  n., 

leader,  general        soldier  virtue  head 


Stem 

and 

Base 


due- 


milit- 


virtut- 


capit- 

Case  Endings 

OF  CONSO- 


Singular 

nant 
M.  and  F. 

Stems 

N. 

NOM. 

dux 

miles 

virtus 

caput 

(-S) 

Gen. 

duels 

mllitis 

virtutis 

capitis 

-is 

-is 

DAT. 

duel 

mlHti 

virtuti 

capiti 

-i 

-i 

Ace. 

dueem 

militem 

virtutem 

caput 

-em 

Abl. 

duce 

milite 

virtute 
Plural 

capite 

-e 

-e 

NOM. 

duces 

milites 

virtutes 

capita 

-es 

-a 

Gen. 

ducum 

mllitum 

virtutum 

capitum 

-um 

-um 

Dat. 

ducibus 

militibus 

virtutibus 

capitibus 

-ibus 

-ibus 

Ace. 

duces 

milites 

virtutes 

capita 

-es 

-a 

Abl. 

ducibus 

militibus 

virtutibus 

capitibus 

-ibus 

-ibus 

Note  that  the  stem  and  base  are  ahke  in  nouns  with 
consonant  stems  (but  see  122,  2  and  contrast  25). 
Both  are  obtained  by  dropping  the  ending  -is  of  the 
genitive  singular. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  55 

2.  To    decline   a   noun,   therefore,    one   must    know   the 

gender,  the  nominative,  and  the  genitive.  Be  sure 
to  learn  these  facts  about  all  the  nouns  given  in  the 
vocabularies, 

3.  Observe  that   the  nominative  singular  is  not   always 

like  the  stem.  Various  changes  are  made  in  its 
formation  from  the  stem.     No  rule  can  be  given. 

4.  Learn  thoroughly  the  case  endings,  observing   which 

are  alike.     See  56. 

5.  Decline  rex  bonus, /^^  ^^^^ /^///^. 

113.  VOCABULARY 

&{iJL,&Vicis,m. J  leader, general,  rex,  regis,  m.,  H;^^. 

miles,  militis,  m.,  soldier.  fuga,  ae,  i.,  flight. 

«/^ques,  equitis,  m..  horseman;  infugam  do,  dare,  dedi,  datus, 

(plur.)  cavalry,  cavalrymen.  put  to  flight. 

virtus,  virtutis,  f.,  manliness,  augeo,  augere,  auxi,  auctus, 

bravery,  virtue.  increase,  enlarge, 
caput,  capitis,  n.,  head. 

114.  REVIEW   EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Ad  portam  nuntium  vidit.  2.  Cur  cum  incolls 
feris  dlmicabant.'^'  3.  Perlculum  fill  videt.  4.  Periculum 
agricolas  perlt5s  non  terrebit.  5.  Multam  praedam  in 
castris  viderant.     6.    Dabitne  pecuniam  mox  filiae  } 

II.  I.  We  have  not  seen  much  grain  in  winter  quarters. 

2.  The   fierce    inhabitants   have   overcome   the    farmers. 

3.  The  war  had  not  frightened  the  queen.     4.    They  will 
hasten  to  besiege  the  town. 

115.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Capitibus;  virtiitT;  capita.  2.  Eques  equum  lau- 
dabat.       3.    Milites   impedimenta    in   castra    portaverant. 


56 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


4.  Equites  Gallorum  in  fugam  dant.  5.  Proelium  mllitum 
virtutem  augebit.  6.  Capita  multorum  equitum  vidimus. 
7.  Virtus  mllitum  ducem  delectavit.  8.  Rex  non  semper 
est  mllitum  dux.  9.  Copias  dux  non  auxerat.  10.  Gladiis 
equites  in  fugam  dederunt.  11.  Militibus  incolas  feros 
dux  terrebat.  12.  Multum  frumentum  equites  in  oppida 
portabunt. 

II.  I.  For  the  soldier;  the  heads  of  the  horses.  2.  The 
leader  summoned  his  soldiers  into  camp.  3.  The  Gauls 
will  put  the  horsemen  to  flight.  4.  The  king  gave  the 
leader  a  beautiful  sword.  5.  The  general  increased  the 
supply  ^  of  grain.  6.  There  were  many  soldiers  in  winter 
quarters. 

1  cdpia. 
(Reading  Selection  445) 


Equites  Romani 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


57 


LESSON    i6 

THIRD   DECLENSION   (Continued).      CONSONANT   STEMS. 
ABLATIVE   OF   CAUSE 


ii6. 


Consonant  Stems 


Paradigms 


consul,  m., 

homo,  m.. 

pater,  m., 

corpus,  n,, 

consul  ^ 

man 

father 

body 

Stem 

and 

consul- 

homin- 

patr- 

corpor- 

Base 

SlNGULAR 

NOM. 

consul 

homo 

pater 

corpus 

Gen. 

consulis 

hominis 

patris 

corporis 

DAT. 

consul! 

homini 

patri 

corpori 

Ace. 

consulem 

hominem 

patrem 

corpus 

Abl. 

c5nsule 

homine 

Plural 

patre 

corpora 

NOM. 

c5nsules 

homines 

patres 

corpora 

Gen. 

consulum 

hominum 

patrum 

corporum 

Dat. 

c5nsulibus 

hominibus 

patribus 

corporibus 

Ace. 

consiiles 

homines 

patres 

corpora 

Abl. 

consulibus 

hominibus 

patribus 

corporibus 

1.  Are  the  case  endings  of  these  nouns  Hke  those  of  the 

previous  lesson  ? 

2.  Decline  together  pater  bonus,  corpus  magnum. 

*  The  tide  of  the  two  presiding  magistrates  of  the  Roman  commonwealth. 


58  ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 

117.  Examine  the  following  : 

1.  Dux  victoria  laetus  est,  the  general  is  glad  because  of 

the  victory. 

2.  Homines  cibi  inopia  laborabant,  the  men  suffered  from 

(on  account  of)  lack  of  food. 

Observe  {a)  that  the  ablatives  victoria,  inopia,  express 
the  cause  or  reason;  (b)  the  various  ways  of  translating 
these  ablatives,  because  of  ou  account  of,  from. 

Review  93,  94. 

118.  Rule.  — Ablative  of  Cause.  —  Cause  is  expressed  by 

the  ablative^  usually  without  a  preposition?- 

119.  VOCABULARY 

consul,  consulis,  m.,  consul.  tempus,   temporis,   n.,  time^ 

homo,  hominis,  m.,  man.  season. 

pater,  patris,  va.,  father.  vulnus,  vulneris,  n.,  weund. 

corpus,  corporis,  n.,  body,  vulnero,  are,  avi,  atus,  wound, 

flumen,  fluminis,  n.,  river,  laboro,  are,  avi,  aturus,  work^ 

pes,  pedis,  m.,foot.  suffer, 

pedes,  peditis,  m.,  foot-soldier;  trans,  prep,  with  ace,  across^ 

plur.,  infantry,  over, 

120.  REVIEW    EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Virtus  equitum  Gallos  superabat.  2.  Virtiite 
milites  in  fugani  dedimus.  3.  Milites  perlti  in  castra 
arma  portaverunt.  4.  Duci  fid5  magnam  pecuniam  Ro- 
mani  dederant.  5.  Magna  c5pia  frumenti  mox  in  vico  erit. 
6.  Cur  ad  portas  oppidi  tela  portavit  ^ 

^  This  use  of  the  ablative  is  found  chiefly  with  verbs  and  adjectives  express- 
ing emotion  or  feeling  (joy,  sorrow,  fear,  etc.) 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


59 


II.  I.  Near  the  village  we  saw  many  soldiers.  2.  The 
'king  increased  the  men's  courage  by  the  story.  3.  They 
had  had  much  grain  in  winter  quarters.  4.  My  son's 
stories  were  good.  5.  He  gave  the  horseman  a  black 
horse. 


121. 


EXERCISES 


I.  I.  Peditem  gladid  meo  vulnerabam,  2.  Multa  vul- 
nera  sunt  in  corporibus  militum.  3.  Tempus  proelio  ido- 
neum  est.  4.  Homines  pecuniae  inopia  laborabunt.  5.  Ad 
pedes  regis  erant  miseri  incolae  oppidL  6.  Miles  vulnere 
laboraverat  7.  Pedites  c5nsul  trans  flu  men  convocavit. 
8.  Pedites  multos  incolas  pills  vulneraverunt.  9.  Milites 
dux  culpabat  10.  Meo  vulnere  miser  sum.  11.  Homo 
filios  in  hortum  convocabit.  12.  Pedes  mult5s  milites 
trans  flumen  vidit. 

II.  I.  They  put  the  foot-soldiers  to  flight  across  the 
river.  2.  We  are  suffering  from  many  wounds.  3.  The 
inhabitants  were  wretched  because  of  lack  of  food. 
4.  The  soldier  wounded  the  sailor  with  an  arrow.  5.  The 
consul  will  not  blame  my  father.  6.  The  consul  gave  the 
foot-soldier  a  beautiful  sword. 


Coin  of  Caesar,  struck  by  M.  Mettius 


6o 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


LESSON    17 
THIRD  DECLENSION  (Continued).    VOWEL  STEMS,   IN  -i- 
122.  Stems  in  -i- 

Paradigms 


coUis,  m 

.,        caedes,  f., 

mons,  m., 

animal,  n., 

hill 

slaughter 

mountain 

animal 

Stem 

colli- 

caedi- 

monti- 

animali- 

Base 

coll- 

caed- 

SlNGULAR 

mont- 

animal- 

Case  Endings 
OF  -i-  Stems 

M.  and  F.     N. 

NOM. 

collis 

caedes       mons 

animal 

(-S) 

Gen. 

colli^ 

caedis        montis 

animalis 

-is       -is 

Dat. 

colli 

caedi         monti 

animali 

-i         -i 

Ace. 

collem 

caedem     montem 

animal 

-em 

Abl. 

coUe 

caede         monte 

animali 

-e        -i 

Plural 

NoM.  colles  caedes       montes  animalia      -es       -ia 

'  Gen.  collium  caedium    montium  animalium  -ium    -ium* 

Dat.  collibus  caedibus    montibus  animalibus  -ibus   -ibus 

t  Ace.   collis,es  caedis,  es  montis,  es  animalia      -is,-es -ia 

Abl.  collibus  caedibus   montibus  animalibus  -ibus   -ibus 

1.  Compare  very  carefully  these  case  endings  with  those 

of  112.  In  what  two  cases  of  masculine  and  femi- 
nine nouns  is  there  a  difference  ?  In  what  four  cases 
of  neuters  ? 

2.  Observe  that  the  base  and  stem  differ.     Contrast  112,  i. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  6l 

3.  The  following  sometimes    have   the  ablative   singular  Ij 

both  in -Land  in  -e,  though  usually^in  -i :  navis,p>^^//  M 
ignis, ^r e  ;  cvf is,  citizen  ;  turriSyftower  ;  finis,9fv^yyl 
divis Jbird.     All  neuter  -i-    stemPhave  the  ablative 
singiilar  in   -i.     A    few  nouns  sometimes  have   the 
accusative  singular  in  -im:  turris,  turrim,  tower, 

4.  Decline  together:  urbs  pulchra,  beautiful  city ;  animal 

magnum,  large  aitimaL 

123.  Since  nouns  with  -i-  stems  are  declined  differently 
from  those  with  consonant  stems,  one  must  know  what  nouns 
of  the  third  declension  have  -i-  stems.  The  following  classes 
have  -i-  stems,  and  they  must  be  thoroughly  learned : 

1.  Nouns  in  -is  and  -es,  having  no  more  syllables  in  the 

genitive  than  in  the  nominative,  „^^-d^  C0LjLAji<s 

2.  Neuters  in  -e,  -al,  -ar. 

3.  Nouns  of  one  syllable  in  -s  or  -x  following  a  consonant, 

4.  Nouns  in  -ns  and  -rs. 

124.  Decline  the  following : 

mare,  maris,  n.,  sea,  nomen,  nominis,  n.,  name. 

urbs,  urbis,  f.,  city,  pars,  partis,  f.,  part, 

miles,  militis,  m.,  soldier.  pons,  pontis,  m.,  bridge. 

hostis,    hostis,    m.    and    f.,  navis,  navis,  f.,  ship, 
enemy  (usually  plural). 

125.  VOCABULARY 

(Make  a  list  of  the  nouns  with  -i-  stems.) 

coUis,  coUis,  m.,  hill.  animal,  animalis,  n.,  animal. 

caedes,  caedis,  f.,  slaughter.  sedile,  sedilis,  n.,  seat, 

mons,  montis,  m.,  mountain,  per,  prep,  with  ace,  throughy 
laetus,  a,  um,  glad,  across,  by-means-of, 

occupo,  are,  avi,  atus,  take-  de,    prep,    with   abl.,   down 
possession-of  seize,  occupy,  from,  from,  concerning. 


62  ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 

126.  REVIEW    EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Mei  patris  amicus  vulnere  laboravit.  2.  Longa 
via  pigrum  peditem  non  delectabit.  3.  Galll  equitum  pen- 
torum  inopia  laborabant.  4.  Multa  vulnera  in  corporibus 
mllitum  vidistL  5.  Pedites  per  flumen  latum  in  fugam 
dederunt.     6.    Tempus  equitum  virtutem  augebit. 

II.  I.  At  the  king's  feet  there  are  many  slaves.  2.  The 
general  is  summoning  the  men  across  the  river  into  camp. 
3.  The  soldiers  have  suffered  from  the  lack  of  a  skillful 
leader.     4.    They  had  wounded  my  son  with  a  javelin. 

127.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Mllites  de  monte  in  vicum  impedimenta  poftabant. 
2.  In  navibus  erant  nautae  multi  et  vaUdL  3.  Nonne  mi- 
lites  magnam  partem  urbis  expugnabunt  ?  4.  Miser  erat 
consul  caede  militum  valido^um.  5.  Dux  cum  peditibus 
coUem  occupavit.  6.  In  mari  sunt  naves  pulchrae.  7.  Vir- 
tus hostium  equites  terrebat.  8.  In  monte  erant  multa  et 
fera  animalia.  9.  Consul  militibus  et  navibus  hostes  supera- 
verat.      10.    Dux  de  collibus  Gall5s  in  urbem  convocabat. 

II'.  I.  A  large  part  of  the  city  is  beautiful.  2.  There 
were  many^  lazy  sailors  on  the  ships.  3.  The  horsemen 
took-possession-of  the  bridge.  4.  The  Romans  are  glad 
on  account  of  the  slaughter  of  the  enemy.  5.  They 
hastened  to  go^  from  the  hill  across  the  broad  fields. 

1  Many  lazy  =  many  and  lazy.     See  127,  I,  2,  8.  ^  UTC. 


ESSENTIALS   OF    LATIN  63 


LESSON    18 

REVIEW  OF  THIRD  DECLENSION.     GENDER.     ABLATIVE 
OF  TIME  WHEN 

128.  Gender.  —  For  the  general  rules  for  gender  see  28. 
The  complete  rules  for  gender  for  the  third  declension 

are  herewith  given,  though  there  are  many  exceptions : 

1.  Masculine. —  Masculine  are  nouns  in  -0  (genitive  -onis), 

-or  (genitive  -oris),  -tor  (genitive  -toris),  -er  (genitive 
-lis;  cf.  pater,  patris),  -es  (genitive  -itis),  -eps  (geni- 
tive -ipis),  -ex  (genitive  -ids). 

2.  Feminine. —  Feminine  are  nouns  in  -tas,  -tus,  -rs  (geni- 

tive -rtis ;  cf .  ars,  artis),  -is  and  -es  (if  genitive  is  in 
-is),  -do  or  -go  (genitive  -dinis,  -ginis),  and  -io  (genitive 
-ionis). 

3.  Neuter.  —  Neuter  are  nouns  in  -al  (genitive  -alis),  -en, 

-ar  (genitive  -aris),  -ur  (genitive  -oris),  -us  (genitive 
-eris  or  -oris),  -t,  -e  (genitive  -is). 

What  are  the  rules  of  gender  for  the  first  and  second 
declensions  ? 

129.  Review  Table  of  Nouns  of  Third  Declension 

Give  for  each  noun  (i)  gender,  (2)  meaning,  (3)  genitive 
singular,  (4)  stem,  (5)  ablative  singular,  (6)  nominative 
plural,  (7)  genitive  plural.     Review  carefully  122,  123. 


animal 

dux 

mare 

pater 

rex 

caedes 

eques 

m5ns 

pes 

tempus 

caput 

flumen 

miles 

pedes 

urbs 

c5nsul 

hom5 

navis 

p5ns 

vulnus 

collis 

hostis 

nomen 

pars 

virtus 

64  ESSENTIALS    OF    LATIN 

130.  Examine  the  following  : 

1 .  Hieme  laboramus,  in  winter  we  work, 

2.  Decern  mensibus  multas  urbes  vidit,  within  ten  months 

he  saw  many  cities, 

3.  Prima  luce  hostes  in  fugam  dederunt,  at  daybreak  they 

put  the  enem,y  to  flight. 

Observe  that  the  ablatives  hieme,  decem  mensibus,  prima 

liice,  tell  when  or  within  what  time  the  action  of  the  verb 
took  place,  and  that  no  preposition  is  used  in  Latin. 

131 .  Rule.  —  Ablative  of  Time.  —  Time  when  or  within 
which  is  expressed  by  the  ablative  without  a  preposition, 

132.  VOCABULARY 

nox,   noctis,    f .   (gen.    plur.  annus,  i,  m.,  year, 

noctium),  night.  primus^  a,  Mm,  first. 

hiems,  hiemis,  i.,  winter,  decem,  indecL,  ten. 

aestas,  aestatis,  f.,  summer,  quattuor,  indecl.,/^/^r. 

lux,  Iticis,  f .,  light,  daylight,  multa  nocte,  late  at  night. 

133.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Aestate  agri  pulchri  incolas  urbis  delectant. 
2.  Prima  luce^  mult5s  montes  vidimus.  3.  Hostes  telis 
equites  vulnerabant.  4.  Quattuor  annis  multa  oppida 
hostium  dux  expugnaverat.  5.  Cibi  inopia  Galli  hieme 
laborabant.  6.  Multa  nocte  consul  pedites  in  castra 
convocabit.  7.  Multas  urbes  decem  annis  dux  Helveti- 
orum  occupaverat.  8.  Primo  anno  belli  multa  oppida 
expugnaverat.     9.    Prima  luce  hostes  in  castris  erant. 

II.  I.  He  captured  the  city  by-means-of  his  cavalry. 
2.    At  night  the  enemy  hastened  to  go  toward  the  Romans* 

1  Prima  luce,  at  dayb7'eak. 


fPI|i|||||i|i||v 

|1r 

^11 

L 

^::-il 

JuHms  Caesar 
(From  the  bust  in  the  British  Muse.um) 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  6$ 

camp.  3.  Within  four  years  you  will  see  many  beautiful 
things.^  4.  Night  frightens  the  poor  children.  5.  At  day- 
break we  carried  our  weapons  into  the  camp.  6.  In  winter 
the  nights  are  long.     7.    In  ten  years  there  are  ten  summers. 

(Reading  Selection  446) 

LESSON    19 

READING   LESSON 

134,    ^  Julius  Caesar 

Julius  Caesar  is  the  greatest  character  in  Roman  history. 
He  was  great,  not  merely  as  a  general,  but  also  as  an 
orator  and  statesman.  He  was  born  on  the  12th  of  July, 
100  B.C.  He  belonged  to  an  old,  aristocratic  family,  but 
at  an  early  age  allied. himself  with  the  party  of  the  people. 

After  filling  many  minor  political  offices,  at  the  age  of 
forty-one  he  became  consul,  and  formed  a  political  alliance 
with  Pompey  and  Crassus,  known  as  the  "  First  Triumvi- 
rate." The  nexr  year  the  government  of  Gaul  was  assigned 
to  him,  and  it  is  the  subjugation  of  this  country  that  he 
describes  in  his  Commentaries.  These  Gallic  Commen- 
taries have  been  read  in  schools  for  hundreds  of  years, 
and  they  establish  conclusively  his  ability  as  a  writer. 

After  spending  eight  years  in  Gaul,  he  was  ordered  by 
the  Senate  through  the  jealousy  of  Pompey  to  disband  his 
army.  Caesar  refused,  and,  crossing  the  Rubicon,  set  out 
with  his  army  to  make  himself  the  master  of  Rome.  In 
the  civil  war  that  followed,  Pompey  at  the  head  of  the  sena- 
torial forces  was  defeated.  This  left  Caesar  the  master  of 
the  government  at  Rome.  As  Dictator  and  Imperator  for 
life  he  instituted  many  reforms  that  show  his  insight  as 

1  The  neuter  plural  pulchra  means  beautiful  things. 


66 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


a  statesman.  There  were  many  Romans,  however,  who 
disliked  Caesar's  power.  A  conspiracy  was  formed,  and 
Caesar  was  assassinated  on  March  15,  44  B.C. 


Stiver  Coins  of  Caesar,  showing  Gallic   Trophies 


135.  The  Helvetian  War 

The  Helvetii  were  people  of  Celtic  origin  who  inhabited 
almost  all  that  region  now  known  as  Switzerland. 

In  the  year  58  b.c,  incited  by  ambitious  leaders,  they 
decided  to  leave  their  homes  and  seize  the  more  fertile 
lands  to  the  southwest,  lying  nearer  the  Roman  province 
in  Gaul.  It  is  to  this  uprising  of  the  Helvetii  that  Caesar 
devotes  the  first  thirty  chapters  of  his  first  book  of  Gallic 
Commentaries.  After  two  battles  the  Helvetii,  being  com- 
pletely subdued  by  Caesar,  were  forced  to  return  to  their 
former  territories. 

The  reading  lessons  that  follow  are  adapted  from  the 
first  ten  chapters  of  Caesar's  account  of  this  Helvetian 
war. 


136. 


Hints  for  Translation 


I.    Read  the  passage  through  several  times  in  Latin,  and 
gather  as  much  of  its  meaning  as  possible. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  6/ 

2.  Try  to  associate  unfamiliar  words  with  some  related 
word  that  you  already  know. 

3.  Do  not  look  up  the  meaning  of  a  new  word  in  the 
vocabulary  until  you  have  used  every  other  means  to  get 
its  meaning.  After  you  have  looked  up  its  meaning,  take 
time  to  fix  it  in  your  memory. 

4.  In  trying  to  get  the  thought  of  a  passage,  follow 
strictly  the  Latin  order,  noticing  particularly  the  endings 
of  the  words. 

5.  Translate  into  clear  and  idiomatic  English. 


CHAPTER   I 

READING   LESSON 

Description  of  Gaul 

(The  student  should  consult  the  general  vocabulary  for  words  that  have  not 
been  given  in  the  special  vocabularies,  but  not  till  he  has  followed  the 
hints  given  above,  136,  1-4.) 

137.  Belgae^  et  Aqultani  et  Celtae  Galliam  incolunt.^ 
Roman!  Celtas  Gallos  appellant.  Belgae  sunt  fortissimi 
{the  bravest^  et  cum  Germanis  saepe  pugnant.  Helvetii 
sunt  Celtarum  fortissimi,  quod  {because)  cum  Germanis 
continenter  pugnant.  Aquitania  a  Garumna  fiumine  ad 
Pyrenaeos  montes  et  ad  eam  {that)  partem  Oceani  quae 
{which)  est  ad  Hispaniam  pertinet. 

Note.  —  Learn  the  principal  parts  of  all  the  verbs  of  the  first  and 
second  conjugations  thus  far  given  in  this  book.  Decline  all  nouns  and 
adjectives. 

1  For  this  name  and  other  proper  names,  see  the  map,  page  22. 

2  Third  person  plural,  present  indicative,  of  incolo.  Can  you  not  infer  its 
meaning  from  incola  ? 


6S 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


LESSON   20 

PRESENT  INDICATIVE  PASSIVE  OF  THE  FIRST  AND  SEC- 
OND CONJUGATIONS.     AGENCY  WITH  THE  PASSIVE 

138.  Review  26,  3.  A  verb  is  in  the  Active  Voice  when 
it  represents  the  subject  as  acting  or  being :  tke  farmer 
plows  the  fieldy  the  farmer  lives  happily ;  in  the  Passive 
Voice  when  it  represents  the  subject  as  acted  upon:  the 
field  is  plowed  by  the  farmer, 

139.  Paradigms 
Active  Voice 

FIRST   CONJUGATION 
Singular 

1.  amo,  /  love,  am  loving,  do  love 

2.  amas,  you  love,  etc. 

3.  amat,  he  loves,  etc. 

Plural 

1 .  amamus,  we  love,  etc. 

2.  amatis,  j^^/  love,  etc. 

3.  amant,  they  love,  etc. 

Passive  Voice 
Singular 

1.  amor,  I  am  loved,  am  being  loved 

2.  amaris,  am  are,  you  are  loved,  etc. 

3.  amatur,  he  is  loved,  etc. 

Plural 
T    amamur,  we  are  loved,  etc. 

2.  amamini,  you  are  loved,  etc. 

3.  amantur,  they  are  loved,  etc. 


Personal  Endings 
-0 

-s 

-t 


-mus 

-tis 

-nt 


-r 

-lis,  -re 
-tur 

-mur 
-mini 
-ntur 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


69 


Active  Voice 

SECOND   CONJUGATION 

Singular 

1 .  moneo,  /  advise,  am  advisingy  do  advise 

2.  mones,  j^^^/  advise,  etc. 

3.  monet,  he  advises,  etc. 

Plural 

1.  monemus,  we  advise,  etc. 

2.  monetis,  yon  advise,  etc. 

3.  monent,  they  advise,  etc. 

Passive  Voice 
Singular 

1.  rnoneor,  I  am  advised,  am  being  advised 

2.  moneris,  monere,  you  are  advised,  etc. 

3.  monetur,  he  is  advised,  etc. 

Plural 

1.  monemur,  we  are  advised,  etc. 

2.  monemini,  you  are  advised,  etc. 

3.  monentur,  they  are  advised,  etc. 


Personal  Endings 


-t 


-mus 

-tis 

-nt 


-r 

-ris,  -re 
-tur 

-mur 
-mini 
-ntur 


1.  Compare  very  carefully  the  English  translations  of  the 

active  and  passive  forms. 

2.  Review  the  active   personal  endings,  and  learn  thor- 

oughly the  passive  endings.     They  are  the  same  for 
the  present,  imperfect,  and  future  tenses. 

3.  Observe  that  these  passive  endings  are  added  directly 

to  the  present  stems  ama-  and  mone-,  except  in  the 
first  person  singular. 

140.    Conjugate  the  present  active  and  passive,  giving 
English  translations,  of  the  following : 

laudo,  I  praise  voco,  I  call 

video,  I  see  terreo,  I  frighten 


70  ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 

141.  Examine  the  following  : 

1.  Coniurati  Caesarem  necant,  the  conspirators  kill  Caesar. 

2.  Caesar  a  coniuratis  necatur,  Caesar  is  being  killed  by  the 

conspii'ators, 

3.  Caesar  gladio  necatur,  Caesar  is  being  killed  by  {with)  a 

szvord. 

1.  Observe  the  changes  in  turning  active  into  passive: 

a.  The  object  of  the  active  verb  becomes  the  subject  of 

the  passive ; 

b.  The  subject,  i.e,  the  agent  or  doer,  of  the  active  verb  is 

expressed  in  the  passive  by  the  ablative  with  a. 

2.  Review  93,  94.  Compare  carefully  the  examples  2 
and  3  above,  and  note  that  a  preposition  is  used  when  that 
by  which  the  action  of  the  verb  is  done  is  a  person,  while 
none  is  used  when  that  by  which  the  action  of  the  verb  is 
done  is  a  thing,  not  a  voluntary  agent,  i,e.  not  a  person. 

142.  Rule.  —  Agency  with  the  Passive  Voice.  —  The  per- 
sonal agent  with  a  passive  verb  {i.e,  the  person  by  whom 
something  is  done)  is  expressed  by  the  ablative  with  a  ^r  ab. 

143.  VOCABULARY 

(Review  the  meanings  of  verbs  in  loo,  io8.) 

Caesar,  aris,  m.,  Caesar,  celeritas,  atis,  f .,  speedy  quick- 
legio,  onis,  f.,  legion  (about         ness, 

5000  soldiers).  incite,  are,  avi,  atus,  incitCy 
neco,  are,  avi,  atus,  kill.  encourage,  arouse,  rouse. 

a,  ab,^  prep,  with  abl.,  from^  e,  ex,^  prep,  with  abl.,  out 

by.  of,  from. 

Ob,    prep,   with    ace,   on-ac-  propter,  prep,  with  ace,  on- 

count-of  for.  account-of  for. 

^  Before  a  vi^ord  beginning  with  a  vowel  or  h  use  ab  or  ex ;  use  a  or  e  before 
a  consonant. 


ESSENTIALS    OF   LATIN  7I 

144.  REVIEW    EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Romani  hieme  et  aestate  cum  hostibus  pugna- 
bant.        2.     Telis     Romani    hostes     in    f  ugam    dederunt. 

3.  Quattuor  annis  multas  navis  in  man  viderant.  4.  Co- 
pias  in  castra  multa  nocte  consul  convocavit.  5.  Pons 
in^  flumine  erat.  6.  Caede  liberorum  miserdrum  miseri 
sumus. 

II.  I.  In  summer  the  days  are  long.  2.  Caesar's  cav- 
alry took-possession-of  the  hill  at  daybreak.  3.  There  are 
many  ships  on  the  sea.  4.  The  Romans  did  not  suffer 
from  a  lack  of  leaders. 

145.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Laudat,  laudatur;  videtis,  videmini.  2.  Incitant, 
incitantur ;  vocamus,  vocamur.    3.  Caesar  milites  convocat. 

4.  Milites  a  Caesare  convocantur.  5.  Dux  legidnem  ob'^ 
virtutem  laudat.  6.  Legio  a  duce  propter  ^  virtutem  lau- 
datur. 7.  Hostes  celeritate  equitum  terrentur.  8.  Magna 
cibi  c5pia  a  militibus  in  castra  portatur.  9.  Virtute  mllitum 
incolae  oppidi  incitantur.  10.  Ex  agrls.  frumentum  a 
militibus  in  hiberna  portatur.  11.  Multa  nocte  a  pedite 
gladi5  vulneratur. 

II.  I.  We  are  summoned;  he  is  calling;  he  is  called. 
2.  You  (plur.)  blame;  you  (plur.)  are  blamed.  3.  The 
quickness  of  the  Romans  frightens  the  Gauls.  4.  The 
Gauls  are  frightened  by  the  quickness  of   the    Romans. 

5.  Caesar  encourages  his  soldiers.  6.  The  soldiers  are 
encouraged  by  Caesar.  7.  They  are  summoned  from  the 
mountains  through  the  fields  to  the  city. 

1  <rver. 

2  In  expressions  not  covered  by  118,  footnote,  ob  or  propter  with  the  accu- 
sative is  the  normal  way  of  expressing  cause.  Ob  is  used  especially  in  con- 
nection with  rem  or  causam. 


72  ESSENTIALS    OF   LATIN 


LESSON   21 

IMPERFECT  AND  FUTURE  PASSIVE  OF  THE  FIRST  AND 
SECOND   CONJUGATIONS.     ABLATIVE   OF   MANNER 

146.  Paradigms 

Imperfect  Indicative  Passive 
Singular  Singular 

1.  amabar,  I  was  loved,  was      i.  monebar,  /  was  advised, 

being  loved  wds  being  advised 

2.  amabaris,    amabare,   you     2.  monebaris,  monebare,j/^^ 

ivere  loved,  etc.  were  advised,  etc. 

3.  amabatur,  he  was  loved,      3.  monebatur,    he    was    ad- 

etc.  vised,  etc. 

Plural  Plural 

1.  2iVCi^diV£iyxx,we  were  loved ^      i.  monebamur,  we  were  ad- 

etc.  '  vised,  etc. 

2.  amabamini,      you      were     2.  monebamini,  you  were  ad- 

loved,  etc.  vised,  etc. 

3.  amabantur,      they      were     3.  monebantur,    they     were 

loved,  etc.  advised,  etc. 

Future  Indicative  Passive 
Singular  Singular 

1.  dimdihor,  I  shall  be  loved        I.  monebor,  /  shall  be  ad- 

2.  aniaberis,    amabere,    you  vised 

will  be  loved  2.  moneberis,  monebere,  you 

3.  amabitur,  he  will  be  loved  will  be  advised 

3.  monebitur,  he  will  be  ad- 
vised 


ESSENTIALS    OF    LATIN  73 

Plural  Plural 

1.  amabimur,    we  shall  be       i.  monebimur,   we  shall  be 

loved  advised 

2.  amabimini,  you  will  be       2.  monebimini,  you  will  be 

loved  advised 

3.  amabuntur,  they  will  be       3.  monebuntur,  they  will  be 

loved  advised 

Observe 

1.  That  the  personal  endings  are  the  same  as  those  of  the 

present  passive  ( 1 39). 

2.  That  the  vowel  before  these  endings  is  a  in  the  imper- 

fect, and  that  the  vowel  changes  in  the  future.    What 
is  the  characteristic  vowel  of  the  future  ? 

3.  That  the  imperfect  and  future  passive  are  formed  on 

the  present  stems  ama-  and  mone-  by  adding  -bar  and 
-bor  respectively.     Review  %6,  Sy, 

147.    Examine  the  following : 

1.  Agricela   cum   cura  arat,    the  farmer  plows  with  care 

{carefully^ 

2.  Agricola  magna  cum  ^cfira  arat  I /^^  farmer  plows   with 

3.  Agricola  magna  cura  arat         \ great  care  {very  carefully), 

Observe 

1.  That  the  Latin  expressions  cum  cura,  magna  cum  cura, 

magna  cura,  express  the  manner  of  the  action  of  the 
verb  {i.e.  how  the  action  of  the  verb  is  done). 

2.  That  magna  cum  cura  and  magna  cura  are  translated  in 

the  same  way. 

3.  That  these  Latin  expressions  may  be  translated  by  ad- 

verbs in  English. 

^  Notice  that  the  monosyllabic  preposition  is  placed  between  the  adjective 
and  the  noun. 


74  ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 

148.  Rule.  —  Ablative  of  Manner.  —  Manner  is  expressed 
by  the  ablative  with  the  preposition  cum,  but  cum  may  be 
omitted  if  an  adjective  is  used  with  the  ablative, 

149.  VOCABULARY 

studium,  i,  n.,  zealy  eagerness,  imperator,  oris,  m.,  general , 
cur  a,  ae,  f.,  care.  commander  in  chief, 

obses,  obsidis,  m.  and  f.,  host-  conloco,  are,  avi,  atus,  place ^ 

age^  pledge.  station, 

multitudo,    multitudinis,    f.,  compleo,  complere,  complevi, 

m ultitudcy  crowd.  completus,  fill  up,  complete, 

imperium,    i,    n.,    command,  diu,   adv.,   long,  for  a  long 

power, .  time. 

150.  REVIEW    EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Equitum  celeritate  Romanl  terrentur.  2.  Caesar 
legato  equum  pulchrum  dat.  3.  Legato  a  Caesare  equus 
pulcher  datur.  4.  Hieme  frumenti  inopia  hostes  labora- 
bant.  5.  Magna  urbis  pars  a  Gallls  occupatur.  6.  Mllites 
a  rege  in  hiberna  convocantur. 

II.  I.  We  suffered  from  many  wounds.  2.  At  night 
the  consul  took-possession-of  the  mountain.  3.  The  lazy 
boys  are  not  praised  by  my  father.  4.  The  Gauls  are 
frightened  by  the  speed  and  bravery  of  the  soldiers. 

151.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Laudabat,  laudabatur ;  videbunt,  videbuntur. 
2.  Portabamus,  portabamur  ;  superabis,  superaberis.  3.  In 
agrls  laborabunt  magno  cum  studio.  4.  In  castrls  cum 
cura  legio  conlocabitur.  5.  In  colle  diu  cum  hostibus 
dimicabant.  6.  Oppidum  ab  imperatore  magno  studio 
oppugnabatur.  7.  Caesari  imperium  dabitur.  8.  Urbem 
equitum  multitudine  complevit.  9.  Liberos  multos  obsides 
Caesari  Galll  dederant.     10.  Equitesne  a  duce  laudabuntur } 


^^ 

Ilk    '     ^ 

*1 

lOT 

mwM 

lllj 

■^b  r  i  lb  mi     '^             ^ 

ir 

9 

in 

|1 

R'^^i^EI^^^^H 

^A 

^         ■"'    ** 

i^:  ,r:#ifS^P^l^ 

^ii^iiiHMi 

^^^^ 

gn 

hk 

f.^'t»s^me 

•^W  '  ^    ^^^S-^^. 

|:^^H^^H|^^^^B|^^^|HHHp||Hi 

^  '» 

'mmm^' 

«i!«P«^^^'"**'*^- 

Temple  of  Saturn  and  the  Rostra 


Basilica  Julia  in  foreground.    Temple  of  Castor  and  Pollux  in  center 
Recent  Views  in  the  Roman  Forum 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


75 


II.  I.  You  will  see,  you  will  be  seen.  2.  Are  we 
praising.?  he  will  be  blamed.  3.  They  were  wounded  by 
the  infantry  with  swords.  4.  At  daybreak  the  Romans 
fought  eagerly.  5.  A  large  part  of  the  arms  was  carried 
very  carefully  into  camp.  6.  Many  soldiers  were  seen 
near  the  bridge. 

(Reading  Selection  447)     . 

LESSON   22 

PERFECT,  PLUPERFECT,  AND  FUTURE  PERFECT  PASSIVE 
OF  THE   FIRST  AND   SECOND  CONJUGATIONS 

152.  Review  39,  81,  86,  The  perfect,  pluperfect,  and 
future  perfect  passive  of  all  Latin  verbs  have  compound 
forms.  They  employ  the  perfect  passive  participle  and 
the  present,  imperfect,  and  future  tenses  respectively  of 
the  auxiliary  verb  sum.  ^The  participle  is  like  an  adjective 
in  form  and  syntax,  and  its  endings  change  to  agree  with 
the  gender  and  number  of  the  subject  of  the  verb. 


I. 

amatus, 
2.     a,  um 
3. 


Paradigms 

Perfect  Passive  of  amo 
Singular  ,  Plural 

sum,  /  /lave  been  loved,  f  sumus 

/  was  loved  amati,  J 

es  ae,  a  1  estis 


I. 

amatus, 
2.     a,  um 
3. 


est 

Pluperfect  Passive 

'  eram,  /  had  been 

loved 
eras 
I  erat 


I  sunt 


eramus 


amati, 

ae,  a    |  eratis 
erant 


76 


ESSENTIALS    OF    LATIN 


Future  Perfect  Passive 
Singular  Plural 


I. 

'  ero,  /  shall  have 

erimus 

amatus, 

been  loved 

amati, 

2. 
3. 

a,  um 

eris 
erit 

ae,  a 

eritis 
.  erunt 

1.  In  the  same  way,  form  and  conjugate  these  same  tenses 

of  moneo,  video,  porto,  giving  EngHsh  meanings. 

2.  Note  carefully  that  the  participle  is  declined  like  bonus, 

and  that  its  endings  conform  to  the  gender  and  num- 
ber of  the  subject ;  for  example, 

/  (a  girl)  have  been  loved,  amata  sum 
we  (girls)  have  been  loved,  amatae  sumus 
the  town  had  been  seen,  oppidum  visum  erat 
the  girl  has  been  loved,  puella  amata  est 

}.  For  the  difference  in  meaning  between  the  perfect  and 
the  imperfect  passive  see  92,  2. 


153.  VOCABULARY 

amicitia,   ae,  f.,  friendship, 

alliance. 
pax,  pads,  i.,  peace. 
mensis,  mensis,  m.,  month, 
iter,  itineris,  n.,  march,  road, 

journey  {$01). 
ex  itinere,  on  the  march. 


civis,  civis,  m.  and  f.,  citi2;en, 

civitas,  atis,  f.,  state,  citizen- 
ship. 

confirmo,  are,  avi,  atus, 
strengthen,  establish. 

contineo,  continere,  continui, 
contentus,  hold  together^ 
restrain,  hem  in,  bound. 


EXERCISES 


'  154. 

I       I.    Vulneratl    eratis ;     videbamus;     incitatae     sunt. 
2.  Laudatane  est?  laudatl  erant;  culpatae  erunt.     3.  Pax 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  ^y 

cum  multis  civitatibus  est  confirmata.  4.  Clves  ob  amici- 
tiam  laudavimus.  5.  Galll  montibus  et  fluminibus  contine- 
bantur.     6.  Multa  oppida  decern  mensibus  occupata  erant. 

7.  Magna    Helvetiorum    urbs    ex   itinere   est   expugnata. 

8.  Multum  frumentum  ex  agris  in  hiberna  portatum  erat. 

9.  Caesar  milites  in  castris  habebat.  10.  Multl  homines 
a  Romanis  erant  necatl.  11.  Multos  cTvIs  in  Italia  vidi- 
mus. 12.  Urbs  ab  imperat5re  magno  cum  studi5  oppugnata 
est. 

II.  I.  She  was  restrained  ;  you  (plur.)  had  been  blamed. 
2.  We  (fem.  plur.)  shall  have  been  pleased  ;  they  have  been 
summoned.  3.  Peace  and  friendship  have  been  established 
with  the  Gauls.  4.  The  citizens  had  been  aroused  by 
their  leaders.  5.  The  girl  was  carefully  carried  into  the 
city.  6.  The  soldiers  were  praised  by  the  general  for  their 
bravery.  7.  Caesar  attacked  a  town  of  the  Helvetians  on 
the  march.  8.  The  cavalry  had  been  wounded  by  the 
weapons  of  the  enemy. 


Gives  Romanl 


78 


ESSENTIALS    OF   LATIN 


LESSON    23 

ADJECTIVES   OF   THE   THIRD    DECLENSION.     THREE 
TERMINATIONS.     ABLATIVE    OF    SPECIFICATION 

155.  Adjectives  of  the  third  declension  arfe  divided  into 
three  classes  according  as  they  have  in  the  nominative 
singular  either  one,  two,  or  three  terminations. 

acer,  sharps  keen^  eager 


Stem  acri- 

Base    acr- 

SlNGULAR 

Masculine 

Feminine 

Neuter 

NOM. 

acer 

acris 

acre 

Gen. 

acris 

acris 

acris 

DAT. 

acri 

acri 

acri 

Ace. 

acrem 

acrem 

acre 

Abl. 

acri 

acri 
Plural 

acri 

NOM. 

acres 

acres 

acria 

Gen. 

acrium 

acrium 

acrium 

DAT. 

acribus 

acribus 

acribus 

Ace. 

acris,  es 

acris,  es 

acria 

Abl. 

acribus 

acribus 

acribus 

I.    Noterthat  adjectives  of  this  declension  have  -i-  stems, 
and  that  the  ablative  singular  ends  in  -i.     Review  122. 

156.    Examine  the  following : 

I.   Helvetii   Gallos  virtute   superant,  the  Helvetii  surpass 
the  Gauls  in  valor. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  79 

2.   Vir  nomine,  non  factis,    amicus  erat,   the  man  was  a 

friend  in  name,  {but)  not  in  deeds. 

Observe  that  the  ablatives  virtute,  nomine,  factis,  tell  in 

what  respect  the  meaning  of  the  verb  or  noun  is  true ;  the 

first  sentence  tells  that  the  Helvetii  surpass  the  Gauls  in 

respect  to  valor,  not  in  size,  speed,  or  in  any  other  respect. 

157.  Rule. — Ablative  of  Specification.  —  The  ablative 
of  specification  tells  in  what  respect  the  meaning  of  a  verby 
no7in,  or  adjective,  applies.     No  preposition  is  used, 

158.  VOCABULARY 

altus,  a,  um,  >^^^^,  deep.  finis,  finis,  m.,  end;  (plur.) 

angustus,  a,  um,  narrow,  con-  boundary,  territory. 

traded.  f  initimus,  a,  um,  neighboring, 

noster,  nostra,  nostrum,  our,  adjoining;  finitimi,  orum, 

ours.  m.,  neighbors. 

acer,  acris,  acre,  keen,  sharp,  quod,  conj.,  because. 

eager,  fierce,  -que,  and,  an  enclitic,  always 

equester,  equestris,  equestre,  attached  to  the  second  of 

of    the    cavalry ;    cavalry  two  words  connected. 

(adj.).  magnitudo,  inis,  f .,  greatness, 

size, 

159.  REVIEW    EXERCISES 

L  I.  Dux  f ilium  propter  virtiitem  laudaverat.  2.  Pax 
quattuor  mensibus  a  Caesare  cum  multis  civitatibus  erat 
confirmata.  3.  Multa  nocte  copiae  ex  agris  in  castra  con- 
vocabantur.  4.  Milites  hieme  in  hiberna  convocati  sunt. 
5.  Multi  incolae  gladiis  equitum  vulneratl  erant. 

II.  I.  Why  were  the  Helvetii  aroused.'*  2.  The  town 
was  captured  on  the  march.  3.  At  daybreak  the  general 
gave  his  soldiers  food.  4.  The  consul  suffered  from  lack 
of  cavalry. 


So 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


i6o. 


EXERCISES 


I.  I.  Castra  Caesaris  in  Helvetiorum  flnibus  erant. 
2.  Iter  per  fines  nostros  angustum  erat.  3.  Roman! 
virtute,  n5n  magnitudine  corporis,  Gallos  superabant. 
4.  Equestres  copiae  hostium  magna  cum  virtiite  pugnave- 
rant.  5.  Flumina  Galliae  angusta  et  alta  erant.  6.  Equites 
a  Caesare  laudati  sunt,  quod  hostes  celeritate  superaverunt. 
7.  Acres  peritaeque^  erant  copiae  consulis.  8.  Pedites 
Caesaris  proelio  acres  erant.  9.  Cur  Helvetii  a  ducibus 
incitati  sunt  ?  Quod  altis  montibus  et  fluminibus  latis  con- 
tinebantur.      10.  Hostes  equestri  proeli5  superati  erant. 

II.  I.  The  battle  with  our  cavalry  was  keen.  2.  Have 
you  seen  many  deep  rivers  ?  3.  We  surpass  our  neighbors 
in  cavalry  forces.  4.  There  is  a  narrow  road  through  our 
neighbors'  territory.  5.  The  general  was  wounded  in  his 
foot.  6.  The  Helvetii  seized  many  towns  because  they 
fought  with  great  bravery. 

1  Notice  to  which  word  -que  is  added.  Translate  -que  de/ore  the  word  to 
which  it  is  attached. 


CORNEUVSLVCJVJ^SC\PlO  BARgATVS  CNAIVOO  PATRt 
P-ROCA/ATVS  FO/?T(S  VlJ^S>\PlEN/5  aVE-  aVO/v;Fo/l/\AA  VlRTVTtlPAKlSV/V^A 
FVIT-  C0W50L  CEN50R.Alt>lLISaVCIFVITAPVD-VOS'T/NRASIA-C^SA.Vr4A 
$A/v\MOCtP)T  — SVBlCITOMNlEkOVCAN/A-OPSlD&^aVtABOOVCIT 


^ 


^ 


Sarcophagus  of  one  of  the  Scipios,  showing  Latin  Inscription 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


8i 


LESSON   24 

ADJECTIVES  OF  THE  THIRD  DECLENSION.  TWO  TER- 
MINATIONS AND  ONE  TERMINATION.  DATIVE  WITH 
ADJECTIVES 

161.  Many  adjectives  of  the  third  declension  have  only- 
two  separate  forms  in  the  nominative,  the  masculine  and 
feminine  being  alike*  in  all  cases.  Except  comparatives 
(see  257),  they  are  all  declined  like  the  following: 


facilis,  easy 

Stem   facili- 

•Base   facil- 

SlNGULAR 

Masculine  and  Feminine 

Neuter 

NOM. 

facilis 

facile 

Gen. 

facilis 

facilis 

Dat. 

facili 

facili 

Ace. 

facilem 

facile 

Abl. 

facili 

Plijral 

facili 

NOM. 

faciles 

facilia 

Gen. 

facilium 

facilium 

Dat. 

facilibus 

facilibus 

Ace. 

facilis  (es 

0 

facilia 

Abl. 

facilibus 

facilibus 

Other  adjectives  of  this  declension  have  one  form  for 
the  nominative  in  all  genders.  They  are  declined  like  the 
following : 


82 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


audax,  bold 

Stem  audaci- 

Base  audac- 

SlNGULAR 

Masculine  and  Feminine 

Neuter 

NOM. 

audax 

audax 

Gen. 

audacis 

audacis 

Dat. 

audaci 

audaci 

Ace. 

audacem 

audax 

Abl. 

audaci  (e) 

Plural 

audaci  (e) 

NOM. 

audaces 

audacia 

Gen. 

audacium 

audacium 

Dat. 

audacibus 

audacibus 

Ace. 

audacis  (es) 

audacia 

Abl. 

audacibus 

audacibus 

Observe 

1.  That  all  adjectives  of  the  third  declension  have  one 

form  for  all  genders  in  all  cases  except  the  nomina- 
tive and  accusative. 

2.  That  adjectives  of  the  third  declension  ending  in  -er  have 

three  terminations,  those  in  -is  two,  and  all  others, 
except  comparatives,  one. 

3.  That  they  have  -i-  stems,  and  that  those  of  two  and  three 

terminations  have  only  -i  in  the  ablative  singular. 

162.    Examine  the  following  : 

f.   Filius  patri  similis  erat,  the  son  was  like  his  father, 
2.   Locus  castris  idoneus  erat,  the  place  was  suitable  for  a 
camp. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  83 

Observe  that  the  datives  patri  and  castris  are  related  to 
the  adjectives  similis  and  idoneus. 

163.  Rule. — Dative  with  Adjectives. —  The  dative  is 
used  with  adjectives  denoting  Likeness^  Fitness^  Nearness^ 
Service^  Inclination^  and  the  like,  and  also  with  their  op- 

posites, 

164.  vocabulary 

fortis,  e,  brave,  strong.  omnis,  e,  all,  every,  the  whole, 

similis,  e,  like,  similar,  brevis,  e,  brief,  short. 

dissimilis,  e,  dissimilar,  par,  gen.  paris,  equal  {to). 

unlike.  vetus,^  gen.  veteris,  old,  ancient, 

facilis,  e,  easy.  gens,  gentis,  f.,  race,  nation. 

difficilis,  e,  difficidt.  populus,  i,  m.,  people. 

165.  ^  REVIEW   EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Helvetii  fluminibus  altis  continebantur.  2.  Ad 
flumen  iter  angustum  erat.  3.  Cur  finitimi  nostri  terren- 
tur }  Quod  cum  Romanis  pacem  et  amiciti'am  confirma- 
vimus.  4.  Caesar  equestribus  proeliis  Gallos  superavit. 
5.  Pedites  nostri  altis  fluminibus  terrebantur.  6.  Gall5s 
magna  cum  celeritate  in  fugam  dederunt. 

II.  I.  There  are  many  beautiful  ships  on  the  sea.  2.  Our 
cavalry  were  fierce  in  battle.  3.  Why  were  they  fright- 
ened }  Because  they  saw  many  deep  rivers  and  high 
mountains.  4.  The  bridges  have  been  taken-possession- 
of  by  the  enemy. 

166.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Multae  et  fortes  erant  in  Gallia  gentes.  2.  Caesar 
veteres  milites  amabat,  quod  bello  fortes  erant.    3.  Milites 

1  This  is  not  an  -i-  stem ;  its  ablative  singular  is  formed  in  -e. 


84  ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 

fortes  oppidum  occupaveranjt.  4.  Iter  ad  montem  facile 
est.  5.  Brevi  tempore  magnamhostium  partem  necaverant. 
6.  Helvetii  multitudine  hominum  populo  Romano  non  erant 
pares.  7.  Puer  fortis  a  milite  vulneratus  est.  8.  Omnes 
incolae  ex  oppido  ad  collem  convocantur.  9.  Caesar  multis 
imperatoribus  dissimilis  erat.  10.  Finitimi  nostri  omnes 
gentes  virtute  superant. 

II.  I.  In  every  town  we  shall  see  many  children.  2.  The 
boy  was  like  the  girl  in  size.  3.  We  carried  the  grain  into 
the  town  by  an  easy  road.  4.  All  the  tribes  were  brave 
and  ^  faithful.  5.  In  winter  the  field  near  the  river  will 
not  be  fit  for  a  camp.  6.  The  Roman  people^  was  not 
conquered  by  the  brave  Helvetii. 

(Reading  Selection  448) 

LESSON    25 

READING   LESSON 

CHAPTER    II 

The  Ambitious   Designs  of  the   Helvetii  under  the 
Leadership  of  Orgetorix 

167.  Orgetorix,  qui  ^  princeps  erat  Helveti5rum,  coniura- 
ti5nem  nobilitatis  fecit  {formed)  et  cum  f Initimis  civitatibus 
pacem  amicitiamque  confirmavit.  Helvetii  undique  natiira 
loci  continentur,  una  ex  parte*  flumine  Rhen5,  qui  agrum 
Helvetium  a  Germanis  dlvidit,^  altera  ex  parte  monte  lura, 
tertia  ex  parte  flumine  Rhodano,  qui  pr5vinciam  nostram  ab 
Helvetiis  dividit.  Qua  de  causa  ^  fines  Helvetii  angustos  ha- 
bebant  pro  "^  multitudine  hominum,  et  emigrare  ^  cupiebant.^ 

1  Use  -que.  2  populus  Romanus.  ^  xhe  relative  pronoun  who,  which,  that, 
*  una  ex  parte,  on  one  side.  ^  Third  person  singular  of  divide.  ^  Qua  de  causa, 
for  this  reason.  "^  in  proportion  to.  ^  to  emigrate.  ^  Third  person  plural  im- 
perfect of  cupio. 


ESSENTIALS    OF   LATIN 


85 


LESSON   26 

PERFECT,  PLUPERFECT,  AND  FUTURE  PERFECT  OF  sum. 
REVIEW  OF  THE  FIRST  AND  SECOND  CONJUGATIONS 

168.    Review  81. 

Prin.  Parts  :  sum,  esse,  f ui,  futurus 


Perfect 

Pluperfect 
Singular 

Future  Perfect 

I. 

fui,  I  have  been, 

f  ueram,  /  had  been 

f  iiero,  /  shall  have 

I  was 

been 

2. 

fuisti 

fueras 

fueris 

3. 

fuit 

fuerat 

Plural 

fuerit 

I. 

fuimus 

fueramus 

fuerimus 

2. 

fuistis 

fueratis 

fueritis 

3. 

fuerunt 

fuerant 

fuerint 

1.  Observe  that  the  perfect  stem  is  fu-,  and  that  the  pluper- 

fect and  future  perfect  are  formed  regularly  from  this 
stem  by  adding  -eram  and  -ero. 

2.  Are  the  personal  endings  regular  ? 

169.  The  following  verbs  of  the  first  and  second  con- 
jugations have  been  introduced  in  the  preceding  lessons. 
Review  carefully  their  meanings  and  principal  parts.  Why 
must  one  know  the  principal  parts  of  a  verb  } 


pugn5 

conloco       video          laudo 

supero 

maturo 

expugna 

confirm5     contineo     culpo 

armo 

incito 

oppugna 

compare     compleo     servo 

occup5 

labora 

voc5 

augeo         move5        delecto 

vulnero 

neca 

corivoco 

habeo          mone5        d5 

porto 

dimic5 

terrea 

I.  What 

is  the  force  of  con  (com)  in  a 

compound  verb.? 

S6 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


170.  Review  carefully  99,  104,  105,  106.  With  the  out- 
line given  below  as  a  suggestion,  complete  the  synopsis  of 
incito.  In  a  similar  way,  write  out  a  synopsis  of  habeo  in 
the  second  person  and  augeo  in  the  third  person. 

Synopsis  of  the  Indicative,  Third  Person 
Prin.  Parts  :  incito,  are,  avi,  atus,  arouse,  urge  on 

^Active  Passive 

f  Sing,  incitat  incitatur 

'  1  Plur.  incitant  incitantur 

I  Sing,  incitabat  incitabatur 

1  Plur.  incitabant  incitabantur 


Present 
Stem 
incita- 


Perfect 

Stem 

incitav- 


PERF.P^^<^- 

i  Plur. 

PLUP.P^'^<^- 
I  Plur. 

FuT.    f  Sing. 

Perf.  1  Plur. 


Participial 

Stem 

incitat- 


171. 


VOCABULARY 


vasto,    are,    avi,    atus,    lay     reliquus,   a,  um,   the-rest-of, 

waste,  ravage.  remaining. 

libertas,  atis,  i.,  liberty,  free-     potens,  potentis,  able,  power- 

dom.  ful. 

pro,  prep,  with  abl,  before,  in  behalf  of ,  for. 


172. 


EXERCISES 


1.  I.  Fueratis;  fuerimus;  fuistis.  2.  Gallorum  fines 
ab  equitibus  vastati  erant.  3.  ReliquT  hostes  pr5  llbertate 
diu    pugnaverant.       4.    Belgae    navibus    erant    potentes. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  87 

5.  Faucis    annis    bell5    finitim5s    Helvetii   superaverant. 

6.  Pr5  feminis  llbcrlsque  magno  cum  studio  pugnabant. 

7.  Reliquae  in  Gallia  gentes  a  nostris  flnitimis  incitatae 
sunt.  8.  Caesar  cum  quattuor  legionibus  fines  Helvetio- 
rum  vastare  maturabit.  9.  Legiones  populi  Roman! 
magnitudine  corporis  Gallorum  terrebantur.  10.  Servus 
domino  virtute  erat  similis.  1 1.  Altis  montibus  et  latls 
fluminibus  oppidum  continetur. 

IL  I.  They  saw  a  few  horsemen  near  the  bridge. 
2.  Because  of  the  war,  the  fields  of  the  Gauls  have  been 
laid  waste.  3.  The  legions  of  the  Roman  people  were 
brave  and  skillful.  4.  The  foot-soldiers  were  equal  to 
the  cavalry  in  speed.  5.  The  citizens  will  fight  for  the 
general.  6.  They  put  the  rest  of  the  enemy  to  flight. 
7.   There  were  many  powerful  tribes  in  Gaul. 


LESSON    27 

THIRD  CONJUGATION.     PRESENT,   IMPERFECT,   AND 
FUTURE,   ACTIVE   AND   PASSIVE 

Third  Conjugation 

173.  duco,  /  lead 

Prin.  Parts:  duco,  ducere,  duxi,  ductus 

Learn   the   present,  imperfect,  and   future,  active   and 
passive,  of  duco  (518). 

1.  Observe  that  the  personal  endings  are  the  same  as  those 

used  in  the  first  and  second  conjugations  (43,  139). 

2.  Compare  the  present  of  duco  with  the  present  of  moiieO 

and  amo  in  respect  to  the  vowel  that  precedes  the 
personal  ending. 


SS  ESSENTIALS    OF   LATIN 

3.  Are  the  imperfect  tenses  of  the  first,  second,  and  third 

conjugations   formed   and   conjugated  in  the   same 
way? 

4.  Compare  the  future  of  duco  with  the  future  of  moneo, 

and  notice  the  difference  in  formation. 

5.  Observe  that  the  characteristic  vowel  of  this  conjuga- 

tion is  s/ior^  -e-,  that  of  the  second  conjugation  long-^-. 

6.  Like  duco  conjugate  the  present,  imperfect,  and  future 

tenses,  active  and  passive,  of  mitto,  send,  and  vinco, 
conquer, 

174.  VOCABULARY 

duco,  ere,  duxi,  ductus,  lead,     gero,   gerere,    gessi,   gestus, 

mitto,  ere,  misi,  missus,  send.         carry  on,  wage, 

vinco,  ere,  vici,  victus,  con-     incolo,    ere,    incolui,  — ,  in- 


quer. 


habit. 


relinquo,  ere,  reliqui,  relictus,     neque  .  .  .  neque,  neither ,  .  . 

leave  behind,  leave.  nor. 

contendo,  ere,  contend!,  con-     sdiQ^t,  2iA.w,y  of  ten,  frequently, 

tentum,    struggle,    strive, 

hasten,  hurry,  march. 

175..  REVIEW    EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Dux  castra  movebit,  quod  inopia  frumenti  in  agrls 
est.  2.  Equites  nostri  fabulis  Gallorum  sunt  incitatL 
3.  Belgae  virtute  Helvetils  similes  erant.  4.  Multae 
Gallorum  gentes .  multitudine  hominum  erant  potentes. 
5.  Pauci  vici  ab  hostibus  vastati  erant.  6.  Omnes  pro 
libertate  magno  studi5  pugnabimus. 

II.  I.  The  rest  of  the  Gauls  were  powerful  in  arms. 
2.  Is  a  son  always  like  his  father  ?  3.  In  a  short  time  the 
village  will  be  like  a  camp.  4.  The  general  praised  the 
old  soldiers  for  their  bravery. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  89 

176.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Ducunt;  diicent;  ducebat.  2.  Mittimus;  mitte- 
bantur;     mittebar.        3.     Vincemur;     vinces ;     ducebatis. 

4.  Belgae  bellum  longum  cum  popul5  Roman5  gerebant. 

5.  Helvetil  saepe  cum  finitimis  contendebant.  6.  Hostium 
copiae  trans  flumen  relinquuntur.  7.  In  castris  erant  neque 
tela  neque  cibus.  8.  Helvetil  magno  proelio  a  Caesare  vin- 
centur.  9.  Imperator  per  fines  Gallorum  contra  Belgas  mul- 
tas  legiones  mittit.  10.  Caesar  cum  quattuor  legionibus  in 
Galliam  contendebat.  1 1.  Naves  contra  insulae  incolas  mit- 
tentur.      12.  Gall!  equestribus  copiis  Romanos  superabant. 

II.  I.  We  shall  conquer;  they  are  sending;  you  (plur.) 
are  being  led.  2.  We  are  left  behind  ;  they  v^ill  be  sent; 
you  (sing.)  will  be  led.  3.  He  will  neither  send  nor  carry 
food  into  the  city.  4.  The  Helvetil  inhabit  the  mountains 
of  Gaul.  5.  Many  children  were  left  in  camp.  6.  The 
Roman  people  were  waging  war  with  the  Helvetii. 
7.    Four  legions  will  be  sent  by  the  consul  into  Gaul. 

(Reading  Selection  449) 

LESSON    28 
VERBS   IN   -io.     THIRD   CONJUGATION   COMPLETED 

1.77.  Many  verbs  of  the  third  conjugation  end  in  io  in 
the  first  person  singular  of  the  present  indicative  active. 

capio,  take 
Prin.  Parts  :  capio,  capere,  cepi,  captus 
Learn   the    present,   imperfect,   and    future,  active  and 
passive,  of  capio  (520). 

I.  Observe  that  the  conjugation  of  capio  differs  from  that 
of  duco  in  the  present  tense  only  in  two  forms. 
What  is  the  difference  ? 


90  ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 

2.  In  what  respect  do  the  imperfect  and  future  of  capio 

differ  from  duco? 

3.  Like  capio  conjugate  these  tenses  of  fugio,  flee,  and 

iacio,  hurl. 

178.  Review  92,  98,  106,  152.  The  perfect,  pluperfect, 
and  future  perfect,  active  and  passive,  of  all  Latin  verbs 
are  formed  and  conjugated  in  the  same  way. 

1.  Learn  the  conjugation  of  the  perfect,  pluperfect,  and 

future  perfect,  active  and  passive,  of  duco  and  capio 
(518,  520). 

2.  Write  a  synopsis  (170)  of  iacio,  hurl,  in  the  third  person 

of  the  indicative. 

179.  VOCABULARY 

iacio,    iacere,     ieci,     iactus,  interficio,interficere,interfeci, 

throw,  hurl.  interfectus,  kilL 

capio,    capere,    cepi,    captus,  traduco  (trans  +  duco),   ere, 

take,  seize,  capture,  form.  traduxi,    traductus,    lead 

fugio,  fugere,  f ugi,  — ,  flee,  over,  transport, 

run  away.  consilium,  i,  n.,  advice,  pru- 

facio,  facere,  feci,  factus,  do,  dence,  plan. 

,  jmake ;  iter  facere,  march  ;  moenia,  moenium,  n.  (plur.), 

/proelium    facere,  fight   a  walls,  fortifications, 
^battle, 

180.  REVIEW    EXERCISES     . 

L  I.  Equites  pedites  non  relinquent.  2.  Neque  pedi- 
tibus  neque  equitibus  sed  navibus  Gontendunt.  3.  Estne 
iter  ad  oppidum  facile  ?  4.  Roman!  in  hostium  fines 
multas  legi5nes  mittebant.  5.  Decem  mensibus  multae 
gentes  a  consule  vincentur. 

IL    I.  The    Helvetii   often   carried    on   war  with   their 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  91 

neighbors.     2.   At   daybreak   the   soldiers   had   been   led 
into  the  city.     3.   The  Gauls  were  conquered  by  Caesar. 

4.  Did  you  send  the  messenger  to  the  general.'* 

181.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Capiuntur;  interficieris ;  fugiemus.  2.  Traduci- 
mur;  capimur;  fugiebatis.  3.  Caesar  in  Helvetiorum 
fines  iter  ^  faciet.  4.  RomanI  ab  hostibus  copiam  frumenti 
capiebant.  5.  Equites  magna  cum  celeritate  in  montes 
fugiebant.  6.  Multa  nocte  pauci  pedites  interfecti  erant. 
7.  Hostes  tela  in  moenia  nostra  iecerunt.  8.  Imperator 
propter  c5nsilium  proeli  legatum  laudavit.  9.  Galli  legates 
ad  Caesarem  de  pace  miserunt.  10.  C5nsul  ad  flumen 
latum  proelium  fecit.  11.  Multi  equites  a  copiis  nostris 
interficientur. 

II.  I.  We  shall  flee;  they  were  killed;  it  had  been 
taken.  2.  You  (plur.)  were  throwing;  she  has  been 
seized.  3.  All  the  inhabitants  fled  from  the  city  into 
the   forests.      4.   The  general's   plan  was   a   good   one.^ 

5.  The    Helvetii    will    march ^    out    of    their*  territory. 

6.  In  the  winter  Caesar  used^  to  form  his  plans. 

^  iter  facio,  march.  ^  ^^/^^  a  good  one  —  was  good,  ^  march  =  make  a 
march.      *  Omit.      ^  used  to  form  :  use  the  imperfect  of  capio. 

Graffito,  or   Drawing,  from  the 
Palatine   Walls,  Rome 

(Possibly  written  by  a  slave  who  had 
been  made  to  do  a  turn  at  the  mill 
as  a  punishment.  The  translation 
is:  "  Toil  away,  little  donkey,  as  I 
have  toiled,  and  it  will  do  you  good.") 


gZ  ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 

LESSON  29 

PRESENT   INFINITIVE    ACTIVE   AND   PASSIVE.     THE 
INFINITIVE   USED    AS    IN    ENGLISH 

182.  Present  Infinitive 

Active  Passive 

First  Conj.         amare,  ^0  love  amari,  to  be  loved 

Second  Conj.     monere,  to  advise  moneri,  to  be  advised 

Third  Conj.        ducere,  to  lead  duci,  to  be  led 

capere,  to  take  capi,  to  be  taken 

Fourth  Conj.     audire,  to  hear  audiri,  to  be  heard 

1.  The  present  infinitive  active  of  all  verbs  has  appeared 

as  the  second  principal  part  of  each  verb  given  {^6). 

2.  Observe  that  the  present  passive  is  formed  from  the 

present  active  by  changing  final  -e  to  -i,  except  in 
the  third  conjugation,  which  changes  final  -ere  to  -i. 

183.  Examine  the  following  : 

1.  Maturat  milites  convocare,  he  hastens  to  summon   the 

soldiers. 

2.  Laudari  est  gratum,  to  be  praised  is  pleasant, 

3.  Incolas  armari  iubet,  he  orders  the  inhabitants   to  be 

armed. 

4.  Omnes  primi  esse  cupimus,  zve  all  wish  to  be  first, 

5.  Debet  interfici,  he  ought  to  be  killed. 

6.  Fortis  esse  dicitur,  he  is  said  to  be  brave. 

7.  Filios  bonos  esse  cupimus,  vue  wish  our  sons  to  be  good. 

a.  These  examples  show  that  the  infinitive    in    Latin    is 

often  used  as  it  is  in  EngHsh. 

b.  In  2,  the  infinitive  is  subject  of  est.     In  i,  4,  S,  6,  the 

infinitive  completes  the  meaning  of  the  main  verb, 
and  is  called  the  complementary  infinitive. 


ESSENTIALS    OF   LATIN  93 

c.  In  3,  observe  that  incolas,  the  subject  of  the  infinitive,  is 
accusative.  So  filios  in  7.  In  4,  note  that  the  predi- 
cate adjective  primi  agrees  with  the  subject  of  the 
main  verb,  cupimus,  and  is  therefore  nominative.  In 
7,  the  predicate  adjective  agrees  with  the  subject  of 
the  infinitive  and  is  therefore  accusative. 

184.  RULES   OF   SYNTAX 

1.  Subject  of  Infinitive.  —  The  subject  of  the  infinitive  is 
in  the  accusative. 

2.  Complementary  Infinitive.  —  Verbs  signifying  to  be 
willing,  determine,  be  able,  dare,  begin,  cease,  be  accustomed y 
etc,  are  used  with  an  infinitive  (complementary  infinitive^ 
without  subject  accusative,  to  indicate  another  action  of  the 
subject  of  the  verb  of  willing,  determining,  etc. 

3.  Predicate  Adjective  with  Infinitive. —  A  predicate  ad- 
jective with  a  complementary  infinitive  agrees  with  the 
subject  of  the  main  verb. 

185.  VOCABULARY 

dico,  dicere,  dixi,  dictus,  say,  constituo,    constituere,    con- 

spcak,  tell.  stitui,  ■  constitfltus,   place, 

iubeo,    iubere,  iussi,  iussus,  station,  determine,  appoint. 

order,  bid.  paratus,   a,   um  (paro),  pre- 

debeo,  debere,  debui,  debitus,  pared,  ready.            Sjiame. 

owe,  ought.  appello,  are,  avi,  atus,  call, 

cupio,  cupere,  cupivi  (ii),  cu-  auxilium,  i,  n.,  aid,  help. 

pitus,  wish,  desire,  numerus,  i,  m.,  member. 

186.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Vir  peritus  esse  debet.  2.  Pater  f ilium  fortem 
esse  cupit.  3.  Helvetil  legates  de  pace  ad  Caesarem  mit- 
tere  parati  sunt.     4.  Difficile  est  gentes  potentes  superare. 


94  ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 

5.  Helvetii,  inopia  cibi  permoti  {influeTtced^,  pacem  facere 
cupiebant.  6.  Magnum  navium  numerum  parare  Galli 
constituerunt.  7.  Caesar  legatum  auxilium  mittere  iussit. 
8.  Tuus  amicus  appellarl  dicitur.  9.  Imperator  oppidum 
ex  itinere  oppugnare  c5nstituerat.  10.  Caesar  constituit 
cum  Helvetiis,  incolis  Galliae,  helium  gerere.  11.  Copiae 
hostium  magnae  esse  dicebantur.  12.  Consul  nuntium 
cum  decern  equitibus  in  Galliam  contendere  iubebit. 

II.  I.  It  was  easy  to  capture  the  town.  2.  The  enemy- 
did  not  wish  to  leave  their  baggage  in  camp.  3.  The  girl 
ought  to  be  skillful.  4.  Do  you  wish  to  give  your  father  a 
book.?     5.    Caesar  ordered  the  legion  to  storm  the  town. 

6.  The  fortifications  are  said  to  be  high.  7.  We  ought  to 
be  brave  and  good.     8.    The  soldiers  desire  to  be  praised. 

LESSON    30 

READING   LESSON 

CHAPTER   III 

Preparations  of  Orgetorix  and  the  Helvetii 

187.  Helvetii  auctoritate  Orgetorigis  permoti^  iumento- 
rum  et  carrorum  magnum  numerum  copiamque  frumenti 
comparare  constituerunt.  In^  tertium  annum  profectionem 
in  provinciam  Romanam  lege  conflrmaverunt,  et  ad  flniti- 
mas  civitates  Orgetorigem  legatum  miserunt.  Casticus 
Sequanus,  cuius  {zvhose)  pater  a  populo  Romano  amicus 
appellatus  erat,  et  Dumnorix  Haeduus,  principes  in  suls 
{their^  civitatibus,  auxilium  dederunt.  Dumnorigi  Orgetorix 
filiam  in  matrim5nium  dedit.  Itaque  hi  {these)  tres  princi- 
pes potentium  civitatum  inter  se^  iusiurandum  dederunt, 
et  Galliae  imperium  obtinere  cupiebant. 

1  See  186  I,  5.     '^  for.     ^  inter  se,  one  another  (literally,  among  thefnselves), 

(Reading  Selection  450) 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


95 


i88. 


LESSON   31 

THE   DEMONSTRATIVE   is.     idem 
Is,  ea,  id 


As  adjective,  this,  that ;  plur.,  these ,  those. 

As  pronoun,  this,  that,  he,  she,  it ;  plur.,  these,  those,  they. 


Singular 

Plural 

Masc, 

Fern. 

Neut 

Masc, 

Fern, 

Neut 

NOM. 

is 

ea 

id 

ei,  ii 

eae 

ea 

Gen. 

eius 

eius 

eius 

eorum 

earum 

eorum 

DAT. 

ei 

ei 

ei 

eis,  iis 

eis,  iis 

eis,  iis 

Ace. 

eum 

eam 

id 

eos 

eas 

ea 

Abl. 

eo 

ea 

eo 

eis,  iis 

eis,  iis 

eis,  iis 

I.    In  what  cases   do  the  endings   differ  from   those   of 
bonus  (62).?     The  stem  is  -e-  or  -i-. 


189. 


idem  (is  +  dem),  the  same 


Singular 

Masculine 

Feminine 

Neuter 

NOM. 

Idem 

eadem 

idem 

Gen. 

eiusdem 

eiusdem 

eiusdem 

DAT. 

eidem 

eidem 

eidem 

Ace. 

eundem 

eandem 

idem 

Abl. 

eodem 

eadem 
Plural 

eodem 

Masculine 

Feminine 

Neuter 

NOM. 

eidem  (idem) 

eaedem 

6adem 

Gen. 

eorundem 

earundem 

eorundem 

DAT. 

eisdem  (isdem) 

eisdem  (isdem) 

eisdem  (isdem) 

Ace. 

eosdem 

easdem 

6adem 

Abl. 

eisdem  (isdem) 

eisdem  (isdem) 

eisdem  (isdem) 

96  ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 

I.  Observe  that,  in  idem,  dem  is  uninflected,  but  is  is 
declined  regularly  except  for  a  few  consonant  changes 
before  dem. 

190.  Examine  the  following : 

1 .  Is  miles  laudatur,  that  soldier  is  praised. 

2.  Eum  laudant,  they  praise  that  {inan\  i.e.  him, 

3.  Amicum  eius  laudamus,  we  praise  his  friend  (i.e.  the 

friejt d  of  him). 

4.  Amicum  eorum  laudamus,  we  praise  their  friend  {\,q,  the 

friend  of  them), 
^.  In  I,  is  is  used  in  agreement  with  a  noun,  and  is  a 
demonstrative  adjective.  It  tells  in  an  unemphatic 
manner  what  man  is  praised.  Is  commonly  refers  to 
some  one  or  something  just  mentioned,  and  thus  often 
equals  the  aforesaid. 

b.  In  2,  3,  and  4,  is  is  used  without  a  noun,  and  is  a  demon- 

strative pronoun, 

c.  Eius  means  his,  hers,  its ;  eorum  means  their,  referring 

to  mascuHne  and  neuter  nouns ;  earum  means  their^ 
referring  to  feminine  nouns.  See  table  below  for  the 
various  meanings  of  is. 

d.  Decline  together  :  ea  f emina,  id  nomeii,  is  miles. 

e.  When  the  pronoun  of  the  third  person  is  expressed,  it 

is  regularly  is.    See  also  196,  c, 

191.  Table  of  Meanings  for  Reference 

is,  ea,  id 
Singular 
NoM.    this,  that ;  he,  she,  it. 

Gen.    of  this,  of  that ;  of  him,  his  ;  of  her,  her ;  of  it,  its. 
Dat.    to  er  for  this  or  that ;  to  or  for  him,  her,  it. 
Ace.    this,  that ;  him,  her,  itr 
Abl.    from,  with,  by  this  <9r  that ;  from,  with,  by  him,  her,  it. 


Romanl  cMin   Gernianis  pugnant 


ESSENTIALS    OF    LATIN  97 

Plural 
NoM.   these,  those ;  they. 
Gen.    of  these,  of  those  ;  of  them,  their. 
Dat.    to  or  for  these  or  those ;  to  or  for  them. 
Ace.    these,  those;  them. 
Abl.    from,  with,  by  these  or  those ;  from,  with,  by  them. 

192.  VOCABULARY 

LabienuSji,  m.,Z^^/>;^//i*(one  murus,  i,  m.,  wall. 

of  Caesar's  Heutenants).  permoveo,  ere,  permovi,  per- 

cohors,     cohortis,     f.,    cohort  motus,  influence,  arouse. 

(one   of  the  subdivisions  pono,  ponere,  posui,  positus, 

of  the  legion).  place,  pitch  (a  camp). 

defendo,  defendere,   defendi,  princeps,  principis,m.,/^^</i?r, 

defensus,  defend,  protect.  chief. 

at  .  .  .  et,  both  .  .  .  and.  pugna,  ae,  f.,  battle. 

fortuna,  ae,  f.,  fortune,  good  post,  prep,  with  ace,  after^ 

fortune.  behind, 

193.  REVIEW   EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Auxilium  parare  debemus.  2.  Milites  fortes  esse 
cupiunt.  3.  Caesar!  obsides  dare  c5nstituerunt.  4.  MiHtes 
cum  virtute  pugnare  iubebit.  5.  Numerus  navium  magnus 
esse  dicitur.     6.  Roman!  eos  Gallos  appellare  cupiebant. 

II.  I.  Caesar  orders  the  states  to  send  hostages.  2.  The 
commander  did  not  wish  to  fight.  3.  A  number  of  soldiers 
are  said  to  be  in  the  city.  4.  The  Romans  ought  to 
conquer  the  Gauls. 

194.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Eius;  earum;  e!  agricolae.  2.  Eiusdem  virT; 
eaedem  cohortes ;  in  eadem  urbe.  3.  Caesar,  princeps 
R5manus,  cam  urbem  expugnaverat.     4.  Eius  milites  post 


98 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


earn  pugnam  eum  ob  fortunam  laudaverunt.  5.  E5dem 
tempore  Caesar  incolls  libertatem  dedit,  quod  muros  rpagna 
cum  virtute  defenderant.  6.  Fortuna  belli  non  semper 
eadem  est.  7.  Labienus  easdem  cohortes  in  Helvetios 
duxit  et  mox  eos  vicit.  8.  In  eorum  vico  Labienus  castra 
posuit,  et  paucis  mensibus  multa  proelia  fecit.  9.  Helvetii 
muros  eius  oppidi  magna  cum  virtute  semper  defendent. 
10.  E5sdem  mllites  ad  oppida  eius  gentis  mittit. 

II.  I.  His;  their  (fem.);  to  them.  2.  In  the  same  win- 
ter ;  of  the  same  chiefs ;  by  the  same  man.  3.  He  orders 
them  to  pitch  the  camp  in  the  same  place.  4.  He  was 
influenced  by  their  advice.  5.  They  had  given  both 
money  and  food.     6.  These  soldiers  will  defend  the  walls. 


195- 


LESSON    32 


THE   RELATIVE   PRONOUN 


qui,  who^  wkichy  tkaty  what 


Singular 

Masc,  Fem.  Neut. 

NoM.    qui  quae  quod 

Gen.    cuius  cuius  cuius 

Dat.    cui  cui  cui 

Ace.    quem  quam  quod 

Abl.    quo  qua  quo 


Masc. 


Plural 
Fem. 


Neut. 


qui  quae  quae 

qu5rum  quarum  quorum 

quibus  quibus  quibus 

quos  quas  quae 

quibus  quibus  quibus 


Table  of  Meanings  for  Reference 

NoM.  who,  which,  that,  what. 

Gen.  of  whom,  whose,  of  which,  of  what. 

Dat.  to  d?r  for  whom,  which,  ^r  what. 

Ace.  whom,  which,  that,  what. 

Abl.  from,  with,  by  whom,  which,  or  what. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  99 

196.  Examine  the  following : 

1.  Feminae  quas  videmus  pukhrae  sunt,  the  women  whom 

we  see  are  beautiful. 

2.  Viros  qui  in  castris  sunt  laudat,  he  praises  the  men  that 

are  in  the  camp. 

3.  Vir  cuius  equum  habebat  agricola  fuit,  the  man  whose 

horse  he  had  was  a  farmer. 

4.  Puella  cui  librum  dedit  fida  est,  the  girl  to  whom  he 

gave  the  book  is  faithful. 

5.  Pilum  quo  vulneratus  sum  longum  fuit,  the  javelin  by 

which  I  was  wounded  was  a  long  one. 

6.  Is  qui  est  fortis  laudatur,  he  (one^  a  man)  who  is  brave 

is  praised. 

a.  The  relative  pronoun  refers  to  some  word,  and  the  word 

to  which  it  refers  is  called  its  antecedent ;  thus  the 
antecedent  of  quas  in  i  is  feminae.  Point  out  the 
antecedents  in  the  other  sentences. 

b.  Observe  that  the  relative  has  the  same  gender  and  num- 

ber as  its  antecedent,  but  that  its  case  is  not  necessarily 
the  same.  The  case  of  the  relative  is  determined  by 
its  relation  to  the  words  of  its  own  clause:  for  ex- 
ample, in  I,  quas  is  accusative  because  it  is  the  direct 
object  of  videmus ;  in  5,  quo  is  ablative  to  express  the 
instrument  of  the  verb  vulneratus  sum.  Explain  the 
cases  of  the  other  relatives. 

c.  In  6,  is  does  not  refer  to  any  particular  person,  but 

means  a  man,  one.  Is  is  thus  commonly  used  as 
the  antecedent  of  the  relative.  This  is,  in  fact,  the 
commonest  use  of  is. 

197.  Rule.  —  Agreement  of  Relative  Pronoun.  —  A  rel- 
ative pronoun  agrees  with  its  antecedent  in  gender  and 
number,  but  its  case  depends  upon  the  construction  of  the 
clause  in  which  it  sta^ids,  not  upon  the  case  of  its  antecedent. 


ICX)  ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 

198.  VOCABULARY 

causa,  ae,  f.,  cause,  case,  nuntio,   are,    avi,    atus,   an- 

causam  dico,  ere,  dixi,  dictus,  nounce,  report. 

plead  (one's)  case.  coepi,  coepisse,  coepturus  sum 

vinculum,  i,  n.,  chain.  (only  in  the  perfect,  plu- 

ex  vinculis,  in  chains,  perfect,  and  future  perfect 

poena,  ae,  i.\  punishment.  tense),  began. 

coniuratio,  onis,  f.,  conspiracy.  Orgetorix,  igis,  m.,  Orgetorix, 

199.  REVIEW    EXERCISES 

I.  I.  E5rum  milites  in  eodem  loco  pugnabant.  2.  Eidem 
principl  praemia  dat.  3.  Eae  cohortes  nioenia  cum  virtute 
defendent.  4.  Et  Helvetil  et  R5manT  fortes  erant.  5.  Eius 
castra  in  eadem  urbe  ponuntur.  6.  Post  proelium  milites 
in  hiberna  contendent. 

II.  I.  Those  brave  soldiers  were  praised  for  their  good 
fortune.  2.  Both  the  cohorts  and  their  leaders  had  fought 
bravely  in  that  battle.  3.  Caesar  at  the  same  time  defends 
the  walls  of  that  city.  4.  After  that  war  they  pitched  the 
camp  near  the  mountain*. 

200.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Roman!  causam  coniurationis  nuntiant  quam 
Helvetil  fecerunt.  2.  Milites  quos  in  Gallia  habent  in 
cam  gentem  mittuntur.  3.  Orgetorix,  qui  eam  coniura- 
tionem  fecerat,  ex  yinculis  causam  dicere  coepit.  4.  Eius 
coniurati5  ab  eis  qui  missi  erant  Caesari  nuntiata  est. 
5.  Ob  eam  coniurationem  Helvetil,  quorum  legati  a  Caesare 
convocati  erant,  perm5ti  sunt.  6.  Causam  ex  vinculis 
dicere  poena  est  eius  qui  coniurationem  fecit  7.  Causa 
belli  caedes  R6man5rum  fuit  qui  in  ea  urbe  fuerunt. 
8.  Cum  eis  quorum  principes  id  fecerant  pugnare  coepe- 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


lOI. 


runt.     9.  Is  cui  bellum  gratum  est  asper  est.     10.  Gladius 
quo  pugnabat  longus  est. 

II.  I.  The  boy  that  is  faithful  is  praised.  2.  The  sol- 
dier whom  the  general  sees  is  brave.  3.  Those  are  the 
weapons  with  which  he  fought.  4.  He  who  fights  bravely 
is  not  often  conquered.  5.  Orgetorix,  whose  punishment 
has  been  announced,  will  be  killed.  6.  The  man  to  whom 
I  gave  this  is  my  friend.  7.  They  began  to  fight  with  the 
Romans. 

LESSON    33 

THE  DEMONSTRATIVES  hic  AND  ille.    ADJECTIVES  USED 
AS   SUBSTANTIVES 


201. 


hie,  haec,  hoc,  this^  plur.  these 


Singular 

Plural 

Masc. 

Fern. 

Neut. 

Masc. 

Fern. 

Neut. 

NOM. 

hIc 

haec 

hoc 

hi 

hae 

haec 

Gen. 

huius 

huius 

huius 

horum 

harum 

horum 

Dat. 

huic 

huic 

huic 

his 

his 

his 

Ace. 

hunc 

banc 

hoc 

hos 

has 

haec 

Abl. 

hoc 

hac 

hoc 

his 

his 

his 

202. 

ille,  ilia 

,  illud, 

that.,  plur.  those 

Singular 

Plural 

Masc. 

Fern. 

Neut. 

Masc. 

Fern. 

Neut. 

NOM. 

ille 

ilia 

illud 

ill! 

illae 

ilia 

Gen. 

illlus 

illlus 

illlus 

ill5rum 

illarum 

illorum 

Dat. 

illl 

illl  ^ 

illl 

illis 

illls 

illls 

Ace. 

ilium 

illam 

illud 

illos 

illas 

ilia 

Abl. 

illo 

ilia 

illo 

illls 

illls 

illls 

I.  Compare  the  endings  of  ille  with  those  of  is  (188)= 


102  ESSENTIALS    OF    LATIN 

203.  Examine  the  following: 

1.  Hie  puer  omnia,  ilia  puella  pauca  vidit,  this  boy  saw  every- 

thing^ that  girl  few  things, 

2.  Caesar  et  Pompeius   erant  Romanorum   principes ;   ille 

in  Gallia  pugnabat,  hie  in  Italia  remanebat,  Caesar 
and  Pompey  were  the  leading  men  of  the  Romans ; 
the  former  fought  in  Gaul,  the  latter  remained  in 
Italy, 

3.  Nostri  in  eastris  erant,  our  men  were  in  camp. 

a.  Hie  and  ille  are  more  emphatic  than  is  (190,  a\     When 

a  contrast  is  expressed,  as  in  2,  hie  means  the  latter,,  ille 
means  the  former.  Ille  also  sometimes  means  that 
well-known,  that  famous ;  with  this  meaning  it  is 
commonly  placed  after  its  noun.     See  also  208,  i. 

b.  Decline  together  haee  urbs,  hoe  flumen. 

c.  In  I  and  3,  observe  that  the  adjectives  omnia,  pauca, 

nostri,  are  used  alone,  as  if  they  were  nouns.  The 
noun  to  be  supplied  in  English  is  generally  indicated 
by  the  gender  of  the  adjective.  The  neuter  implies 
the  noun  thing  in  English ;  i.e.  multa  (neuter  plural) 
means  many  things. 

204.  VOCABULARY 

f rater,  fratris,  m.,  brother.  eogo,  ere,  eoegi,  eoaetus,  col- 

mors,  mortis,  f.,  death.  lect,  compel,  force. 

eliens,    elientis,    m.,    vassal,  eripio,   ere,    eripui,   ereptus, 

dependent.  snatch  away,  save. 

natio,  onis,  f.,  nation.  sub,  prep,  with  ace,  to  the 

oratio,  onis,  f.,  speech.  foot  of;  with  abl.,  under^ 

eognoseo,  ere,  eognovi,  eogni-  at  the  foot  of 

tus,  learn  of,  recognize. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  IO3 

205.  REVIEW    EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Helvetii  qui  coniurationem  fecerunt  legates  ad 
Caesarem  mittunt.  2.  Legati  quibus  Caesar  ea  dixit 
permoti  sunt.  3.  Orgetorix,  cuius  c5nsilia  nuntiata  sunt, 
interficietur.  4.  Coniuratio  quam  fecerat  eius  poenae 
causa  est.  5.  Magna  cum  virtute  pugnabant,  quod  hos- 
tes  ad  castra  erant.  6.  Proelium  quod  cum  Gallls  f  ecerant 
longum  erat. 

II.  I.  The  chief  that  you  see  is  Orgetorix.  2.  The 
mountain  on  which  they  fought  is  in  Gaul.  3.  Those  to 
whom  he  gives  money  are  his  friends.  4.  The  man  whose 
conspiracy  was  reported  began  to  speak. 

206.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Huius  5rati5nis ;  illorum  clientium ;  huic  amlc5. 
2.  Hic  cliens  ex  vinculis  causam  dicet.  3.  Nostri  hac 
oratione  permoti  {aroused^  hostes  in  fugam  dederunt. 
4.  Hae  civitates  quas  diximus^  legat5s  ad  ilium  ducem 
mittent.  5.  Et  pedites  et  equites,  illi  ex  urbe,  hi  ex  agris, 
ad  Caesarem  contendunt.  6.  Orgetorix,  princeps  ille 
Helvetiorum,  necatus  est.  7.  Mors  huius  principis  Hel- 
vetiis  non  grata  est.  8.  111!  qu5s  convocavisti  clientes 
mei  fratris  sunt.  9.  Omnes  cognoscere  amicos  cupiunt. 
10.    Sub  illo  colle  Caesar  hostes  castra  p5nere  coegit. 

II.  I.  For  this  man  ;  of  those  towns  ;  that  famous  com- 
mander. 2.  At  the  foot  of  this  mountain  the  enemy  will 
force  Caesar  to  fight.  3.  All  these  tribes  Caesar  conquered 
within  that  winter.  4.  It  is  difficult  to  compel  him  to  do 
these  things.  5.  Our  men  collected  the  baggage  in  that 
place.^  6.  The  Romans  fought  with  the  Helvetians ;  the 
latter  were  brave,  but  they  were  conquered  by  the  former 

^  mention.  2  Accusative. 

(Reading  Selection  451) 


I04 


ESSENTIALS    OF    LATIN 


LESSON   34 

Ipse.     Iste.     IRREGULAR  ADJECTIVES.     ABLATIVE  OF 
SEPARATION 


207 

Singular 

ipse, 

self 

Plural 

Masc.          Fern. 

Neut. 

Masc. 

Fern, 

Neut 

NOM. 

ipse      ipsa 

ipsum 

ipsi 

ipsae 

ipsa 

Gen. 

.ipsius  ipsius 

ipsius 

ip'sorum 

ipsarum 

ipsorum 

DAT. 

ipsi       ipsi 

ipsi 

ipsis 

ipsis 

ipsis 

Ace. 

ipsum   ipsam 

ipsum 

ipsos 

ipsas 

ipsa 

Abl. 

ipso       ipsa 

ipso 

ipsis 

ipsis 

ipsis 

1.  Observe  that  ipse  is  declined  like  bonus,  except  in  the 

genitive  and  dative  singular,  where  we  have  the  end- 
ings -ius  and  -i.  What  other  words  have  had  these 
genitive  and  dative  endings  ? 

2.  Ipse  is  a  pronoun  that  gives  emphasis  to  the  word  with 

which  it  agrees,  and  its  translations  vary  :  for  ex- 
ample, vir  ipse,  the  man  himself ;  femina  ipsa,  the 
woman  herself ;  proelium  ipsum,  tJie  battle  itself ; 
urbes  ipsae,  the  cities  themselves ;  etc.  It  sometimes 
is  best  translated  in  English  by  even  or  very.  It 
agrees  like  an  adjective  with  some  noun  or  pronoun 
expressed  or  understood. 

208.  Like  ille  (202)  decHne  iste,  that,  that  of  yours. 
I.  Hie  is  the  demonstrative  of  the  first  person  and  signifies 
this  (of  inine\  this  (near  me\  my^  mine.  Iste  points 
out  an  object  near  a  second  person  directly  addressed ; 
it  means  that  near  you,  that  in  which  yon  are  inter- 
ested, but  may  be  translated  fully  by  that  of  yonrs, 
your.     It  is,  therefore,  called  the  demonstrative  of  the 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  105 

second  person.     Ille  is  called  the  demonstrative  of  the 
third  person,  and  its  complete  meaning  is  that  {of  his 
or  hers),  that  .  .  .  yonder,  yonder. 
2.    Mention  the  pronouns  that  have  -ius  in  the  genitive 
singular  and  -i  in  the  dative  singular. 

209.  The  following  adjectives  ^nd  in  -ius  in  the  genitive 
and  -i  in  the  dative  singular  of  all  genders  (except  that  the 
genitive  of  alter  ends  in  -ius).  In  all  other  cases  they  are 
declined  like  adjectives  of  the  first  and  second  declension. 

alius,  alia,  aliud  (505),  other,  another. 

alter,  altera,  alterum,  one  {of  two),  the  other  {of  two). 

uter,  utra,  utrum,  which  {of  two)} 

uterque,  utraque,  utrumque,  eacJi  {of  two),  both. 

neuter,  neutra,  neutrum,  neither  {of  two). 

iillus,  ulla,  ullum,  any. 

nullus,  nulla,  nullum,  no,  none. 

solus,  sola,  solum,  alone,  sole,  only. 

totus,  tota,  tStum,  whole,  all. 

iinus,  una,  unum,  one. 

210.  Examine  the  following: 

1.  Nostris  finibus  eos  prohibebat,-  he  kept  them  from  our 

territories. 

2.  Cibo  caruerat,  he  had  lacked  food. 

3.  Ex  ea  parte  vici  discessit,  he  withdrew  from  that  part  of 

the  village. 
a.    Observe   that   the   ablatives    finibus,    cibo,    and   parte 
denote  the  thing  from  which  there  is  privation  or 
removal,  or  the  thing  which  is  lacking. 

211.  Rule.  —  Ablative  of  Separation. —  Verbs  meaning 
to  separate,  remove,  set  free,  deprive,  lack,  etc.,  are  often  fol- 
lowed by  the  ablative  of  the  thing  from  w-hich  separation 


I06  ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 

takes  place,  Ab  or  ex  with  the  ablative  is,  however,  often 
used  with  these  verbs,  regularly  when  the  separation  is  literal 
and  physical  {not  figurative^  and  the  ablative  denotes  a  per- 
son.    But  with  careo  a  preposition  is  never  used, 

212.  VOCABULARY 

careo,  ere,    carui,   cariturus,  ripa,  ae,  f.,  bank  (of  river). 

lack,    be   in    need   of,    be  alter  .  .  .  alter,  the  one  .  .  . 

without,  the  other  (of  two). 

discedo,  ere,  discessi,  disces-  alius  ...  alius,  one  .  .  .  an- 

sum,  depart,  zvithdraw.  other, 

libero,    are,    avi,    atus,  free  alii  .  .  .  alii,  some  ,  .  .  others. 

{from),  liberate.  alii  aliam  in  partem,  some  in 
prohibeo,  ere,  prohibui,  pro-         one  direction,  some  in  an- 

hibitus,  keep  away  from,  other, 

provincia,  ae,  i.,  province, 

213.  REVIEW    EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Clientes  hos  milites  pugnare  c5gunt.  2.  Helvetii 
in  illis  castrls  e  pericul5  sunt  ereptl.  3.  Fratres  Orgetorigis 
prlncipis  illius  eum  cogn5scent.  4.  Sub  ill5  monte  hae 
nationes  castra  posuerunt.  5.  Huic  mlliti  arma  pTlum  et 
sagittas  dederant.  6.  Rex  harum  nationum,  quae  illam 
coniurati5nem  fecerant,  necatus  est. 

II.  I.  That  famous  chief  was  forced  to  plead  his  case  in 
chains.  2.  Those  tribes  collected  the  soldiers  at  the  foot 
of  the  hill  (ace).  3.  That  man,  whose  daughter  has  been 
saved,  will  praise  the  soldier  for  his  courage.  4.  This  is 
the  soldier  by  whom  we  were  saved. 

214.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Hie  liber  est  meus  ;  ille  gladius  est  mllitis  ;  ubi  est 
istud  pilum.?     2.,  Caesar  ipse  cum   militibus  ex  ilia  urbe 


ESSENTIALS   OF    LATIN  lO/ 

discedit.  3.  Legati  qu5s  Helvetii  miserunt  armis  carent. 
4.  Hostes  utraque  ripa  fluminis  prohibebimus.  5.  Ipsi 
oppidum  a  militibus  ^  liberavistis.  6.  Alii  in  ripis  alii  in 
flumine  ips5  pugnabant.  7.  Caesar  solus  Helvetios  pro- 
vincia  prohibet.     8.  T5ta  provincia  ab  hostibus  llberata  est. 

9.  Ex  hac  urbe  incolae  alii  aliam   in    partem   discedent. 

10.  Gaesar  et  Orgetorix  principes  fuerunt;  alter  necatus 
(est),  alter  ob  victoriam  laudatus  est. 

IL  I.  Of  the  queen  herself;  on  the  very  banks  of  the 
river ;  that  daughter  of  yours.  2.  Caesar  was  the  very 
man  who^  was  keeping  the  enemy  from  the  province. 
3.  Some  depart  from  the  town  in  one  direction,  some  in 
another.  4.  Those  soldiers  of  yours  lack  bravery  and  will 
withdraw  from  the  battle.  5.  Some  like  war,  others  peace. 
6.  I  myself  shall  free  the  inhabitants  of  the  whole  province 
from  danger. 

LESSON    35 
FOURTH   CONJUGATION.     INTERROGATIVE  quis 
215.  audio,  hear 

Prin.  Parts  :  audio,  audire,  audivi,  auditus 

Learn  all  tenses  of  the  indicative,  active  and  passive,  of 
audio  (519). 

1.  Observe   that  the  final  vowel  of  the  present  stem  is 

lofig  -i-;  it  is  shortened,  however,  before  another 
vowel.  What  are  the  corresponding  vow^els  of  the 
first,  second,  and  third  conjugations.'^  How  can  one 
tell  to  what  conjugation  a  verb  belongs } 

2.  Compare  carefully  the  present  indicative  active  and  pas- 

sive of  audio  with  the  corresponding  forms  of  capio 
(520).     In  what  forms  is  there  a  difference.'^    Note 

^  See  211.  2  Caesar  was  the  very  man  who  =  Caesar  himself. 


io8 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


particularly  the  quantity  of  the  vowel  i  in  the  present 
tense  of  audio,  and  how  this  affects  the  place  of  the 
accent  and  so  the  pronunciation. 
The  other  five  tenses  of  audio  are  formed  and  conjugated 
exactly  like  those  of  capio. 

216.         The  Interrogative  Pronoun  and  Adjective 
quis,  who?  which?  what? 


Singular 

Masculine 

Femi7ilne 

Neuter 

NOM. 

quis  (qui) 

quae 

^ 

quid  (quod) 

Gen. 

cuius 

cuius 

£1 

a,' 

cuius 

DAT. 

cui 

cui 

'    < 

cui 

Ace. 

quem 

quam 

0 
3^ 

quid  (quod) 

Abl. 

quo 

qua 
Plural 

•^ 

quo 

Masculine 

Feminine 

Neuter 

NOM. 

qui 

quae 

quae 

Gen. 

qu5rum 

quarum 

quorum 

Dat. 

quibus 

quibus 

quibus 

Ace. 

quos 

quas 

quae 

Abl. 

quibus 

quibus 

quibus 

I.    Compare  these  forms  with  those  of  the  relative  (195). 


217.    Examine  the  following: 

I.    Quis  hoc  fecit  ?  who  did  this  ? 

2. 

3. 


Used  as  an  interroga- 
tive pronoun. 


Quid  fecisti }  what  did  you  do  ?  . 
Qui  (quis)  vir  hoc  fecit.'*  what 
man  did  this  ? 

4.  Quam  urbem  vides  t  what  city  1  Used  as  an  interroga- 

do  you  see  ?  tive  adjective. 

5.  Quod  donum  amat  puer }  what 

gift  does  the  boy  like  ?  J 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  109 

a.  Observe  that,  when  used  as  an  adjective,  the  interrog- 

ative has  the  same  forms  as  the  relative.     Quis  is 
sometimes  used  for  quL 

b.  When  used  as  a  pronoun,  quis  and  quid  are  used  in  place 

of  qui  and  quod.     As  an  interrogative  pronoun,  quis 
has  no  feminine  forms  in  the  singular. 

218.  VOCABULARY 

audio,   ire,   audivi,   auditus,  consuetudo,  inis,  f.,  custom, 

hear.  habit, 

munio,  ire,  munivi,  munitus,  clamor,  oris,  m.,  shout,  cry. 

fortify.  labor,  oris,  m.,  work,  labor. 

venio,  ire,veni,ventum,^  c^w^.  iudicium,  i,   n.,  trial,  judg- 
ptinio,   ire,   piinivi,   punitus,  ment. 

pufiish.  Vindique,a,dv.,  from  all  sides. 

219.  REVIEW   EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Caesar  ipse  urbem  pericul5  iTberabit.  2.  Iste 
miles,  cuius  virtutem  omnes  videtis,  Romanus  est.  3.  In 
hoc  ips5  oppid5  coniuratio  est  facta.  4.  Helvetii  e  tota 
provincia  discesserunt.  5.  Hostes  alii  aliam  in  partem  in 
fugam  dabuntur.  6.  Alter  legatus  hostes  moenibus  prohi- 
bere,  alter  incolas  convocare  coepit. 

IL  I.  Some  will  be  freed  from  chains,  others  will  be 
punished.  2.  The  enemy  will  be  kept  away  from  the  city. 
3.  They  fought  for  a  long  time  on  the  very  banks  of  the 
river.     4.  I  myself  shall  depart  from  the  city. 

220.  '  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Audlris;  audietur;  veneratis.  2.  Muniebatur; 
punivisti;  punltae  eratis.     3.   Qui  venient  in  banc  urbem.? 

1  See  page  49,  footnote. 


no  ESSENTIALS    OF    LATIN 

4.  Quorum  clamores  audiuntur  ?  Clamores  ipsorum  quos 
misimus  audiuntur.  5.  Consuetude  est  Romanorum  castra 
nocte  munire.  6.  Quis  tells  vulneratus  est  ?  -Miles  cuius 
imperator  castra  non  munivit.  7.  Quos  clamores  in  hac 
urbe  audlmus  ?  8.  Et  clientes  et  servos  ad  iudicium  undique 
coegit.  9.  Clamores  eorum  qui  cum  impedlmentis  venie- 
bant  audit!  sunt.  10.  Quid  facer e  cupitis  .'*  Castra  ponere 
sub  nionte  illo  cupimus. 

II.  I.  We  are  heard;  you  (plur.)  will  hear;  we  had 
come.  2.  They  have  been  punished;  you  (sing.)  are  being 
heard ;  the  camp  has  been  fortified.  3.  What  did  he  do  ? 
4.  Who  formed  a  conspiracy  of  the  Helvetians  ?  5.  Orget- 
orix  himself  was  the  one^  who  formed  the  conspiracy. 
6.  Whose  weapons  are  these  ?  7.  With  great  labor  they 
will  fortify  the  city  that^  we  have  taken. 

LESSON    36 

READING   LESSON 

CHAPTER    IV 

The  Death  of  Orgetorix  after  being  summoned  to 
Trial  by  the  Helvetian  Officials  on  a  Charge 
OF  Conspiracy 

221.  Per  nuntios  ea  consilia  nuntiata  sunt  Helvetiis,  qui 
Orgetorigem  ex  vinculls  causam  dicere  coegerunt.  Coniu- 
ratidnis  accusatus  est  et  igni  cremari^  eius  poena  fuit. 
Quam  ^  ob  rem  OrgetorTx  ad  iudicium  omnem  suam  (kis) 
familiam  et  omnes  clientes  obaeratosque,  quorum  magnum 
numerum  habebat,  undique  coegit.     Per  eos  se  {/mnse//) 

^  See  page  107,  footnote  2.  2  jg  this  a  relative  or  a  demonstrative  ?  ^  See 
183,  2.  >quam  ob  rem,  wherefore^  therefore. 


Interior  of  a  Roman  House  (Restoration) 


Plafi  of  the  House  of  Pansa  at  Pompeii 

I.  Fauces  {Entrance'^.  2.  Atrium  {Reception  roont^  with  opening  in  the  roof  above  the 
impluvium).  3.  Impluvium  {Basin  in  floor).  4.  Tablinum  {a  rooin  whose  purposes  are 
not  certainly  known  :  perhaps  a  record  room  and  study  or  at  times  a  summer  dining 
room).  5.  Passages.  6.  Dining  Room  {or  library  ?).  7.  VeristyMum  or  Peristyle  {an 
open  court  surrounded  by  colonnades  :  the  private  living  quarters  of  the  family) .  8, 
Viridarium  {Basin,  cofitaijtittg  fountain  and  pool,  surrounded  by  plants  and  shrubs). 
9.  Oecus  {a  large  fine  hall^  a  state  dining  room),  to.  Hortus  {Garden).  11.  Kitchen. 
12.  Sleeping  rooms.  13  Small  separate  dwelling,  of  tjvo  stories,  rented  07it.  i^.  Larger 
separate  dwellings,  rented  out.  15.  Tabcrnae  {Shops).  16.  Bakery,  rented  out.  17. 
Siae  entrance  to  main  dwelling. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


III 


e  pericula  eripuit.  Magistratus  ^  per  eius  fugam  incitati 
sunt  multitudinemque  hominum  ex  agris  cogere  coeperunt. 
Interea  Orgetorix  mortuus^  est,  et  de  eius  morte  multi 
rumores  apud  Helvetios  fuerunt. 

(Reading  Selection  452) 
LESSON    37 
FOURTH   DECLENSION 
222.  The  Stem  ends  in  -U- 


casus,  m., 

cornu,  n., 

chance^ 

misfortune 

ho7'n,  wing 

Stem  casu- 

Stem  cornu- 

Base  cas- 

SlNGULAR 

Base  corn- 

SlNGULAR 

Case  Endings 

Singular 

Masculine           Neuter 

NOM. 

casus 

cornu 

-US 

-u 

Gen. 

casus 

cornus 

-US 

-US 

Dat. 

casui (u) 

cornu 

-ui(u) 

-u 

Ace. 

casum 

cornu 

-um 

-u 

Abl. 

casu 

cornu 

-U       ' 

-u 

Plural 

Plural 

Plural 

NOM. 

casus 

cornua 

-US 

-ua 

Gen. 

casuum 

cornuum 

-uum 

-uum 

Dat. 

casibus 

cornibus 

-ibus 

-ibus 

Ace. 

casus 

cornua 

-US 

-ua 

Abl. 

casibus 

cornibus 

-ibus 

-ibus 

1.  A  few  words  of  this  declension  have  -ubus  in  the  dative 

and  ablative  plural. 

2.  Domus,  f.,  house,  home,  is  partly  of  the  second  and  partly 

of  the  fourth  declension.     (See  501.) 

^  officers,  magistrates,  nom.  plur.       ^  mortuus  est,  died. 


112 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


223.  Rule.  —  Gender.  —  Nearly  all  nouns  of  the  fourth 
declension  in  -us  are  masculine  ;  those  in  -u  are  neuter, 

I.  Domus,  house,  Idus  (plur.),  the  Ides,  manus,  hand,  and  a 
few  other  nouns  ?iXQ  feminine. 

224.  Decline  together  exercitus  fortis,  brave  army ;  tua 
manus,  your  hand ;  cornu  dextrum,  right  wing, 

225.  VOCABULARY 

casus,    US,    m.,    a  falling,  in  (a)  dextro  cornu,  on  the 

chance,  misfortune.  right  wing. 

domus,  us,  f.,  house,  home,  in  (a)  sinistro  cornu,  on  the 

exercitus,  us,  m.,  army.  left  wing, 

msLUUs,  us,  f.,  hand,  dand  (oi  convenio,    ire,   conveni,   con- 
men),  ventum,     come     together, 

portus,  us,  m.,  harbor.  assemble. 

cornu,  us,  n.,  horn,  wing  (of  deus,  i,  m.,  god, 
army). 


Roman   Theater  (Restoration) 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  I13 

226.  REVIEW    EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Quis  clam5res  militum  audivit  ?  2.  Hostes  alii 
aliam  in  partem  fugient.  3.  Undique  equites  ex  silvis  ad 
flumen  veniebant.  4.  Principis  est  c5nsuetud5  eos  qui 
coniurationem  faciunt  punlre.  5.  Quam  urbem  munient  et 
qui  earn  defendent  ?  6.  Qu5rum  clamores  audiuntur  atque 
cur  ill!  punitl  sunt  ? 

II.  I.  Who  will  fortify  the  camp  that^  Caesar  has 
pitched?  2.  We  shall  keep  those  foot-soldiers  from  the 
city.  3.  Whose  shouts  did  you  hear  at  daybreak  at  the 
foot  of  the  hill  ?  4.  In  many  countries  lazy  men  are  pun- 
ished. 

227.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Portubus;  exercitui;  manuum.  2.  Manus  equitum 
ad  exercitum  venerant.  3.  Ad  hunc  portum  naves  hostium 
missae  sunt.  4.  Qui  mllitesin  dextr5  cornu  exercitus  sunt  ? 
5.  R5mani  consilio  de5rum  magnam  Helvetiorum  partem 
necaverunt.  6.  N until  qui  ad  Caesarem  venerant  el  casum 
exercitus  nuntiaverunt.  7.  PaucI  ad  portas  urbis  conveni- 
ebant.  8.  Roman!  magna  cum  caede  domos  et  agros 
Gallorum  vastaverant.  9.  Nostrl  in  sinistro  cornu  superati 
sunt  quod  non  cum  virtute  dimicaverant.  10.  Domus 
Gallorum  ab  equitibus  vastabantur.  11.  Urbs  cuius  portas 
defendimus  magnum  portum  habet. 

II.  I.  For  the  gods;  on  the  left  wing;  the  doors  of  the 
houses.  2.  In  the  harbor  are  many  ships  in  which  ^  the 
army  of  the  Romans  came  from  the  city  to  Gaul.  3.  The 
misfortune  of  the  army  was  reported  to  Caesar.  4.  Orget- 
orix,  whose  bands  had  assembled,  was  not  saved  from  danger. 
5.  The  houses  of  the  city  will  be  defended  by  the  army. 

^  Is  this  the  relative  or  the  demonstrative  pronoun  ?  2  /^^  rv/iic/i :  express 
by  the  ablative  of  means. 


114 


ESSENTIALS    OF    LATIN 


LESSON    38 

REVIEW   OF   THE    FOUR   CONJUGATIONS.     DATIVE   OF 
POSSESSION 


228.        Review  of  the  Four  Conjugations 

Review  the  list  of  verbs  in  169,  and  review  thoroughly 
the  meanings  and  principal  parts  of  the  following  verbs 
that  have  been  introduced  since  Lesson  27 : 


duc5 

audio 

iacio 

coepi 

traduc5 

permove5 

fugid 

nunti5 

veni5 

pono 

facio 

eripio 

conveni5 

care5 

interficio 

cog5 

mitto 

vinco 

dic5 

cognosco 

debeo 

relinqu5 

iubeo 

discedo 

cupio 

contend5 

appell5 

liber5 

capio 

gero 

constituo 

punio 

prohibeo 

incol5 

defendo 

munio 

I. 


2. 


Notice   particularly    the    significance   of    the    prefixes 

trans    and   con,    as   they   appear   in   the   compound 

verbs. 
How  does  the  formation  of  the  future  of  the  first  and 

second  conjugations  differ  from  that  of  the  third  and 

fourth  conjugations  ? 
How  can  you  tell  whether  cupio  belongs  to  the  fourth 

or  the  third  conjugation  ? 


229.  I.  Following  the  form  suggested  in  170,  write  a 
synopsis  of  iubeo  in  the  first  person,  interficio  in  the  second 
person,  munio  in  the  third  person. 

2.    Review  92,   i.     Conjugate  the  perfect  active  of  do, 


ESSENTIALS    OF    LATIN  II5 

iubeo,  cognosco,  venio.  Observe  that  the  perfect,  pluper- 
fect, and  future  perfect  active  and  passive  of  all  conjuga- 
tions are  formed  from  the  principal  parts  and  conjugated 
in  the  same  way. 


230.    Examine  the  following : 

1 .  Miles  gladium  habet, 

2.  Militi  est  gladius, 


the  soldier  has  a  sword. 


Observe  the  two  ways  in  Latin  of  expressing  the 
same  English  idea.  The  first  sentence  corresponds  word 
for  word  with  the  English  translation.  The  second  sen- 
tence, translated  into  bad  English,  is  *'  for  the  soldier  is  a 
sword,"  the  possessor  being  dative  and  the  thing  possessed 
being  subject  of  est  Never  translate  literally  a  Latin 
sentence  thus,  as  there  is  in  good  English  no  similar  con- 
struction. 

231.  Rule.  — Dative  of  Possession.  —  The  dative  is  used 
with  est,  sunt,  etc.^  to  denote  the  possessor^  the  thing  pos- 
sessed being  the  subject. 

232.  REVIEW   EXERCISES 

(Give  tense,  voice,  person,  and  number,  and  translate.) 

I.  I.  Facient;  convocabamur;  cogeminL  2.  Audiebaris; 
capieris;  caperis.  3.  Discesserit;  prohibuerant ;  conve- 
mstis.  4.  Missum  erat;  miserat ;  coepisti.  5.  Ponetis; 
capies;  appellabitis.  6.  Vincentur;  punietur;  iubetur. 
7.  Rellqueratis ;  relinquent;  dictum  erat.  8.  Liberatae 
sunt;  habueras ;  contendebatis.  9.  Eripieris ;  traducetur; 
monentur.  10.  Augebat;  pugnabunt;  defensaerat;  puni» 
ris;  cogitur. 


Il6  ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 

II.  I.  We  have  said;  they  wished;  you  (plur.)  have 
been  compelled.  2.  We  shall  take ;  you  will  leave ;  they 
will  blame.  3.  It  has  been  said;  you  (fern,  plur.)  have 
been  defended.  4.  It  was  heard  ;  we  are  being  defended  ; 
you  (sing.)  are  fortifying.  5.  We  shall  conquer ;  they  have 
conquered ;  you  were  conquering.  6.  It  had  been  sent ; 
you  (plur.)  have  sent. 

233.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Mens  amicus  domum  habet.  2.  Meo  amico  est 
domus.  3.  Helvetii,  quorum  castra  videtis,  ad  moenia 
oppidi  mox  venient.  4.  Exercitus  magnus  Caesari  fuit. 
5.  Caesar  magnum  exercitum  habuit.  6.  Magnam  fru- 
menti  c5piam  habent.  7.  Magna  frumenti  copia  eis  est. 
8.  Hostes  paucas  naves  habent.  9.  Hostibus  sunt  paucae 
naves.     10.     Militi  pulchrum  gladium  dedit. 

II.  I.  The  farmer  has^  a  horse.  2.  They  have^  friends. 
3.  The  soldiers  will  besiege  Rome.  4.  He  had  ^  a  book. 
5.  Who  has  come  to  the  city  ?  6.  The  city  that  the  Romans 
fortified  was  large  and  beautiful. 

LESSON    39 

IRREGULAR  VERB  eo.      PLACE   WHERE,   WHENCE,    AND 

WHITHER 

234.  Irregular  Verb  eo,  g-o 
Prin.  Parts  :  eo,  ire,  ii,  itum  ^ 

Learn  all  tenses  of  the  indicative  of  eo  (525). 
I.  Notice  that  the  -i-,  the  present  stem  of  eo,  changes  to  -e- 
before  a  vowel.     In  what  forms  of  the  present  indica- 
tive does  this  change  occur  ? 

^  Express  this  idea  in  two  ways  in  Latin.  ^  g^g  page  49,  footnote. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    LATIN 


117 


Second  Declension    -i        -is 


Third  Declension     -i(e) 


2.  Observe  that  the  future  indicative  ibo  is  formed  like 
the  future  of  verbs  of  the  first  and  second  conjuga- 
tions, although  the  present  infinitive  is  ire.  Are  all 
other  tenses  of  the  indicative  formed  and  conjugated 
regularly  ? 

235.  Names  of  towns  and  a  few  other  words  have  a 
special  case  called  the  Locative^  which  expresses  the  idea 
of  at  or  in^  and  answers  the  question  where, 

I.   The  following  are  the  locative  endings  for  names  of 

towns : 

Singular  Plural 

— ..    ^  ^     ,       .  .       f  Romae,  in  Rome, 

First  Declension      -ae      -is     i  ^  ,  .     ^  r 

Atnenis,  in  Athens, 

Corinthi,  at  or  in  Corinth, 

Delphis,  at  or  in  Delphi, 

ICarthagini,  at  or  in    Car- 
thage, 
Trallibus,  at  or  in  Tralles, 

,  Domi,  at  home;  humi,  on  the  ground ;  ruri,  in  the  country y 
are  also  locative  forms. 
To  express  the  idea  of  at  or  in  for  other  words  than  the 
names  of  towns  use  the  preposition  in  and  the  abla- 
tive; i.e^  in  urbe  est,  he  is  in  the  city;  in  Italia  sunt, 
they  are  in  Italy, 

236.  Examine  the  following  : 

ad  pontem,  to  the  bridge, 
in  Italiam,  to  or  into  Italy. 
I.   Venit,  he  comes  \  Romam,  to  Rome, 
domum,  home, 
riis,  to  or  into  the  country o 


Ii8 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


2.    Exit,  he  goes 


a. 


(ab)  (de)  ex  oppido, /r^;;/  the  town. 
(ab)  (de)  ex  \tzX\di,  from  Italy, 
kX\skm.%  from  Athens. 
domOy  from  home. 
rtire,  from  the  coi^ntry. 

Observe  that  to  answer  the  questions  whither  ox  whence^ 
wo  preposition  is  used  with  names  of  towns  and  domus 
and  rus,  while  a  preposition  (in,  ad,  ab,  de,  ex)  is  used 
with  other  words. 


237.    Rule.  —  Expressions  of  Place. 
•  I.    Place   Where.     Ablative  with  in. 

But,  Locative  with  names  of  towns,  domus,  humus, 
and  rus. 

2.  Place   To  ivhich.     Accusative  with  ad  or  in. 

But,  Accusative  without  a  preposition  with  names 
of  towns,  domus,  humus,  and  rus. 

3.  Place  From  which.     Ablative  with  ab,  de,  or  ex. 

But,  Ablative  without  a  preposition  with  names  of 
towns,  domus,  humus,  and  rus. 


238. 


VOCABULARY 


Athenae,  arum  (plur.),  f., 
Athens. 

Carthago,  inis,  f.,  Carthage, 

Corinthus,  i,  f.  (28,  2),  Cor- 
inth, 

Delphi,  orum  (plur.),  m.,  Del- 
phi. 

equitatus  (eques),  iis,  m.,  cav- 
alry. 


eo,  ire,  ii,  itum,  go, 

exeo  (ex  +  eo),  ire,  exii,  ex- 

itiirus,  go  forth,  leave, 
transeo     (trans  4-  eo),     ire, 

transii,     transiturus,    go 

over,  go  across,  cross, 
impetus,  iis,  m.,  attack, 
impetum  facio  in  (with  ace), 

make  an  attack  upon. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  II9 

239.  REVIEW   EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Domus  incolarum  ab  equitatu  Caesaris  defendentur. 

2.  Legiones  populi  Romani  in  hiberna  venerant  3.  Casus 
navium  militibus,  qui  in  hibernis  erant,  nuntiatus  est.  4.  In 
sinistr5  cornu  exercitus  sunt  multae  manus  fortium  militum. 
5.  Propter  casum  nostrorum  hostes  laeti  erant. 

II.  I.  The  Gauls  were  being  conquered  on  the  right 
wing.  2.  The  bands  of  the  enemy  that  you  see  are  as- 
sembling from  all  sides.  3.  They  were  hastening  to  the 
harbor  from  which  the  ships  of  our  (men)  were  seen. 
4.    They  were  killed  by  the  cavalry  with  swords. 

240.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  lerat;  ibunt;  eunt.  2.  Transierunt;  exibatis ; 
imus;  iimus.  3.  Ex  urbe  ;  ex  urbe  R5ma^;  R5ma  ;  domo. 
4.  Inoppido;  R5mae;  Carthagini;  Athenis;  domL  5.  Con- 
sul exercitum  R5ma  Athenas  traduxit.  6.  Caesar  legates 
quos  habebat  in  Graeciam  transire  iussit.  7.  Dux  R5- 
manorum  urbem  muniet  atque  incolas  ab  hostibus  liberabit. 
8.  Equitatum  Corinthum  mittet,  sed  ipse  Athenis  bellum 
geret.  9.  Helvetii  e  finibus  exire  parant,  et  exercitum 
flumen  traducunt.  10.  Caesar  Roma  contendit  et  equitatum 
in  Helveti5s  impetum  facere  iubet. 

II.  I.  From  Greece;  out  of  Corinth  ;  from  home.  2.  To 
Athens;  to  the  city;  into  the  country;  into  the  province. 

3.  In  Rome ;  in  Italy  ;  at  home  ;  at  Delphi.  4.  We  ought 
to  send  the  cavalry  to  Athens.  5.  The  enemy  had  made 
an  attack  on  our  men,  but  had  been  conquered.  6.  The 
cavalry  wished  to  cross  the  river,  but  were  kept  away  from 
the  banks  by  the  enemy. 

1  of  Rome,     R5ma  is  i^  apposition  with  urbe. 

(Reading  Selection  453) 


I20 


ESSENTIALS    OF    LATIN 


LESSON   40 

NUMERALS.     EXTENT   OF   TIME  AND   SPACE 

241.    Learn  thoroughly  the  cardinals  as  far  as  twenty 
(510),  and  study  the  formation  of  the  numbers  beyond. 


242 

Declension 

OF   Numerals 

Paradigms 

Masc,                Fern. 

Neut, 

Masc.  and  Fem.      Neut. 

NOM. 

unus, 

one      una 

unum 

tres,  three     tria 

Gen. 

unius 

unius 

unius 

trium             trium 

DAT. 

uni 

uni 

uni 

tribus             tribus 

Ace. 

unum 

unam 

unum 

tres,  tris        tria 

Abl. 

uno 

una 

uno 

tribus            tribus 

Masc. 

Fem.                             Neut. 

NoM. 

duo,  two 

duae                   duo 

.Gen. 

duorum 

duarum              duorum 

DAT. 

duobus 

duabus               duobus 

Ace. 

du5s,  duo 

duas 

}                   duo 

Abl. 

duobus 

duabus               duobus 

Singular 

Plural 

NOM. 

mllle,  thousand 

mlllia      (milia) 

Gen. 

mille 

millium  (milium) 

Dat. 

mllle 

mlllibus  (mllibus) 

Ace. 

mille 

millia      (mllia) 

Abl. 

mllle 

mlllibus  (mllibus) 

243.  I.  The  cardinals  from  quattuor  to  ceatum  inclusive 
are  indeclinable  :  quattuor  puellae,  four  girls  ;  septem  pue- 
rorum,  of  seven  boys. 

2.    Compare  the  declension  of  iinus  with  that  of  ille  (202). 


ESSENTIALS    OF    LATIN  121 

3.  Mille  in  the  singular  is  indeclinable,  and  is  generally 
lised  as  an  adjective:  mille  milites,  a  thousand  soldiers. 
In  the  plural  it  is  a  noun  only :  septem  millia  militum, 
seven  thousands  of  soldiers^  seven  thoitsand  soldiers, 

244.  Examine  the  following  : 

1.  ^Hannibal  multos  annos  in  Italia  manebat,  Hannibal  re- 

mained {for)  many  years  in  Italy. 

2.  Hoc  flumen  altum  quinque  pedes  est,  this  river  is  five 

feet  deep. 
a.    Observe  that  the  accusative  multos  annos  denotes  dura- 
tion or  extent  of  time,  quinque  pedes,  extent  of  space, 

245.  Rule.  —  Extent  of  Time  and  Space.  —  Extent  of 
time  or  space  is  expressed  by  the  accusative. 

246.  Vocabulary 

altitiido,altitudinis,f.,>^^^^^/,  mercator,  oris,  m.,  merchant, 

depth,  trader. 

eruptio,  onis,  f.,  a  breaking  socius,  i,  m.,  companion,  ally. 

out,  a  sally,  passus,  us,  m.,/^^^. 

incendo,  ere,  incendi,  incensus,  mille     passus,    a    thousand 

set  fire  to,  burn.  paces,    a   (Roman)   mile ; 

maneo,  ere,  mansi,  mansurus,  millia  passuum,  miles. 

stay,  remain.  hora,  ae,  f.,  hour. 

247.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Centum  viginti  mercat5rum ;  mille  trecentis  sex 
et  quadraginta  militibus.  2.  Trium  exercituum ;  duabus 
legionibus  ;  quattuor  equorum.  3.  Murus  quem  vides  sex 
pedes  altus  est.  4.  Duos  menses  eruptionem  facere  para- 
bant.  5.  Caesar  novem  annos  in  Gallia  manebat.  6.  Equi- 
tes  duas  horas  magna  cum  virtute   pugnabant.     7.    Socii 


122 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


Helvetiorum  decern  millia  passuum  per  provinciam  Roma- 
nam  iter  fecerunt.  8.  Legatus  cum  tribus  cohortibus  vicos 
duodecim  incendit  et  agros  vastavit.  9.  Tria  millia  militum 
ad  flumen  ab  hostibus  interf ecti  erant.  10.  Id  flumen  cen- 
tum pedes  latum  et  duodeviginti  altum  fuit.  1 1.  Hic  collis 
septuaginta  quinque  pedes  altus  est.  12.  Equitatus  Athenls 
Delphos  exiit.  ' 

II.  I.  Thirty-seven  villages;  five  thousand  soldiers;  a 
thousand  horsemen.  2.  For  two  months  the  soldiers  of 
the  Roman  people  besieged  that  town.  3.  The  wall,  which 
was  twelve  feet  high,  was  defended  by  Caesar's  forces. 
4.  He  remained  eight  months  in  that  country,  and  hastened 
to  Rome.  5.  The  soldiers  remained  in  Carthage,  but  the 
consul  came  to  Rome. 


LESSON    41 

FIFTH   DECLENSION.      GENITIVE   OF   THE   WHOLE 
(PARTITIVE   GENITIVE) 


248. 


Fifth  Declension 
The  stem  ends  in  -e- 


dies. 

m.,  day 

res,  f . 

,  thing 

Stem  die- 

Stem 

re- 

Base  di- 

Base 

r- 

Case  Endings 

Smr.. 

Plur. 

Sing. 

Plur. 

Sing. 

Plur. 

NOM. 

dies 

dies 

res 

res 

-es 

-es 

Gen. 

dieii 

dierum 

reii 

rerum 

-ei 

-erum 

DAT. 

diei 

diebus 

rei 

rebus 

-ei 

-ebus 

Ace. 

diem 

dies 

rem 

res 

-em 

-es 

Abl. 

die 

diebus 

re 

rebus 

-e 

-ebus 

^  In  the  genitive  singular  the  case  ending  is  -ei  if  the  base  ends  in  a  vowel, 
-61  if  the  base  ends  in  a  consonant. 


street  in  Potnpeii,  showing  Stepping  Stones^  Fountain,  Water  Reservoir,  and  Shops 


Street  of  the  To?nbs,  outside  the  Herculaneum   Gate,  at  Pompeii 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  1 23 

I.  Dies  and  res  are  the  only  nouns  of  this  declension  that 
have  all  the  forms  of  the  plural.  A  few  other  nouns 
have  the  nominative  and  accusative  plural. 

249.  Rule.  —  Gender.  —  All  nouns  of  the  fifth  declension 
are  feminme  except  dies,  which  is  usually  masculine  in  the 
singular  and  always  so  in  the  plural,     > 

250.  Examine  the  following : 

1.  Satis  cibi  habemus,  we  have  enough  (of)  food. 

2.  Nihil  novi  est,  there  is  nothing  {oi)  new  {newness,  novelty). 

3.  Unus  ex  militibus  vulneratus  est,  one  of  the  soldiers  was 

wounded. 

4.  Quidam  de  nostris  ceciderunt,  some  of  our  men  fell. 

a.  Observe  that  the  genitives  cibi,  novi,  denote  the  whole 

of  which  a  part  (satis,  nihil)  is  or  is  not  taken. 
Note  that  in  i  and  2  of  is  not  used  in  English. 

b.  Observe  the  construction  following  iinus  and  quidam 

in  3  and  4.  After  the  cardinal  numerals  regularly, 
and  after  a  few  other  words  occasionally,  an  ablative 
with  de  or  ex  is  used  in  place  of  the  genitive. 

251.  Rule.  —  Genitive  of  the  Whole  (''Partitive  Geni- 
tive ").  —  The  genitive  denoting  the  whole  from  which  a  part 
is  {or  is  not)  taken  is  used  with  nouns,  pronouns,  adjectives 
{except  numerals),  and  adverbs.  The  part  taken  is  denoted 
by  the  noun,  p7'onoun,  etc.,  on  which  the  genitive  depends. 

252.  VOCABULARY 

acies,  ei,  f.,  line  of  battle.  nihil  reliqui,  nothing  left. 

dies,  ei,  m.,  day.  conficio,  ere,  conf eci,  conf ectus, 

res,    rei,    f.,    thing,    circum-  accomplish, finish,wear out. 

stance,  affair.  publicus,  a,  um,  public. 

nihil  (indecl.  noun),  nothing,  res  pUblica,  rei  piiblicae,  f .,  the 

satis  (indecl.  noun),  enough.  state,  the  commonwealth 


124  ESSENTIALS    OF   LATIN 

253.  REVIEW    EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Exercitus  decern  menses  Romae  manebat  2.  Via 
viginti  mlllia  passuum  est  longa.  3.  Pompeius  et  Caesar 
consules  fuerunt;  ille  Romae  manebat,  hic  cum  exercitu 
in  Galliam  venit.  4.  Helvetil  cum  omnibus  impedimentis 
domum  Ire  coacti  sunt.  5.  Equitatus  quiudecim  horis 
Athenis  Corinthum  iit. 

II.  I.  The  city  was  on  a  hill  a  hundred  feet  high. 
2.  The  allies  marched^  seven  miles  in  two  hours.  3.  Late 
at  night  the  general  set  fire  to  all  the  buildings.  4.  Be- 
hind the  camp  was  a  river  four  feet  deep. 

254.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Caesar  exercitum  flumen  uno  die  traduxerat. 
2.  Haec  res  hostes  terruit,  atque  pars  eorum  domum 
iit.  3.  Tres  dies  equitatus  cum  HelvetiTs,  qui  flumen 
translbant,  pugnabat.  4.  Vicos  et  aedificia  incenderant, 
et  nihil  reliqui  domi  habebant.  5.  Prima  liace  pauci 
de  eorum  mllitibus  iter  non  confecerant.  6.  FinitimI  eis 
satis  frumenti  et  cibi  dederunt.  7.  Res  publica  tribus  die- 
bus  magna  perlculo  llberata  est.  8.  Quattuor  e  legatls 
eo  die  eandem  rem  Caesarl  nuntiaverunt.  9.  Omnibus 
rebus  RomanI  Helvetios,  qui  dom5  exierant,  superabant. 
10.    Primam  aciem  iacere  tela  iussit. 

II.  I.  For  twenty  days  the  legions  defended  the  camp 
from  the  enemy.  2.  The  Gauls  have  enough  soldiers,  but 
they  lack  courage.  3.  The  Helvetians  have^  nothing  left, 
and  will  soon  go  out  of  their  territories.  4.  Few  of  our 
men  will  remain  in  Rome.  5.  In  a  few  days  we  shall  have 
enough  weapons. 

^  iter  facio.  ^  Express  this  idea  in  some  other  way  than  by  using 

habent. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  1 25 

LESSON   42 
READING   LESSON 

(Those  who  prefer  reading  lessons  based  on  Caesar's  Gallic  Wary  Book  II, 
may  use  the  lessons  beginning  at  476.) 

CHAPTER   V 

The  Helvetii  nevertheless  complete  their  Prepara- 
tions 

255.  Post  eius  mortem  nihil5  minus  Helvetii  e  finibus 
suis  ^  exire  constituerunt.  Ubi  iam  ad  eam  rem  parati  sunt, 
oppida  sua  ^  omnia  ad  ^  duodecim,  vicos  ad  ^  quadringent5s, 
reliqua  privata  aedificia  incendunt.^  Itaque  et  domum 
reditionis  spem  sustulerunt*  et  ad  bellum  parati  sunt. 
Frumentum  et  multa  alia  quemque^  domo  efferre  iubent.^ 
RauracI  et  Tulingi  et  Latobrigi  finitimi  idem  facere  et 
e  finibus  exTre  constituunt.^  B5ii,  qui  trans  Rhenum  in- 
coluerant  et  in  agrum  Noricum  transierant  Noreiamque 
oppugnaverant,  Helvetidrum  amici  et  socil  erant. 

(Reading  Selection  454) 

LESSON   43 

COMPARISON   OF   ADJECTIVES.     ABLATIVE   OF 
COMPARISON 

256.  The  degrees  of  comparison  are:  positive,  compara- 
tive, siipei'lative. 

I.    The  positive  is  the  simple  form  of  the  adjective  :  carus, 
dear, 

"^  their,  '^ about  (with  numerals).  ^The  present  tense  is  sometimes  used 
instead  of  a  past  tense  to  express  the  thought  with  greater  vividness.  It  is 
called  the  historical  present.     *  From  toII5.     ^  Ace.  of  quisque. 


126 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


The  comparative  is  formed  by  adding  to  the  base  of  the 
*  positive,  -ior  for  the  mascuHne  and  feminine,  and  -ius 

for  the  neuter :  carus  (base  car-),  dear,  carior,  carius, 

dearer. 
The  superlative  is  formed  by  adding  to  the  base  of  the 

positive,  -issimus,  -issima,  -issimum :  carus  (base  car-), 

dear,  carissimus,  a,  um,  dearest. 


Positive 

latus,  a,  um 
(lat-),  wide 

f ortis,  e  (fort-), 
brave 

velox  (veloc-), 
swift 


Comparative 
M,  and  F.  N, 

latior,      latius, 

wider 
fortior,    fortius, 

braver 
velocior,  vel5cius, 

swifter 


257.    The  superlative  is  declined 
comparative  is  declined  as  follows : 
Singular 


M.  and  F, 

N, 

NOM. 

latior 

latius 

Gen'. 

latioris 

latioris 

DAT. 

latiori 

latiori 

Ace. 

latiorem 

latius 

Abl. 

lati5re 

latiore 

Superlative 

latissimus,  a,  um, 

widest 
fortissimus,  a,  um, 

bravest 
velocissimiis,  a,  um, 

swiftest 

like  bonus  (62).     The 

Plural 
M.  and  F.  N. 

latiores        latiora 
latiorum      latiorum 
latioribus     latioribus 
lati5res  (is)  latiora 
latioribus     latidribus 


I.  In  what  forms  does  the  declension  of  the  comparative 
differ  from  that  of  regular  third  declension  adjectives 
(155,  161)? 

258.  Compare  altus  (alt-),  high,  deep ;  potens  (potent-), 
powerful;  brevis  (brev-),  short.  Decline  in  the  com- 
parative. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    LATIN  12/ 

259.    Examine  the  following : 

1.  Hie  mons  altior  quam  ille  est,  1  this  mountain  is  higher 

2.  Hie  mons  altior  illo  est,  J      than  that. 


this  mountain  I  have 
seen  oftener  than 
(/  have  seen)  that. 


3.  Hunc  montem  saepius  ^  quam  ilium 

vidi, 

4.  Hunc  montem  saepius  illo  vidi, 
In  I  quam  is  used  and  ille  is  nominative  ;  in  2  quam  is 

omitted  and  illo  is  ablative.     In  3  quam  is  used  and  ilium 
is  accusative ;  in  4  quam  is  omitted  and  illo  is  ablative. 

The  omission  of  quam  is  commonest  in  negative  sen- 
tences and  in  relative  clauses.  Thus,  vir  quo  nemo  fortior 
erat,  a  man  than  whom  none  ivas  {ever)  braver. 

260.  Rule.  —  Ablative  of  Comparison.  —  In  expressions 
involving  a  comparative  with  quam  the  case  used  after  quam 
is  the  case  which  the  completed  sentence  would  require.  If 
quam  is  omitted^  the  ablative  is  used, 

261.  VOCABULARY 

velox,  velocis,  swift.  latitudo,     inis,     f.,      width, 

tutus,  a,  um,  safe.        \moics,  breadth. 

turpis,  e,   disgraceful,  infa-  pervenio,    ire,   perveni,   per- 

Rhodanus,  i,  m.,  the  Rhone.  ventum,  come  up,  arrive, 

quam,  adv.,  than.  reach.                      [^besiege. 

latus,2  lateris,  n.,  side,  flank,  obsideo,  ere,  obsedi,  obsessus, 

262.  REVIEW    EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Oppidum  multos  dies  a  Caesare  oppugnatum  erat. 
2.  Paucis  mensibus  cibi  inopia  hostes  lab5rabunt.  3.  In- 
colas  qui  ex  oppido  exierunt  laudat.  4.  Qui  clamoribus  Gal- 
lorum  terrentur  }     5.   Tempus  anni  bello  non  erat  idoneum. 

^  saepius  is  a  comparative  adverb,  oftener :  see  280. 
2  Do  not  confuse  with  the  adjective  latus,  a,  um. 


128  ESSENTIALS    OF    LATIN 

II.  I.  On  that  day  Caesar  left  Rome.  2.  That  day  was 
the  end  of  the  war.  3.  He  left  the  city  and  hastened  into 
Gaul.  4.  In  that  battle  a  few  of  our  men  were  wounded  in 
the  head. 

263.  EXERCISES 

I.  1 .  Helvetii  finitimis  f orti5res  erant.  2.  Hoc  flumen 
quod  videtis  altius  quam  Rhodanus  est.  3.  Roman!  multis 
rebus  potenti5res  illis  gentibus  erant.  4.  Equos  vel5ciores 
quam  ill5s  omnes  vidimus.  5.  Turpissimum  est  agros 
sociorum  vastare.  6.  Hoc  latus  castrorum  tutius  erat  ill5, 
quod  hostes  discesserant.  7.  Caesar  Roma  contendit  et  ad 
fines  Helveti5rum  pervenit.  8.  Fliimen  Rhodanus  quin- 
gent5s  pedes  latum  est.  9.  Veloci5res  equites  quam  tuos  non 
vidL     10.    Urbs,  quam  Romani  obsidebant,  latissima  erat. 

II.  I.  The  Celts  are  the  bravest  of  all  the  Gauls. 
2.  Have  you  seen  a  more  disgraceful  flight.'*  3.  That 
side  of  the  fortifications  that  you  see  has  been  besieged 
for  many  days.  4.  The  sea  is  deeper  than  the  deepest 
rivers.  5.  What  road  is  shorter  than  that.**  6.  This 
month  is  shorter  than  that. 

LESSON   44 

COMPARISON    OF    ADJECTIVES    (Continued).     ABLATIVE 
OF   MEASURE   OF   DIFFERENCE 

264.  Adjectives  ending  in  -er  form  the  superlative  by 
adding  -rimus,  to  the  nominative  singular  masculine.  The 
comparative  is  formed  regularly  (256,  2). 

Positive  Comparative  Superlative 

pulcher    (pulchr-),  pulchrior,  pulchr-  pulcherrimus,      a, 

beautiful  \eager        ius  um 

acer    (acr-),    keen,  acrior,  acrius  acerrimus,    a,    um 


ESSENTIALS    OF   LATIN 


129 


265.  The  following  six  adjectives  ending  in  -lis  form 
their  superlative  by  adding  -limus,  a,  um  to  the  base.  The 
comparative  is  regular. 

Positive  Comparative  Superlative 

similis,   e    (simil-),  %     similior,  ius  siriiillimus,  a,  um 

like 
dissimilis,  e  (dissi-       dissimilior,  ius       dissimihimus,       a, 

mil-),  unlike  um 

facilis,    e    (facil-),       facilior,  ius  facillimus,  a,  um 

easy 
difficilis,e(difficil-),       difficilior,  ius 

hard 
gracilis,  e  (gracil-),       gracilior,  ius 

slender 
humilis,  e  (humil-),       humilior,  ius 

low 


difficillimus,  a,  um 
gracillimus,  a,  um 
humillimus,  a,  um 


266.  Examine  the  following : 

1.  Hie  mons  centum  pedibus  altior  quam  ille  est,  this  moun- 

tain is  a  hundred  feet  higher  (literally,  higher  by  a 
hundred  feet^  than  that, 

2.  Hoc  iter  multo  facilius  illo  est,  this  road  is  much  easier 

(literally,  easier  by  much)  than  that. 
Observe  that  the  ablatives  centum  pedibus  and  multo  ex- 
press the  measure  of  differencehoX.'NtQVi  the  objects  compared. 

267.  Rule.  —  Measure  of  Difference.  —  The  Measure  of 
Difference  is  expressed  in  connection  with  the  comparative 
degree  by  the  ablative  without  a  preposition. 

"268.  Sometimes  the  comparative  and  superlative  are 
used  without  making  a  comparison  between  two  objects. 
Then  the  comparative  means  too  or  ratJier^  and  the  super- 
lative very  or  exceedingly. 


I30  ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 

1.  Hie  mons  altissimus  est,  this  mountain  is  very  (or  exceed- 

ingly) high, 

2.  Hie  mons  altior  est,  this  mountain  is  rather  (or  too)  high, 

269.  VOCABULARY 

adventus,  us,   m.,  approach^  animus,  i,  m.,  mind,  courage, 

arrival,  spirit,  disposition. 

lenis,  e,  smooth,  gentle,  inter,    prep,    with    ace,    be- 

exspecto,     are,     avi,     atus,  tween,  among,  during. 

.  await,  wait  for,  expect,  certiorem  eum  facio,  with  de 

ibi,     adv.,     in     that    place,  and  3h\.,/ inform  him  {lit., 

there,  I  make  him  more  certain)  of, 

270.  REVIEW   EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Caesar  in  Gallia  multas  legiones  habuit.  2.  Quod 
c5nsilium  tutius  hoc  est.'^  3.  Naves  quibus  milites  missi 
erant  velocissimae  sunt.  4.  Helvetii  flnitim5s  multos 
annos  finibus  prohibuerant.  5.  Turpissimum  est  e  proelio 
discedere. 

II.  I.    There    are    not    enough    horsemen    in    Rome. 

2.  Many    soldiers     have    gone    from    Rome    to    Gaul. 

3.  Caesar's  army  was  compelled   to  fight  for  two  days. 

4.  Late   at   night   the   general   ordered   the   soldiers    to 
pitch  camp. 

271.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Impetum  hostium  exspectare  difficillimum  est. 
2.  Ripae  huius  fluminis  leniores  sunt.  3.  Legatus  multo 
fortior  meo  fratre  est.  4.  Pons  inter  duo  oppida  factus 
erat.  5.  Omnium  urbis  viarum  haec  multo  brevissima  est. 
6.  De  adventu  navium  eum  certiorem  fecerunt.  7.  Iter 
inter  altos  montes  angustum  et  difficillimum  erat.  8.  Col- 
lis  in  quo  Romani  castra  posuerant  centum  pedibus 
altior  illo  est  qui  ad  vicum  est.     9.    De   casu   exercitus 


ESSENTIALS   OF.  LATIN  I31 

legat5s  certiores  fecit.       10.    Qui  eos  certiores  de  Caesaris 
adventu  fecerunt? 

II.  I.  There  1  was  there  an  exceedingly  high  mountain. 
2.  The  Rhone  is  five  feet  deeper  than  that  river.  3.  This 
city  in  many  respects^  is  rather  Hke^  Rome.  4.  Their 
spirits  were  roused  by  the  bravery  of  our  men.  5.  We 
informed  them  about  the  difficult  road. 


LESSON   45 

IRREGULAR   COMPARISON   OF  ADJECTIVES.     Possum 

272.    Several   common   adjectives  are   irregularly  com- 
pared.    Which  of  these  are  irregular  in  English  ? 

Positive  Comparative  Superlative 

bonus,  a,  um,  good    melior,  melius  optimus,  a,  um 

malus,  a,  um,  dad    peior,  peius  pessimus,  a,  um 

magnus,    a,    um,     maior,  malus  maximus,  a,  um 

great 

parvus,     a,     um,     minor,  minus  minimus,  a,  um 

small 

multus,     a,     um,      plus  plurimus,  a,  um 

much 

multi,  ae,  di,  many    plures,  plura  plurimi,  ae,  a 

vetus,  veteris,  old    vetustior,vetustius  veterrimus,  a,  um 

senex,    senis,   old    senior (maiornatu)  maximus  natu 

(501) 

rnvQwis,  Qy young      iunior (minornatu)  minimus  natu 

superus,    a,    um,     superior,  superius,  supremus,  summus, 

above  higher  highest 

inferus,     a,     um,     inferior,    inferius,  infimus,  Imus,  low- 

below  lower  est. 

1  See  note  on  49,  II.  3.       2  j-gg,  3  gee  163. 


fasc.  and  Fern, 

Neut, 

plures 

plura 

plurium 

plurium 

pluribus 

pluribus 

plures,  is 

plura 

pluribus 

pluribus 

132  ESSENTIALS    OF    LATIN 

273.  Plus,  more,  is  not  declined  like  other  comparatives 
(257).     Wherein  is  the  difference  ? 

Singular  Plural 

Masc.  and  Fern.    Neut. 

NoM.       plus 

Gen.        pluris 

DAT.  

Ace.       plus 

Abl.       

274.  Possum  (pot(is)  +  sum),  /  am  able,  I  can, 

Prin.  Parts  :  possum,  posse,  potui, 

Learn  all  tenses  of  the  indicative  (522). 

Observe 

1.  That  the  t  of  pot  becomes  s  before  s,  and  that  the  f  of 

the  tenses  formed  from  the  perfect  stem  is  dropped 
after  the  t  of  pot. 

2.  That  in  other  respects  this  compound  of  sum  is  formed 

and  conjugated  like  sum  (521). 

275.  VOCABULARY 

fides,  ei,  f.,  trust,  confidence,  accedo,  ere»  access!,  accessu- 

potestas,    atis,    f.    (possum),  rus (with  ad  and  the  ace), 

power,  authority,  .      '  go  ox  come  near,  approach, 

nobilis,  e,  well  known,  noble,  hue,  adv.,  to  this  place,  hither, 

amplus,  a,  um,  lai^ge,  exten-  quam  maximus,  the  greatest 

sive,  am.ple,  possible,  as  large  as  pos- 

permitto,  ere,  permisi,  permis-  sible    (with    superlatives 

sus,  give  tip,  intrust,  per-  quam  has  the  force  "  as 

mit,  possible "). 


ESSENTIALS  OF   LATIN  I33 

276.  REVIEW   EXERCISES 

L  I.  Eos  difficilius  iter  facere  coegit.  2.  Sed  hostes 
eo  die  impetum  in  eos  non  fecerunt.  3.  Gallos  de  eius 
consiliis  certi5res  fecerunt.  4.  PaucI  de  nostris  ad  flumen 
latissimum  pervenerant.  5.  Urbs  cuius  moenia  obsedi- 
mus  latior  mille  passibus  illo  oppid5  est. 

n.    I.   The  house  is  many  feet  higher  than  the  wall. 

2.  We  have  been  waiting  for  the  attack  for  five  days. 

3.  The  spirits  of  the  cavalry  were  aroused  by  Caesar's 
speech.     4.    We  shall  inform  him  of  your  misfortune. 

277.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Poterat;  potuerat;  potestis ;  poterit.  2.  Caesar 
quam  maximis  itineribus  in  Galliam  contendit.  3.  Acce- 
dere  ad  vicum,  qui  summo^  in  monte  positus  est,  non  pos- 
sunt.  4.  Omnia  in  fidem^  et  potestate«i  populi  Romani 
illae  nationes  permiserunt.  5.  Ubi  de  eius  adventu  Hel- 
vetii  certidres  facti  sunt,  legat5s  ad  eum  nobilissimos  civi- 
tatis  mittunt.  6.  Aestate  plura  proelia  quam  hieme  facta 
sunt.  7.  Legi5nem  summum  collem  munire  iubet.  8.  Hel- 
vetil  ob  flumina  maxima  transire  in  provinciam  nostram  non 
poterant.  9.  Pompeius  sex  annls  maior  natu  erat  quam 
Caesar. 

II.  I.    On  the  top  of  the  hill  was  a  very  small  house. 

2.  The  general  was  ten  years  older  than  the  lieutenant. 

3.  Very  old  people  cannot  make  long  journeys.  4.  Very 
many  have  come  hither  because  the  fields  are  rather 
extensive.     5.-  We  all  ought  to  do  as  much  as  possible. 

^  on  the  highest  part  of,  on  the  top  of.  Certain  other  adjectives  also  may  be 
used  to  denote  not  what  object,  but  what  part  of  the  object  is  meant,  as  imus, 
the  lowest  part  of,  the  bottom  of;  medius,  the  middle  of;  extremus,  the  end  of, 

2  keeping,  protection. 

(Reading  Selection  455) 


134  ESSENTIALS    OF    LATIN 

LESSON   46 
REVIEW.     FORMATION   AND  COMPARISON  OF   ADVERBS 
278.    Compare  the  following  adjectives,  giving  the  Eng- 


lish  meanings : 

turpis 

pessimus 

acrior 

minimus 

asper 

tutior 

Imus 

superus 

amplus 

velox 

similis 

plures 

nobilis 

vetustior 

maior 

senior 

279.    Adverbs  are  formed  from  adjectives. 

1.  Adjectives  of  the  first  and  second  declension  form  the 

adverb  by  adding  -e  to  the  base. 

Adjective  Base  Adverb 

carus,  dear  car-  care,  dearly 

pulcher,  beautiful  pulchr-  pulchre,  beautifully 

miser,  wretched  miser-  misere,  wretchedly 

2.  Adjectives  of  the  third  declension  form  the  adverb  by 

adding  -ter  to  the  stem.     Stems  ending  in  -nt  drop  -t. 


Adjective 

Stem 

Adverb 

fortis,  brave 

forti-       - 

fortiter,  bravely 

prudens,  wise 

prudent- 

prudenter,  wisely 

3.    In  some  adjectives  the  ablative  singular^  in  others  the 
neuter  accusative  singular,  serves  as  an  adverb  : 

primus,  yfri-/  primo,  at  first 

multus,  much  multum,  much 

facilis,  easy  facile,  easily 

280.    The  comparative  of  the  adverb  is  the  same  as  the 
neuter  singular  of  the  comparative  of  the  adjective;  the 


ESSENTIALS  OF   LATIN 


135 


superlative  of  the  adverb  is  formed  from  the  superlative  of 
the  adjective  by  changing  final  -us  to  -e  (note  one  exception 
below).  //  is,  therefore,  necessary  to  know  the  comparison 
of  the  adjective  in  order  to  compare  the  adverb. 


Adjective 

Adverb 

Comparative 

Superlative 

carus 

care,  dearly 

carius 

carissime 

pulcher 

pulchre,  beautifully 

pulchrius 

pulcherrime 

bonus 

bene,  well 

melius 

optime 

facilis 

facile,  easily 

facilius 

facillime 

acer 

acriter,  eagerly 

acrius 

acerrime 

multus 

multum,  much 

plus 

plurimum 

magnus 

magnopere,  greatly 

magis 

maxime 

Form  and  compare  the  adverbs  of  these  adjectives  in 
278 :  turpis,  amplus,  n5bilis,  pessimus,  velox,  plures. 

281.  VOCABULARY 

ago,  agere,  egi,  actus,  drive,     agmen,^  agminis,    n.    (ago), 


lead,  do. 

instruo,  ere,  instruxi,  instruc- 
tus,  draw  up,  form,  ar- 
range. 

administro,  are,  avi,  atus, 
manage,  direct ,  administer, 

plurimum  possum,  /  am  very 
powerful,  have  most  influ- 
ence. 


army  (on  the  march),  col- 
umn ;  novissimum  agmen, 
the  rear ;  primum  agmen, 
the  van. 

proximus,  a,  um,  nearest, 
next  (163). 

apud,  prep,  with  ace,  among, 
with,  near, 

quartus,  a,  um,  fourth. 


282.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Apud  Helvetios  Orgetorix  plurimum  poterat. 
2.  Res  ab  imperatore  optime  administrabantur.  3.  Hel- 
vetii  multo  acrius  quam  f initimi  cum  hostibus  contendebant. 
4.    Caesar   aciem   summ5  in   colle   instruxit   et   impetum 

1  See  lower  illustration  facing  page  31. 


136 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


exspectavit.  5.  Vicus  ad  quern  prlmum  agmen  pervenerat 
proximus  erat  finibus  Gallorum.  6.  Omnia  quae  legatus 
iusserat  mllites  bene  egerunt.  7.  Ubi^  Caesar  ad  novissi- 
mum  agmen  pervenit,  acerrime  cum  hostibus  equites  pugna- 
bant.  8.  Summus  collis  a  peditibus  nostris  occupatus  est. 
9.  In  eo  proeli5  Orgetorlgis  flliam  et  unum  e  fllils  nostri 
ceperunt,  et  multos  interfecerunt.  10.  Nostri  quam  fortis- 
sime  pugnaverunt,  sed  expugnare  oppidum  non  potuerunt. 
1 1.  Nostri  socil  apud  finitimos  ob  amicitiam  populi  Roman! 
plurimum  possunt. 

II.  I.  He  hastened  into  the  territories  of  the  Helvetii 
and  arrived  there  ^  on  the  fourth  day.  2.  Caesar  was  very 
powerful  among  the  allies  of  the  Roman  people.  3.  The 
enemy  attacked  the  rear  very  fiercely.  4.  Who  can  manage 
this  affair  well?  5.  Caesar  ordered  the  allies  to  make  as 
long^  marches  as  possible.  6.  The  general  will  draw  up 
the  line  of  battle  very  carefully.*  7.  The  best  citizens  are 
not  always  the  bravest  soldiers. 


1  when. 


^  eo  (adv.). 


'  magnus. 


*  See  147,  3. 


Gallic  Swords,  Signal  Horn,  and  Shields 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  137 

LESSON    47     • 
CHAPTER   VI 
The  Two  Routes  by  which  the  Helvetii  could 

LEAVE    their    COUNTRY 

283.  Duobus  itineribus  Helvetii  domo  ^  exTre  potuerunt. 
Unum  per  Sequanos  inter  montem  luram  et  flumen  Rhoda- 
num  angiistum  et  difficile  erat,  quod  mons  altissimus  im- 
pendebat.  Alterum  iter  per  provinciam  nostram  mult5 
facilius  est,  quod  inter  fines  Helvetiorum  et  Allobrogum, 
qui  nuper  pacati  erant,  Rhodanus  fluit  isque  ^  vado  transltur. 
Extremum  oppidum  Allobrogum  proximumque  Helveti5rum 
finibus  est  Genava.  Ex  eo  oppid5  pons  ad  Helvetios  perti- 
net.  Omnia  ad  profectionem  Helvetii  comparaverunt 
et  ad  ripam  RhodanI  convenerunt. 

LESSON   48 
PERSONAL  AND   REFLEXIVE  PRONOUNS 

284.  Learn  the  forms  of  the  personal  and  reflexive  pro- 
nouns with  their  meanings  (511) :  ego,  /;  tu,  j/ou  ;  sui,  0/ 
himself,  herself ,  itself, 

285.  Use  of  the  Personal  Pronouns 

1.  The  pronoun  of  the  first  person  is  ego,  /;  of  the  second 
person  tu,  you  ;  of  the  third  person  is,  ea,  id,  he,  she^ 
il  {igOy  e).  They  are  used  in  Latin  as  subjects  only 
to  show  emphasis  or  to  avoid  ambiguity. 

a.  Te  voco,   I'm  calling  you.     (**  I  "   is  unemphatic,  and 

therefore  ego  is  not  used.) 

b.  Ego  te  voco,  /(emphatic)  am  calling  you.  (Such  emphasis 

^  Why  is  there  no  preposition  ?     See  237,  3.       2  jg  the  river  Rhone;. 


138  ESSENTIALS    OF   LATIN 

might  be  expressed  in  English  by  the  translation, 
'*  It  is  I  who  am  calling  you.") 
c.    Ego  eum  laudo ;  is  m.Q  cul^dit,  I  praise  him  ;  he  blames  me, 

286.  Use  of  the  Reflexive  Pronouns 

1.  A  reflexive  pronoun  is  one  that  refers  back  to  the  sub- 

ject of  the  clause  or  sentence  in  which  it  stands  (see 
also  428).     It  is  never  in  the  nominative  case  and 
so  is  never  subject. 
S.    I.    I  praise  myself  Pl.    We  praise  ourselves 

2.    You  ^xdi\^^  yourself  You  i^x^a^^  yourselves 

^  f  He  praises /^////i-^// 1  r^.  .      ^,  , 

3.-^^,    ^      .        ,        ; ^  ^  ihey  praise  thejnselves 

I  She  praises  herself  J 

2.  In  Latin  the  pronouns  of  the  first  and  second  person, 

ego  and  tu  (except  in  the  nominative  case),  are  used 
both  as  personal  and  reflexive  pronouns.  There  is 
no  special  form  for  the  reflexive  as  in  English.  In 
the  third  person,  however,  there  is  a  special  form  for 
the  reflexive,  sui,  of  himself ,  herself,  itself, 

S.    I.    me   laudo,   I  praise    Pl.   nos  laudamus,  we  praise 
myself  ourselves 

2.  \k\2iVA2LS^  you  praise  vos  laudatis,  you  praise 

yojirself  yourselves 

3.  s^\2iVAdX,  he  praises  se    laudant,    they  praise 

himself  themselves 

3.  Review  190.     Dp  not  confuse  is  with  sui.    Sui  regularly 

refers  to  the  subject  of  the  sentence  or  clause  in  which 
it  stands  (direct  reflexive).  Often,  however,  it  refers 
to  the  subject  of  the  main  verb  rather  than  to  that 
of  the  clause  or  phrase  to  which  it  belongs  gram- 
matically (indirect  reflexive). 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


139 


a,  Vir  se  videt,  the  man  sees  himself. 

b,  Vir  eum  videt,  the  man  sees  him  (some  one  else). 

4.  Review  207,  2.  Do  not  confuse  ipse  with  se.  Ipse  is 
not  a  reflexive,  but  merely  emphasizes  the  noun  to 
which  it  belongs.     It  may  be  used  in  any  case. 

a,  Vir  ipse  eum  vidit,  the  man  himself  saw  him, 

b,  Vir  se  vidit,  the  man  saw  himself 

c,  Virum  ipsum  vidimus,  we  saw  the  man  himself, 

287.  The  preposition  cum  does  not  precede  the  ablative  of 
personal  and  reflexive  pronouns,  but  is  appended  to  them : 
tecum,  instead  of  cum  te ;  nobiscum,  instead  of  cum  nobis. 
So  also  quibuscum,  with  whom,  instead  of  cum  quibus. 

288.  Examine  the  following  r 

1.  Ego,  qui  haec  facio,  tuus  pater  sum,  /,  who  do  this,  am 

your  father. 

2,  Vos,  qui  haec  facitis,  mei  amici  estis,  you,  who  do  this^ 

are  my  friends. 

Review  197.  Observe  that  the  verb  of  the  relative  clause 
agrees  in  person  with  the  antecedent  of  the  relative. 

289.  VOCABULARY 

dedo,  dedere,  dedidi,  deditus,  commeatus,iis,m.,/r^z//i"/^«i', 

give  up,  surrender.  supplies. 

committo,  ere,  commisi,  com-  spes,  ei,  f.,  hope. 

missus,    intrust,    commit;  sine,  prep,  with  abl.,  z£//V>^^^/ A 

proelium    committo,    begin  ante,    adv.,  and   prep,    with 
battle.  ace,  before. 

recipio,  ere,  recepi,  receptus,  postea,  adv.,  afterwards, 

take  back,  receive ;  se  reci-  autem,  conj.  (never  the  first 
'^tx^,retreat,betake  one's  self         word),  but,  however. 


I40  ESSENTIALS    OF   LATIN 

Singular  Plural 

1 .  me  recipio,  /  retreat  nos  recipimus,  we  retreat 

2.  te  recipis,  7^/^  retreat  vos  recipitis,  j/^//  retreat 

3.  se  recipit,  he  retreats  se  recipiunt,  they  retreat 

290.  REVIEW    EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Omnis  rei  publicae  spes  in  militum  virtute  posita^ 
est.  2.  Brevi  tempore  quattuor  e  principibus  R5mam  mit- 
tentur.      3.    Caesari  plus  potestatis   erat  quam   Pompeio. 

4.  Haec   res    hostibus  nuntiata  est,   quorum    equitatus  a 
nostris  summo  in  colle  videbatur. 

II.  I.  Caesar  was  very  powerful  among  the  Romans  on 
account  of  his  bravery.  2.  There  our  men  fought  very 
fiercely.  3.  The  line  of  battle  that  he  had  drawn  up  was 
next  to  the  river.     4.    It  is  very  difficult  to  manage  this. 

291.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Sine  vobis  miserrimi  erimus.  2.  Ego  sum  miles, 
tu  es  nauta.  3.  Nobis  est  satis  cibL  4.  Post  id  proelium 
hostes  domum  se  receperunt.  5.  Magna  cum  celeritate  in 
provinciam  nos  recipiemus.  6.  Vir  se  culpat,  ego  autem 
eum  laud5.  7.  Ubi  Galli  ad  eorum  fines  pervenerunt,  sese 
dediderunt.     8.    Caesar   legiones  ad^   se  convocari  iubet. 

9.  Panels  ante  diebus  legatum  ipsum  fugere  coegerunt. 

10.  Vos  qui  haec  fecistis  culpare  vos  debetis.     11.    Quis 
tecum  Athenas  ibit .? 

II.  I.  The  enemy  with  whom  you  were  fighting  have 
retreated.  2.  I  shall  compel  the  chief  himself  to  come 
to  me.  3.  Caesar  praised  the  plans  that  were  reported  to 
him.     4.    You  wish  to  retreat,  but  I  wish  to  begin  battle. 

5.  We  shall  always  defend  ourselves  bravely.     6.    The  girJ 
herself  will  defend  him.     7.    He  will  do  this  himself. 

^  depends.  ^  before. 

(Reading  Selection  456) 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  ■  I4I 

LESSON    49 
POSSESSIVE   ADJECTIVES.     DATIVE   OF   SERVICE 

292.  The  possessive  adjectives  are  as  follows.    They  are 
all  declined  like  adjectives  of  the  first  and  second  declension. 

Singular  Plural 

1ST  Per.     meus/    a,    um,    my,  noster,  nostra,  nostrum, 

rnijie  our,  ours 

2D  Per.     tuus,    a,    um,    your,  vester,  vestra,  vestrum, 

yotu's  your,  yours 

3D  Per.     suus,  a,  um,  his  (own),  suus,  a,  um,  their  (own), 

her  (own),  its  (own)  their 

293.  Use  of  the  Possessive  Adjectives 

1.  They  agree  in  gender,  number,  and  case  with  the  noun  to 

which  they  belong,  and  not  with  the  noun  to  which  they 
refer.   They  are  not  used  except  for  emphasis  or  contrast. 

a,  Suum  patrem  puella  vidit,  the  girl  saw  her  father. 

b,  Vestrum  amicum  vidimus,  ive  sazv  your  {^\\xx.)  f^^iend. 

c,  Tuas  filias  vidit,  he  saw  your  (sing.)  daughters. 

2.  Suus,  a,  um,  is  reflexive,  and  refers  to  the  subject  of  the 

verb.    When  '*his,"  *'her,"  ''its,"  "their,"  does  not  refer 
to  the  subject,  use  the  genitive  of  is,  eius,  his,  her,  its  ; 
.  eorum,  their ;  earum,  /^^/r  (referring  to  feminine). 

a.  Agricola  suum  equum  laudat,  the  farmer  praises  his  {i.e. 

his  own)  horse. 

b,  Agricola  eius  equum  laudat,  the  farmer  praises  his  (some 

one  else's,  not  the  farmer's)  horse. 

c.  Agricola  eorum  equos  laudat,  the  farmer  praises  their  horses, 

d,  Agricolae  suos  equos  laudant,  the  farmers  pi^aise  their  {thQir 

own)  horses. 

1  The  vocative  singular  is  mi. 


142 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


294.  Examine  the  following  : 

1.  Magno  USUI  nostris  fuit,  it  was  a  great  help  to  our  men 

(literally,  it  was  for  a  great  help  to  our  rneti), 

2.  Tertiam  aciem  nostris  subsidio  misit,  he  sent  the  third 

line  as  a  relief  (litQrally,  for  a  relief^  to  our  men. 
Observe  that  the  datives  magno  usui  and  subsidio  denote 
the  end  or  purpose,  that  for  which  a  thing  serves.     This 
use  of  the  dative  is  called  the  dative  of  service  or  purpose. 

295.  Rule.  — Dative  of  Service  or  Purpose.  —  The  dative 
is  used  with  sum  and  a  few  other  verbs  to  denote  the  purpose 
or  end  of  the  act  or  state  expressed  by  the  verb.  Commonly 
there  is  combined  with  the  dative  of  purpose  a7iother  dative 
denoting  the  person  interested  in  the  purpose  or  end^  of 
affected  by  it. 

296.  Summary 


Personal 
Pronouns 

Reflexive 
Pronouns 

Possessive  Adjectives 

First 
Person 

ego 

mei^ 

mens,  a,  um,  my,  mine 
noster,    nostra,    nostrum, 

our,  ours 

Second 
Person 

tu 

tuii 

tuus,  a,  um,  your,  yoiu's 

(sing.) 
vester,    vestra,    vestrum, 

your,  yours  (plur.) 

Third 
Person 

is,  ea,  id 

suii 

suus,  a,  um,  his,  his  own, 
her^  her  oivn,  its,  its 
own,  their,  their  own 
(reflexive) 

When  not  reflexive,  use 
the  genitive  of  is,  ea,  id. 

1  Why  is  there  no  nominative  form  for  reflexive  pronouns? 


1 

Ruined  Arches  of  the   Claudian  Aqueduct  outside  of  Rome,  to  the  south 


Roman  Baths  at  Bath,  England 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  I43 

207.  VOCABULARY 

redeo,  redire,  redii,  rediturus,  opus,  operis,  n.,  work,  labor. 

go  back,  rettirn,  tamen,    adv.,  yet,    how  ever , 

dimitto,  ere,  dimisi,  dimissus,  nevertheless. 

send  off,  dismiss,  let  go,  itaque,   conj.,  and  so,   there- 

reddo,  ere,  reddidi,  redditus,  fore. 

give  back,  return,  .render,  inde,  adv.,  thence,  thereupon. 

sustineo,   ere,   sustinui,   sus-  usus,  us,  m.,  use,  advantage^ 

tentus,  hold  up,  withstand,  benefit. 

sustain. 

298.  REVIEW    EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Hoc  mihi,  illud  tibi  difficile  est.  2.  Postea  in 
silvas  sese  receperunt.  3.  N5s  de  proelio  certiores  faciet. 
4.  Caesar  e5s  sibi  arma  dedere  cogit  5.  Milites  se  lauda- 
bant,  eos  autem  culpabant.     6.    Nobis  Romae  satis  cibi  est. 

II.  I.  Some  retreated  in  one  direction,  some  in  another. 
2.  The  Gauls  themselves  had  been  frightened  by  Caesar's 
soldiers.  3.  He  himself  is  praising  himself.  4.  Will  you  go 
with  me  to  Corinth.?     5.  They  ought  themselves  to  fight. 

299.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Caesar  equitatum  auxilio  suis  mis  it.  2.  Tuiamlcl 
tibi,  mei  mihi  sunt  carissimi.  3.  Labienus  unum  latus 
castrorum  ripls  fluminis  muniebat.  4.  Haec  res  nostris 
magn5  usui  erat.  5.  Impetum  sustinere  non  poterant; 
Itaque  in  suos  fines  redierunt.  6.  Hostes  Caesari  se  sua- 
que  omnia  dediderunt.  7.  Propter  operis  magnitudinem 
flumen  transire  Helvetii  n5n  potuerunt.  8.  Caesar  eius 
milites  dimisit,  su5s  autem  in  castris  tenuit.  9.  Consul  in 
fines  Helvetiorum  quam  maximis  itineribus  contendere  c5n- 
stituit.  10.  Caesar  Helvetios  adventum  suum  exspectare 
iussit. 


144  ESSENTIALS    OF   LATIN 

II.  I.  Caesar  compelled  the  Gauls  to  surrender  all 
their  possessions.^  2.  They  will  return  everything  to 
him.  3.  The  general  sent  three  cohorts  as  a  help  to  his 
men.  4.  Thereupon  the  Gauls  attacked  the  rear.  5.  They 
arrived  at  daybreak  and  began ^to  fortify  their  camp. 

LESSON    so 

INDEFINITE  PRONOUNS.     DESCRIPTIVE  ABLATIVE  AND 

GENITIVE 

300.  Review  195,  216.  Indefinite  pronouns  are  used  to 
indicate  that  some  person  or  thing  is  referred  to,  without 
indicating  just  what  one.  They  vary  in  degree  of  indefi- 
niteness.  Learn  the  declension  of  the  following  indefinite 
pronouns,  carefully  distinguishing  the  meanings  (see  515): 

Indefinite  Pronouns 

Masculine  Feminine  Neuter 

quis  qua  quid  (quod),  somebody,  anybody 

aliquis  aliqua  aliquid  (aliquod),  some  one 

quisquam  quicquam,  any  one  (at  all)  (no  plur.) 

quidam  quaedam  quoddam,  quiddam,  a  certai7i  one 

quisque  quaeque  quidque,  quodque,  each  one,  every  one 

1.  The  meanings  of  the  neuter  would  be  something,  etc. 

2.  Quisquam  and  quisque  are  declined  like  quis. 

3.  In  the  neuter  the  quid-forms  are  used  as  pronouns,  the 

quod-forms  as  adjectives. 

301.  Uses  of  the  Indefinite  Pronouns 

I.  Quis,  some  one,  any  one,  is  never  the  first  word  in  its  clause. 
It  is  generally  used  only  after  si,  nisi,  ne,  num:  si 
quid  his  accidit,  if  anything  happens  to  them, 

^  Express  by  the  neuter  plural  of  the  proper  possessive  adjective. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  145 

2.  Quisque,  each,  should  be  distinguished  from  omnis,  ally 

every.     It  is  not  often  used  in  the  plural,  and  regu- 
larly follows  the  word  to  which  it  belongs. 

3.  Quisquam  is  used  chiefly  in  negative  and  conditional  sen- 

tences :  nee  quisquam  hoc  f acit,  and  nobody  does  this, 

4.  Aliquis,  some  one  or  other,  some  one,  denotes  some  one 

whose  identity  is  unknown:   aliquis  tibi  haec  dixit, 
some  one  (/  do  not  know  who)  told  you  this, 

5.  Quidam  denotes  some  one  whose  identity  is  known  but 

is  not  fully  revealed :  quidam  haec  mihi  dixit,  some 
one  (/  know  who,  but  I  will  not  tell)  told  me  this,  . 

302.  Examine  the  following: 

1.  Vir  summae  virtutis  fuit,  1  he  was  a  man  of  very  great 

2.  Vir  summa  virtiite  fuit,     J  courage. 
Observe  that  the  genitive  phrase  summae  virtutis  and 

the  ablative  phrase  summa  virtiite  describe  the  noun  vir; 
and  that  an  adjective  modifies  the  nouns  virtutis  and  virtute. 

303.  Rule.  —  Descriptive  Genitive  and  Ablative.  —  The 
ablative  or  the  genitive  of  a  noun,  if  itself  modified  by  an 
adjective  or  genitive,  may  be  used  to  describe  a  person  or 
object.  The  genitive  is  less  common  in  this  use  than  the 
ablative;  it  occurs  chiefly  in  expi'essions  of  measure  or  7tum- 
ber,  and  in  phrases  consisting  of  nouns  modified  by  magnus, 
maximus,  summus,  tantus. 

304.  VOCABULARY 

diligentia,  ae,  f.,  carefulness,  alienus,    a,    um,    another' s^ 
diligence,  industry.  strange,  unfavorable. 

gratia,  ae,  i.,  favor,  influence,  reperio,  ire,  repperi,  repertus, 
kindness,  find,  discover,  ascertain. 

plebs,  plebis,  f.,  the  common  si,  conj.,  if. 

people,  nisi,  conj . ,  if  not,  unless,  except. 


146  ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 

305.  REVIEW   EXERCISES 

L  I.  LegatI  sua  omnia  Caesari  dedere  iubentur.  2.  Auxi- 
lium,  quod  a  Labieno  missum  erat,  equitatui  magno  usuI 
fuit.  3.  Legioni  satis  cibi  non  erat,  itaque  domum  se 
recepit.  4.  Galli  se  suaque  omnia  Romanis  dediderunt, 
quod  magnitudine  eorum  operis  terrebantur.  5.  Hostes 
in  nostram  aciem  impetum  fecerant. 

IL  I.  The  general  ordered  the  hostages  to  come  before  ^ 
him.  2.  He  will  return  to  Rome  and  will  see  his  father. 
3.  We  all  love  our  country.  4.  We  like  our  friends, 
you  yours.  5.  He  praised  his  own  children,  but  blamed 
hers. 

306.  EXERCISES 

L  I.  Quemque domo exire iubent.  2.  Si quis eius filiam 
laudat,  laetus  est.  3.  Quidam  ex  Gallis  multa  nocte  ad 
Caesarem  contend erunt.  4.  Orgetorix  apud  Helvetios 
magna  gratia  erat.  5.  Quis  de  hostium  casu  aliquid  novi^ 
repperit  ?  6.  Liberi  quique  ^  pugnare  non  poterant  in 
unum  locum  convocatl  erant.  7.  Princeps  propter  dlligen- 
tiam  magnae  potestatis  apud  suos  fuit.  8.  Neque  (and 
not)  e  proeli5  toto  die  quisquam  discessit.  9.  Si  alieno  in 
loco  proelium  committent,  vincentur.  10.  FinitimI  nostri 
bono  animo  ^  esse  in  nos  dicuntur. 

n.  I.  Every  one  ought  to  love  his  country.  2.  She  is 
wretched,  unless  she  hears  something  good^  about  her 
son.  3.  A  certain  one  of  the  merchants  informed  Caesar 
of  this.  4.  Caesar  was  a  man  of  great  influence  among  the 
common  people.  5.  Some  fled  in  one  direction,  some  in 
another. 

1  ad.    2  See  250,  2.     »  quique  (qui  +  que)  =  et  ii  qui    *  bonS  animo, 

well  disposed. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


147 


LESSON    SI 

PARTICIPLES.     FORMS.     DECLENSION.     MEANINGS 

307.  The  following  outline  shows  how  the  tenses  of  the 
participles  may  be  formed  from  the  stems  that  are  obtained 
from  the  principal  parts  {S6) : 


Tense 

Active  Voice 

Passive  Voice 

Present 

pres.  stem  +  ns  ^ 

wanting 

Future 

participial  stem  +  urus 

Gerundive.  Pres. 
stem  +  ndus  ^ 

Perfect 

wanting 

the  last  one  of  the 
principal  parts 

1.  Learn  the  participles,  with  their  meanings,  of  the  model 

verbs  (516-520). 

2.  Participles  ending  in  -ns  are  decHned  like  adjectives 

of  the  third  declension  (504);  those  in  -us,  like  bonus 

(62). 

308.  The  participle  is  a  verbal  adjective.  As  a  verb,  it 
may  govern  a  case ;  as  an  adjective,  it  agrees  with  a  sub- 
stantive. The  tenses  of  the  participle  denote  time,  not 
absolutely,  but  relatively^  that  is,  with .  reference  to  the  time 
of  the  verb  of  the  clause  in  which  it  stands.  The  following 
examples  will  show  how  the  time  of  the  participle  depends 
upon  that  of  the  main  verb. 

1  io  verbs  have  a  connecting  vowel  e  before  the  ending;  i.e.  audiens.  audi- 
endus. 


148  ESSENTIALS    OF    LATIN 

1.  Video  eumdd  agentem,  I  see  him  as  {while)  he  is  doing 

it  (literally,  him  doing  if). 

2.  Videbam  eum  id  agentem,  /  saw  him  as  he  was  doing  it, 

3.  Videbo  eum  id  agentem,  I  shall  see  him  as  he  will  be  doing  it, 

309.  Tenses  of  the  Participle 

1.  Present :  representing  an  action  as  in  progress  at  the 

time  indicated  by  the  tense  of  the  main  verb. 

2.  Perfect :  representing  an  action  as  completed  at  the  time 

indicated  by  the  tense  of  the  main  verb. 

3.  Future :  expressing  an  action  that  is  subsequent  to  {not 

yet  done  at)  the  time  indicated  by  the  tense  of  the 
main  verb. 

310.  Form  all  the  participles,  giving  the  English  mean- 
ings, of  do,  give ;  video,  see  ;  f acio,  make,  do ;  munio,  for- 
tify ;  ^o,go.     (525.) 

311.  Participles  are  used  in  Latin  more  extensively  than 
in  English.  In  Latin  the  participle  is  used  to  express 
ideas  that  are  often  expressed  in  English  by  a  relative 
clause,  by  clauses  beginning  with  ''  when,"  "  after,"  "  since," 
** although,"  ** while,"  "if,"  etc.  Study  carefully  the  fol- 
lowing examples,  which  show  the  various  relations  that  the 
participle  expresses  : 

1.  Milites  missos  non  culpavit,  he  did  not  blame  the  soldiers 

who  had  been  sent  (lit.,  the  soldiers  sent).     This  use  is 
not  common ;  a  relative  clause  is  generally  used. 

2.  Videbam  eos  id  agentes,  /  saw  them  as  (or  when)  they 

zvefe  doing  this. 

3.  Caesar  consul  factus  in  Galliam  contendit,  Caesar,  after 

he  had  been  made  consul,  hastened  into  Gaul  (literally, 
Caesar  having  been  made  consul,  etc.). 

4.  Galli  his  rebus  permoti  obsides  miserunt,  the  Gauls,  since 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  I49 

(or  because)  they  were  alarmed  by  these  things^  sent  hos- 
tages (literally,  the  Gauls  having  been  alai^med^  etc.). 

5.  Orgetorix   damnatus   interficietur,   if  ^  Orgetorix  is  con- 

demned^ he  will  be  killed  (literally,  Orgetorix  having 
been  condemned^will  be  killed). 

6.  Vulneratus  diu  pugnabat,  although  he  had  been  woiindedy 

he  fought  for  a   long   time  (literally,    having  been 
wounded,  he  fought). 

7.  Multos  vicos  captos  incendit,  he  captured  and  burned  many 

villages  (literally,  he  burned  many  captured  villages), 

312.  VOCABULARY 

aditus,  us,  m.,  approach,  circumvenio,     ire,      circum- 

vallum,  i,  n.,  rampart,  earth-  veni,  circumventus,    come 

works,  around,  surround, 

posterns,  a.,  um,  next,  follow-  educo,    ere,   eduxi,   eductus, 

ing,                 '  lead  out, 

circum,     prep,    with     ace,  lacesso,  ere,  lacessivi,  lacessi- 

around,  tus,  attack,  harass, 

permoveo,  ere,  permovi,  per-  Sequani,  orum,  m.  plur.,  the 

mOtus,  influence,  arouse,  Sequani  {3.  tribe  of  Gauls). 

313.  REVIEW   EXERCISES 

I.  I.    Hlc    gratia  ^apud    Sequanos    plurimum    poterat. 

2.  Galli  c5nsilium   ceperunt   quod    R5manls   non  gratum 
erat.      3.    Si   quid    reperitur,    Caesari    semper    nuntiatur. 

4.  Suam    quisque    melius   quam    alienam    patriam    amat. 

5.  Homines  summae  virtutis  esse  dicuntur. 

II.  I.  Caesar  has  been  informed  of  his  arrival.     2.  The 
day  that  Caesar  had  appointed  -^  with  the  ambassadors  came. 

3.  He  ordered  the  hostages  to  come  to  him.     4.    He  car- 
'  ried  all  his  possessions  with  him. 

1  canstituo. 


ISO 


ESSENTIALS    OF    LATIN 


314. 


EXERCISES 


I.  I.  Hfs  rebus  permoti  Roma  exire  maturant.  2.  In  le-^^ 
gatos  c5pias  e  castris  educentes  Galli  impetum  fecerunt. 
3,  Poster5  die  nostros  aditus  oppidi  munientes  hostes  laces- 
sent.  4.  Romani  banc  urbem  vallo  et  moenibus  munltam 
obsidere  constituerunt.  5.  Caesar  du5s  dies  a  dextro  cornu 
lacessitus  impetum  sustinere  poterat.  6.  Legiones  e  castris 
eductas  instruxit.  7.  Suum  amicum  dom5  exeuntem  videt. 
8.  Principes  Gallorum  victi  R5mam  mittentur.  9.  Caesar  de 
coniuratione  quam  Galli  fecerant  certior  f actus  est.  10.  Le- 
gatus  Gallos  qui  castra  circumveniebant  sese  dedere  coegit. 

II.  I.  When  Caesar  had  been  informed^  of  this,  he  hur- 
ried to  Rome.  2.  The  general  captured^  their  town  and 
fortified  it.  3.  The  enemy  harassed  us  as  we  were  crossing^ 
the  river.  4.  If  you  are  defeated,*  you  will  retreat  into  Italy. 
5.  Who  will  go  with  me  into  that  city  that  you  see  ?  6.  Al- 
though we  have  been  surrounded,^  we  will  fight  bravely. 

^S^^fS-        ^3"»7-        ^3ii»2.        *  3"»  5-        ^3">6. 
(Reading  Selection  457) 


A  Sie^e 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


151 


LESSON    52 

THE   PARTICIPLE   (Continued).     ABLATIVE   ABSOLUTE 

315.  Ablative  Absolute.  —  A  noun  or  a  pronoun  in  the 
ablative,  with  a  participle  agreeing  with  it,  may  be  used  to 
express  any  of  the  ideas  mentioned  in  311.  This  con- 
struction will  be  understood  best  by  a  careful  study  of  the 
following  examples  : 


after  the  Germans  had 

been  conqiieredy 
when  he  had  conquered 

the  Germans^ 
after    conquering    the 

Germans, 
having  conquered  the 

GermanSy 
now  that  the  Germans 

had  been  conquered, 
the    Germans    having 

been  conquered. 


Caesar,  Germanls 
victis,  in  hi- 
berna  venit, 


Caesar  went 
into  winter 
quarters. 


2.  Oppido  expugnato, 
hostes  Vincent, 


Nobis  castra  mu- 
nientibus,  Galli 
pervenerunt, 


if  the  town  is  captured, 
by  capturing  the  town, 
since  the  town  has  been 

captured, 
the  town  having  been 

captured, 

'  while  we  were  fortify- ' 

ing  the  camp, 
as  we  were  fortifying 
the  camp, 


they  will  con- 
quer the 
enemy. 


the  Gauls  ar 


152  ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 

Observe  that  the  ablative  absolutes,  Germanis  victis, 
oppido  expugnato,  nobis  munientibus,  are  translated  in  a 
variety  of  ways.  In  translating  an  ablative  absolute,  one 
must  use  judgment  in  selecting  a  translation  that  is  con- 
sistent with  the  meaning  of  the  main  verb. 

Notice  that  the  ablative  absolute  construction  is  used 
only  when  the  participle  does  not  agree  with  a  noun  of  the 
main  clause  (the  word  "absolute"  means  that  the  ablative 
phrase  stands  by  itself).  For  example,  such  a  sentence  as 
"  When  the  Gauls  had  been  conquered,  they  returned 
home"  would  be  rendered,  Galli  victi  domum  redierunt, 
and  the  ablative  absolute  construction  would  not  be  used, 
because  it  is  possible  to  make  victi  agree  with  Galli,  which 
is  the  subject  of  redierunt. 

316.  Since  the  verb  sum  has  no  present  participle,  two 
substantives,  or  a  substantive  or  pronoun  and  an  ad- 
jective, are  sometimes  used  in  the  ablative  absolute  con- 
struction. 


Duce  Caesare 
Romani 
semper 
vincebant, 


lit.  Caesar  {being)  leader^ 
under  the  leadership  of  Caesar^ 
if  Caesar  was  their  leader, 
when  Caesar  was  their  leader, 


the  Romans 
always  used 
to  conquer. 


317.  Remember  that  the  Latin  perfect  participle  is 
passive,  there  being  no  perfect  active  participle.  The 
ablative  absolute  is  often  used  to  supply  this  lack  of  a  per- 
fect active  participle ;  for  example,  the  sentence  "  Caesar 
having  done  this  returned  to  Rome  "  cannot  be  expressed 
literally  in  Latin.  It  must  be  changed  to  the  passive  form, 
"This  having  been  done,  Caesar  returned  to  Rome,"  and 
then  it  may  be  rendered  :  hoc  facto,  Caesar  Romam  rediit. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    LATIN  1 55 

318.  VOCABULARY 

mulier,  mulieris,  f.,  woman.  obtineo,  ere,  obtinui,  obtentus, 

signum,   i,   n.,  sign,   ensign,  possess,  obtain,  retain. 

standard  (of  the  legion).  converto,   ere,  convert!,   con- 

quam    primum,    as  soon   as  versus,  turn  about,  change, 

possible.  signa  converto, /^<:^  about  ( lit- 

tollo,   ere,   sustuli,  sublatus,  erally,  turn  the  standards 

lift  up,  raise,  remove,  take  about). 

away.  occido,  ere,  occidi,  occisus,  cut 

redtico,  ere,  reduxi,  reductus,  down,  kill,  slay. 

lead  back.  inquam,  inquit,  def.,  say. 

.    319.  REVIEW    EXERCISES 

I-.  I.  Legioneip  auxilia  nostrls  diu  lacessitTs  misit. 
2.  Caesar  hostium  clamoribus  permotus  munire  aditus 
castrorum  coepit.  3.  C5nsul  legaturn  secum  redire  Romam 
iubebit.  4.  Equitatus  Gallos  nostra  castra  circumvenientes 
lacessebat.     5.  Legatus  nihil  novl  repperit. 

II.  I.  After  the  Helvetii  had  been  defeated,  they  were 
compelled  to  return  home.  2.  He  led  his  forces  out  of 
the  camp  and  drew  them  up.  3.  Although  many  of  our 
men  had  been  wounded  they  fought  bravely.  4.  The 
Gauls  could  not  fortify  the  mountain  themselves. 

320.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Te  imperatore,  nos  non  dedemus.  2.  H5c  proelio 
fact5,  suos  in  hlberna  redQxit.  3.  His  rebus  Caesar  f actis 
quam  primum  Roma  exiit.  4.  Pedites  in  castra  reduct5s 
•hostes  moenibus  prohibere  dux  iubet.  5.  Suis^  a  Gallis 
perm5tTs  ^  Caesar  "  Impetum  "  inquit  "  hostium  exspectare 
est  difficile.'*    6.  Novissimum  agmen,  slgnis  conversis,  laces- 

1  Is  this  ablative  absolute  ? 


154  ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 

sere  Helvetios  imperator  iubet.  7.  Caesari  Romam  redire 
coacto  hoc  proelium  nuntiatum  erat.  8.  Hostes,  multls 
occisis,  fortiter  nostrum  impetum  sustinebant.  9.  Omni 
spe  victoriae  sublata,  Helvetii  cum  mulieribus  liberlsque 
domum  redierunt.  10.  Oppidum  quod  Galli  munierant  a 
Romanis  incensum  est. 

IL  I.  Having  fought  this  battle,^  Caesar  led  his  forces 
across  the  river.  2.  If  you  are  brave,  the  repubhc  will  be 
preserved.  3.  When  the  hostages  had  been  freed,  they 
returned  to  their  people.  4.  When  the  leader  of  the  en- 
emy had  been  killed,  the  Gauls  crossed  the  river.  5.  The 
Romans  faced  about  and  bravely  attacked  the  enemy. 
6.  After  the  top  of  the  hill  had  been  fortified,  we  awaited 
the  enemy.  7.  When  the  Romans  had  fortified  the  hill, 
they  returned  to  their  camp.  8.  Having  burned  your  vil- 
lages, we  shall  kill  your  leader. 


LESSON    53 

READING   LESSON 

CHAPTER   VII 

Caesar  attempts   to   check   the   March   of   the 
Helveth.     They  send  Ambassadors  to  Him 

321.  His  rebus  nuntiatis  Caesar  maturat  R5ma  exire 
atque  quam  maximis  itineribus  ad^  Genavam  contendit. 
Erat  omnin5  in  Gallia  ulteriore  legio  una.^  Qua^  re  pro- 
vinciam  totam  praebere  quam  maximum  militum  numerum- 
et  pontem  qui  erat  ad  Genavam  rescind!  iubet.     Ubi  de 

1  =  this  battle  having  been  made.  ^  towards.  ^  biU  (only)  one, 

*  Qua  re,  therefore. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


155 


eius  adventu  Helvetii  certidres  facti  sunt,  legat5s  ad  eum 
mittunt  nobilissimos  civitatis.  Qui  ^  legatl  iter  per  pr5- 
vinciam  Rdmanam  a  Caesare  postulant.  Sed  temporibus 
antlquls  Helvetii  consulem  Cassium  occlderant  exercitumque 
eius  sub  iugum  miserant.  Qua  re  Caesar  hominibus  ininlcd 
animo  ^  iter  per  provinciam  non  dedit.  Tamen  diem  con- 
loquio  cum  legatis  constituit. 


LESSON    54 
INFINITIVES.     FORMATION   AND   MEANINGS 

322.  Review  182,  183,  184,  307.  The  following  outline 
shows  how  the  tenses  of  the  infinitive  may  be  obtained  from 
the  principal  parts  : 

Infinitives 


Tense 

Active  Voice 

Passive  Voice 

Present 

Second  one  of  the 
principal  parts. 

Change  final  e  of  present 
infinitive  to  i,  except  in 
third  conjugation,which 
changes  final  ere  to  i. 

Future 

Future  active  parti- 
ciple and  esse. 

Supine  in  -um  (which  is 
the  same  form  as  accu- 
sative singular  neuter 
of  perfect  passive  par- 
ticiple), and  iri. 

Perfect 

Perfect  stem  -f  isse. 

Perfect  passive  participle 
and  esse. 

1  The  relative  often  stands  at  the  beginning  of  a  sentence  where  English 
uses  a  personal  pronoun  or  a  demonstrative  with  or  without  and ;  hence  Qui 
legatl  =  these  ambassadors,  2  ggg  ^03. 


156 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


I.    Learn  the  infinitives,  with  English  meanings,  of  the 
model  verbs  (516-520). 

323.    Form  all  participles  and  infinitives,  giving  the  Eng- 
lish meanings,  of 


vincio,  bind, 
iubeo,  order, 
relinquo,  leave, 
sum,  I  am  (521). 


iacio,  throw, 
appello,  nanie^  call, 
vinco,  conquer. 
eo,  go  (525). 


324. 


VOCABULARY 


auctoritas,  atis,  f .,  reputation^ 
influence^  authority, 

littera,  ae,  f.,  letter  of  the  al- 
phabet; (plur.),  letter,  docu- 
ment. 

res  frumentaria,  rei  frumen- 
tariae,  supplies  of  grain, 
provisions. 


cottidianus,  a,  um,  daily, 
scribo,  ere,  scrips!,  scriptus, 

write. 
cado,  ere,  cecidi,  casurus,/^//, 

pe7'ish,  die. 
at,  conj.,  b?it. 
numquam,  adv.,  nenjer. 


325. 


REVIEW   EXERCISES 


I.  I.  Gallr  c5nsulem  copias  instruentem  laces siverunt 
2.  Roman!,  slgnis  conversfs,  oppidum  ex  itinera  oppug- 
naverunt.  3.  Caesare  consule  Helveti!  coniurationem 
faciebant.  4.  German!  vict!  finitimos  virtute  supera- 
bant.  5.  Nostr!  autem  multas  mulieres  captas  domum 
miserunt. 

IL  I.  If  I  am  your  leader,  will  you  attack  the  enemy? 
2.  The  women  could  do  this  themselves.  3.  After  they 
had  slain  a  few  of  the  enemy,  the  soldiers  were  led  back  to 
camp.     4.    And  so  the  hope  of  the  Gauls  was  taken  away. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  1 57 

326.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Scribi;  sustulisse ;  casurum  esse.  2.  Instrui;  pro- 
hibuisse;  miss5s  esse;  prohiberi.  3.  Capi;  cepi;  reddidisse; 
dedidisse.  4.  Missuram  esse ;  misisse ;  reducL  5.  Pauci 
de  filiis  occisi  esse  dicuntur.  6.  Numquam  culpari  cupi- 
mus.  7.  Galli  a  finitimls  cottidianis  proelils  lacessiti 
ex  suis  finibus  discedere  coeperunt.  8.  Caesar  multas  lit- 
teras  scripsisse  dicebatur.  9.  Frumentum  ad  Caesarem 
navibus  portari  non  poterat.  10.  At  decern  e  nostris  ceci- 
disse  in  h5c  proelio  dicuntur. 

II.  I.    He   is   said   to   be   a  man  of  great  reputation. 

2.  Those  women  are  said  to  have  been  sent  to   Rome. 

3.  This  place  cannot  be  taken  by  storm  by  the  enemy  on 
account  of  its  very  large  ramparts.  4.  You  were  compelled 
to  retreat  into  the  province.  5.  Gaesar  ordered  the  ships 
to  be  burned.  6.  This  is  said  to  have  been  a  great  advan- 
tage to  them. 

(Reading  Selection  458) 

LESSON    55 

INDIRECT   DISCOURSE.     SIMPLE   STATEMENTS 

327.  The  words  or  thoughts  of  a  person  may  be  quoted 
either  directly  or  indirectly.  A  direct  quotation  {i,e,  direct 
discourse)  is  one  which  gives  the  exact  words  or  thoughts 
of  the  original  speaker  or  writer.  An  indirect  quotation 
{i.e.  indirect  discourse)  is  one  in  which  instead  of  the  orig- 
inal words  or  thoughts  we  have  their  substance  (general 
sense)  stated  in  the  words  of  another. 

The  English  sentence,  "  I  am  present,"  when  quoted  di- 
rectly, is  stated  thus  :  "  He  said,  '  I  am  present.*  "  When 
quoted  indirectly,  it  assumes  this  form  :  "  He  said  that  he 


158  ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 

was  present,'*  or,  after  a  present  tense  of  the  verb  of 
saying,  "  He  says  that  he  is  present."  An  indirect  state- 
ment, then,  is  generally  introduced  in  English  by  the  word 
"that,"  although  this  may  be  omitted,  as,  ''He  says  (that) 
he  is  coming." 

328.  Examine  carefully  the  following : 

Direct  Discourse  Indirect  Discourse 

tu  venis,  you  are  coming,  dicit  te  venire,  he  says  that 

you  are  comings  or  he  says 
you  are  coining. 
Note 

1.  That  the  English  generally  expresses  the  indirect  state- 

ment by  a  clause  introduced  by  "  that "  (expressed  or 
understood). 

2.  That  there  is  no  word  in  Latin  to  correspond  to  the 

''that"  in  English. 

3.  That  the  Latin  changes  the  verb  of  the  direct  statement 

to  the  infinitive,  and  changes  the  case  of  the  subject 
to  the  accusative. 

329.  Rule.  —  Indirect  Discourse.  —  Simple  statements^ 
when  quoted  indirectly  after  verbs  of  sayingy  knowingy 
thinking,  and  perceiving,  are  expressed  by  the  infinitive  with 

its  subject  in  the  acc7isative. 

• 

330.  Review  308.  The  tenses  of  the  infinitive  do  not 
follow  the  tense  of  the  introductory  verb.  Like  the  tenses 
of  the  participle,  they  merely  denote  time  relative  to  that 
of  the  main  verb.  The  present  infinitive  describes  an 
action  as  going  on  at  the  time  of  the  main  verb,  the  perfect 
as  completed  by  {before^  that  time,  the  future  as  not  yet 
begun  at  that  time. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


159 


The  following  examples  will  show  to  what  tenses  of  the 
infinitive  the  various  tenses  of  the  indicative  are  changed : 


Tense 

Direct  Discourse 

Indirect  Discourse 

Present 

videt  me  venire,  he  sees 

Present 

venio,  I  am  coming 

that  I  am.  coming 

Past 

vidit  me  venire,  he  saw 

that  I  was  coming 

Present 

Imperfect 

veniebam,    /   was 

coming 

audit    me    venigse,   he 
hears  that  I  came,  or 
have  come 
Past 

Perfect 

veni,  /  have  come, 

audivit  me  venisse,  he 

I  came 

hea7'd  that  I  came,  or 

Pluperfect 

veneram,     /    had 

come 

had  come 

Present 

sperat     me     venturum 

(esse),  he  hopes  that 

Future 

veniam,     /    shall 

I  shall  come 

come 

Past 

speravit  me  venturum 

(esse),  he  hoped  that 
I  should  come 

Caution.  —  In  indirect  discourse  the  subject  of  the  infini- 
tive should  never  be  omitted. 


l6o  ESSENTIALS    OF    LATIN 

331.  VOCABULARY 

existimo,  are,  avi,  atus, //i!/;//^,  trado,  ere,  tradidi,  traditus, 

belieiw,  suppose.  give     tip,    surrender^    de- 

demonstro,    are,    avi,    atus,  liver. 

point  oicty  show,  mention,  conspectus,     us,     m.,     sights 

spero,  are,  avi,  atus,  hope,  view. 

respondeo,  ere,  respond!,  re-  complures,    a  (ia),   a   great 

sponsum,  answer,  reply,  manyy  very  many. 
scio,  scire,  scivi,  scitus,  know^ 

know  how, 

332.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Galli  se  domum  recipiunt.  2.  Caesar  Gallos  se 
domum  recipere  dixit.  3.  Nostra  arma  numquam  trademus. 
4.  Respondemus  nostra  arma  numquam  nos  tradituros 
(esse).  5.  Se  in  conspectu  sul^  imperatoris  pugnavisse 
miles  existimavit.  6.  Armis  traditis,  in  Caesaris  potesta- 
tem  Galll  venerant.  7.  Caesar  nuntiavit  Gall5s,  armis 
traditis,  in  suam  potestatem  venisse.  8.  Omnes  scimus 
hanc  rem  a  legato  bene  administratam  esse.  9.  Caesar 
suis  '*  Quis  scit  "  inquit  *' hunc  pontem  facere  .'^ '*  10.  Im- 
peratori  nuntiatum  est  complures  alios  aliam  in  partem 
fugere.  11.  Legati  responderunt  *' Nos  a  finitimis  nostris 
diu  lacessiti  sumus.'' 

II.  I.  The  gods  will  give  us  help.  2.  They  thought  that 
the  gods  would  give  them  help.  3.  We  have  shown  that 
the  Gauls  were  men  of  the  greatest  ^  courage.  4.  They 
said  that  many  had  not  come.  5.  We  can  do  this  ourselves. 
6.  They  said  they  could  do  this  themselves.  7.  Caesar 
replied,  "  I  hope  that  they  will  retreat." 

^  The  reflexive  pronouns  and  adjectives  in  an  indirect  statement  usually 
refer  to  the  subject  of  the  main  verb  of  "  saying,"  "  thinking,"  etc.     See  286,  3. 
2  Do  not  use  maximus.     See  302,  i. 


ESSENTIALS   OF    LATIN  l6l 

LESSON    56 
DEPONENT   VERBS.     ABLATIVE  WITH   utor,  fruor,   Etc. 

333.  Deponent  verbs  have  passive  forms  with  active 
meanings.  These  passive  forms  are  regular  in  their  forma- 
tion and  inflection,  and  are  classified  in  four  conjugations, 
like  regular  verbs.     The  principal  parts  are  as  follows : 

Present     Present  Perfect 

IND.  Inf.  Ind. 

1ST  CoNj.  hortor  hortari  \\ox\.2XVi%^Vi\SL,  I  tirge,  encourage 

2D    CoNj.  vereor  vereri  veritus  sum,  I  fear 

3D    CoNj.  sequor  sequi  secutus  sum,  I  follow 

4TH  CoNj.  potior  potiri  potftus  su6i,  I  get  possession  of 

I.  Learn  all  forms  of  the  indicative,  infinitive,  and  partici- 
ple of  these  four  model  verbs.     (528.) 

334.  Deponent  verbs  have  2^  future  active  infinitive  instead 
of  a  future  passive,  and  they  have  the  participles  of  both 
active  and  passive  voices. 

335.  Review  317.  The  perfect  passive  participle  of  a 
deponent  verb  is  active  in  meaning. 

Cohortatus  milites  proelium  commisit,  after  encouraging 
(literally,  having  encouraged^  his  soldiers,  he  began  the 
battle, 

336.  Examine  the  following  : 

1.  Equis  utuntur,  they  tcse  horses. 

2.  Vita  fruitur,  he  enjoys  life. 

Observe  that  equis  and  vita  are  ablatives,  although  the 
corresponding  words  in  English  are  the  direct  objects  of 
their  verbs. 


l62  ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 

337-  Rule.  —Ablative  with  Certain  Verbs.  —  The  abla- 
tive IS  used  with  the  deponent  vei'bs  utor,  fruor,  fungor,  potior, 
^nd  vescor,  and  their  compounds, 

338.  VOCABULARY 

-utor,    uti,    usus    sum,    tise,  proficiscor,  proficisci,  profec- 

employ,  tus  sum,  set  out,  march,  go, 

sequor,  sequi,  secutus  sum,  arbitror,  ari,  atus  sum,  think, 

follow.  sicppose. 

cohortor,  ari,  atus  sum,  en-  pello,  ere,  pepuli,  pulsus,  ex- 
courage,  exhort.  pel,  drive  away,  rout. 

potior,   potiri,   potitus    sum,  praesidium,    i,    n.,    defense^ 

get  possession  of.  guard,  garrison, 

fossa,  ae,  f.,  ditch,  tj-ench. 

339.  REVIEW    EXERCISES      , 

I.  I.  Caesar  complures  secum  in  Ttaliam  ituros  (esse) 
•sciebat  2.  Hoc  proelio  facto,  hostes  se  recipere  coacti 
•sunt.     3.    LegatI   demonstrant    sibi   esse    multos    equites. 

4.  Incolae  responderunt  sese  multum  frumentum  dedisse. 

5.  Legatus  se  expugnare  oppidum  posse  sperat. 

II.  I.  The  Gauls  thought  Caesar  would  not  fight  with 
them.  2.  All  those  arms  that  you  see  have  been  given 
up.  3.  Caesar  saw  that  the  enemy  were  being  drawn  up 
on  top  of  the  hill.  4.  The  ambassadors  replied  that  many 
were  leaving  their  homes. 

340.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Arbitraris ;  utiminl ;  proficlscetur ;  proficlscitur. 
2.  Pepuleramus  ;  arbitrarl ;  arbitrare ;  usurum  esse.  3.  Cae- 
sar   se    cum    tribus    legionibus    secuturum    (esse)    dixit. 

4.  C5nsul  R5ma  profectus  in  fines  Helvetiorum  contendit. 

5.  German!   usi   esse   parvis   equls   dicuntur.     6.    Consul, 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  163 

cuius  exercitus  pulsus  est,  a  civibus  culpabitur.     7.    Com- 
meatus,   quo  nostri  utebantur,  multa  nocte  incensus  est. 

8.  GallT    oppidum    vall5    fossaque    muniri    arbitrabantur. 

9.  Hostes  potlri  castris  non  posse  dux  vidit.      10.  Quattuor 
cohortes  praesidi5  castris  Labienus  rellquit. 

IL  I.  After  encouraging  his  men,  Caesar  got  possession 
of  the  town.  2.  For  many  days  the  horsemen  who  were 
following  harassed  the  rear.  3.  He  will  use  these  legions 
as  a  garrison.  4.  Caesar  set^  out  from  the  city,  and  began 
to  wage  war  with  the  Helvetii.  5.  It  is  reported  that 
Labienus  has  routed  the  brave  Gauls. 

LESSON    57 

Fer5  AND  fio.      DATIVE   WITH   INTRANSITIVES 

341.  Learn  the  principal  parts  and  all  forms  of  the  indica- 
tive, infinitive,  and  participle  of  fero  (527)  and  fio  (526). 

I.    Review  the  conjugation  of  facio  (177-179),  and  note 
that  fio  is  used  as  the  passive  of  facio. 

342.  Examine  the  following  : 

•    I.   ^ohls -j^ersusident J  t/iej/ persuade  us. 
2.   Imperatori  paret,  /le  obeys  the  commander. 

Observe  that  nobis  and  imperatori  are  datives,  while  the 
corresponding  EngHsh  words  are  the  objects  of  their  verbs. 

343.  Rule.  —  Dative  with  Verbs.  — Most  verbs  signify- 
ing to  favor ^  help,  please,  trust,  and  their  contraries,  also  to 
believe, persuade,  command,  obey,  servCy  resist,  envy,  threaten^ 
pardon,  and  spare,  take  the  dative, 

^Use  a  participle. 


1 64  ESSENTIALS    OF   LATIN 

344.  VOCABULARY 

fero,  ferre,  tuli,  latus,  bear,  fio,  fieri,  factus  sum,  become^ 

carry.  be  made, 

confero,     conferre,     contuli,  persuadeo,  ere,  persuasi,  per- 

conlatus,    brifig    together,  svieisnm{w.d2it.)y persuade, 

gather.  pareo,  ere,  parui,  —  ( w.  dat.), 

nemo,  dat.  nemini  (no  gen.  obey. 

or  abl.),  no  one,  nobody.  noceo,    ere,   nocui,    nociturus 

moror,  ari,  atus  sum,  delay,  (w.  dat.),  harm,  injiu^e. 

hinder.          [resist,  oppose,  credo,  ere,  credidi,  creditum 

resisto,ere,restiti,— (w.dat),  (w.  dat.),  believe^  trust, 

345.  REVIEW    EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Nostri  equitatum  Gallorum  tria  mlllia  passuum  se- 
cutT  pepulerunt.  2.  Caesar  certior  factus  est  Gallos  ex  vico 
profectos  (esse).  3.  Labienus  urbe  vallo  et  fossa  munlta 
potltur.  4.  Principes  Helvetiorum  suos  cohortati  nostrum 
impetum  fortissime  sustinebant.  5.  Caesar  suos  ex  castrls 
eductos  Instrul  iubet.- 

II.  I.  They  informed  us  that  the  enemy  were  preparing 
to  make  an  attack.  2.  On  leaving^  the  camp,  our  men 
crossed  a  river  that  was  twenty  feet  wide.  3.  After  forti- 
fying the  camp,  the  Romans  awaited  their  attack.  4.  He 
said  they  ought  to  come  to  him. 


^' 


46.  EXERCISES 


I.  I.  Impedlmentis  in  unum  locum  conlatis,  nostri  aciem 
instruxerunt.  2.  Parere  suo  quisque  imperatorl  debet.  3.  Ad 
castra  multos  dies  morati  Galll  domum  se  receperunt.  4.  Per- 
suadere  nos  els  numquam  poterimus.  $.  Nemo  ei  haec 
dicenti  credit.     6.    Oppidum  expugnarl  non  poterat,  quod 

1  Use  the  ablative  absolute. 


Porta  Magi^iore,   Rome 

Over  the  Arches  of  the  Gate  are  two  Aqueducts.     In  front  of  the  right-hand  Arch  is  the 
Tomb  of  a  Government  Bread  Contractor 


B9 

H 

^ifelffilXL.!  rij  ■  *     '' 

,        ;      .,pp™ 

%.  ^.t^i^:^»-v..^  ^ 

^^22^i.JV\..s.. 

i#iili'^i.;.>«^f» 

m 

^pr^r^r^ 

iHp 

ssbi 

wrM 

Pi" 

K^              : 

wk 

.MM^^ 

i^^Sw^ 

9KI 

1^^ 

^B^"*^ 

'>^ 

i 

m 

m 

L 

Part  of  Frieze  on  Bread  Contractors    Tomb  at  the  Porta  Maggiore 

Reading  from  right  to  left  we  see  men  grinding  grain  into  flour,   sifting  it,  molding  the 
loaves,  and  putting  them  into  the  oven 


ESSENTIALS    OF    LATIN  165 

incolae  nostrls  fortiter  resistebant.  7.  BonI  librl  nemini 
nocent.  8.  Caesar  litterls  Labienl  certior  fiebat  omnes 
Belgas  {Belgians)  contra  populum  Romanum  coniurationem 
facer e.  9.  Quare  {therefore)  Caesar  ad  eos  proficIscT  con- 
stituit.  10.  Itaque  re  frumentaria  comparata,  castra  movet, 
diebusque  quindecim  ad  fines  Belgarum  pervenit. 

II.  I.  They  inform  Caesar ;  Caesar  is  informed  by  them. 
2.  They  said  that  a  conspiracy  was  being  formed.  3.  No 
one  could  persuade  him.  4.  Children  ought  to  obey  their 
elders.^  5.  I  believe  that  they  will  injure  us.  6.  After 
fortifying  the  camp,  Caesar  encouraged  his  men. 

(Reading  Selection  459) 

LESSON    58 

READING   LESSON 

CHAPITER   VIII 

Caesar  erects  Fortifications.     The  Helvetii  attempt 

TO  CROSS  THE  RhONE,  BUT  ARE  RePELLED 

347.  Interea  ea  legi5ne  quam  secum  habebat  militibus- 
que  qui  ex  provincia  convenerant  murum  pedes  sedecim 
altum  et  fossam  a  lacu  Lemanno,  qui  in  flumen  Rhodanum 
influit,  ad  montem  luram,  qui  fines  Sequanorum  ab  Helve- 
tils  dividit,  perducit.  Eo  opere  perfecto  et  castellis  munltls, 
facile  eos  prohibere  potest.  Ubi  ea  dies  quam  constituerat 
cum  legatis  venit,  et  legatl  ad  eum  redierunt,  negat^  se 
posse  iter  ulli  per  prdvinciam  dare.  Helvetii  autem,  navi- 
bus  iiinctis  ratibusque  compluribus  factis,  perrumpere 
c5nati^  operis  muniti5ne*  et  militum  tells  repulsi  sunt. 

1  See  272,  senex.  ?  negat  se  posse,  says  he  cannot  (literally,  denies  that 
he  can).  ^  From  conor,  a  deponent  verb.  *  Can  you  not  infer  its  meaning 
from  the  verb  munio? 


1 66  ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


LESSON    59 

THE  SUBJUNCTIVE  MOOD.  PRESENT  TENSE.  CLAUSES 
OF  PURPOSE 

348.  Learn  the  present  tense,  active  and  passive,  of  the 
subjunctive  of  the  model  verbs  of  the  four  conjugations 
(516-520);  of  sum  (521);  of  possum  (522);  of  60(525); 
offero(527);  of  £10(526). 

No  meanings  for  the  subjunctive  are  given,  because  the 
translations  vary  according  to  the  construction  used.  These 
meanings  will  be  understood  as  the  various  uses  of  the 
subjunctive  are  taken  up  in  the  succeeding  lessons. 

1.  Compare  carefully  the  forms  of  the  present  subjunctive 

of  the  third  and  fourth  conjugations  with  those  of  the 
future  indicative. 

2.  Notice  that  the  personal  endings  are  the  same  as  in  the 

indicative. 

3.  The  following  table  will  assist  in  fixing  in  mind  the  forms 

of  the  first  person  singular : 

Present  Subjunctive 
Conjugation  I  II  III  IV 

Active         -em        -earn        -am,  -iam  -iam 

Passive        -er  -ear  -ar,  -iar  -iar 

349.  A  sentence  consisting  of  a  main  (or  independent) 
clause  and  one  or  more  dependent  (or  subordinate)  clauses 
is  called  a  complex  sentence.  In  the  following  examples 
the  dependent  verbs  are  italicized  : 

When  he  arrived  it  was  late. 

He  was  so  tired  that  he  went  to  sleep. 

He  came  that  he  mischt  see  me. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


167 


The  common  uses  of  the  subjunctive  in  dependent  clauses 
are  considered  in  this  lesson  and  those  following.  Its  uses 
jn  independent  clauses  are  treated  in  Lessons  67,  71,  72,  73. 

350.  Examine  the  following : 

1.  Romam  venit  ut  suum  amicum  videat,  he  comes  to  Rome 

that  he  may  see  his  friend,  in  order  that  he  may  see 
his  friend,  in  order  to  see  his  friend^  to  see  his  friend^ 
for  the  purpose  of  seeing  his  friend, 

2.  Vir  in  urbem  f  n^it  ne  interf  iciatur,  the  man  flees  into  the 

city  that  he  m,ay  not  be  killed,  so  that  he  m>ay  not  be 
killed^  in  order  not  to  be  killed,  lest  he  be  killed. 

a.  Observe  that  the  verbs  of  the  dependent  clauses  ut  suum 

amicum  videat  and  ne  interf  iciatur  are  subjunctive, 
and  that  they  express  the  purpose  of  the  action  of 
the  main  clauses,  ut  {that^  introducing  an  affirmative 
and  ne  {that  .  .  .  not)  a  negative  clause. 

b.  Notice  that  the  purpose  clauses  may  be  translated  in  a 

variety  of  ways.  Purpose  clauses  may  be  translated 
by  the  English  infinitive,  but  never  use  the  Latin 
infinitive  to  express  purpose. 

351.  Rule.  —  Subjunctive  of  Purpose. — Purpose  may  be 
expressed  by  the  present  or  imperfect  subjunctive  with  ut  if 
the  purpose  clause  is  affirmative,  and  by  the  subjunctive  with 
ne  if  the  purpose  clause  is  negative. 

352.  Review  the  principal  parts  and  meanings  of : 


conficid 

dedo 

accedo 

proficTscor 

fero 

committ5 

reddo 

potior 

utor 

persuaded 

converto  ' 

rede5 

sequor 

cado 

noceo 

cohortor 

reduco 

scio 

tollo 

scrlbo 

ago 

reperio 

trada 

obsideo 

arbitror 

credo 

lacess5 

pello 

instruo 

flo 

l68  ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 

353.  '  REVIEW   EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Mulieribus  llberisque  in  unum  locum  convoca- 
tls,  Gall!  impetum  nostrorum  exspectare  constituunt. 
2.  Ubi  Roman!  ad  eorum  fines  pervenerunt,  Galll  els 
restiterunt.  3.  Legatus  suum  quemque  cibum  portare 
iubet.  4.  Orgetoflgis  filia  a  Romanls  capta  certior 
fiebat  neminem  sibi  nociturum  (esse).  5.  Quis  uti  illo 
equo  potuit  ? 

II.  I.  He  is  informed  that  Labienus  has  persuaded 
the  Gauls.  2.  On  the  next  day  the  Romans  will  get  pos- 
session of  their  camp.  3.  He  did  not  believe  his  father. 
4.  He  did  not  believe  his  father  would  return. 

354.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Caesar  ad  primum  agmen  proficiscitur  ut  su5s 
cohortetur.  2.  Nostrl,  signis  conversis,  pellere  Gall5s 
coeperunt.  3.  Legatum  in  Galliam  proficlsci  iubet  ne 
ex  his  nati5nibus  auxilia  convocentur.  4.  Ibi  rex  paucos 
dies  moratur  ut  oppidum  obsideat.  5.  Redlmus  domum 
ne  ab  hostibus  occidamur.  6.  Galli  magnas  c5pias  unum 
in  locum  convocant  ut  bellum  gerant.  7.  Manesne  domi 
ut  litteras  amicTs  scribas  ?  8.  LegatI  in  castra  redeunt 
ut  Caesarl  persuadeant.  9.  Nos  sequimini  ut  aliquid 
reperiatis.  10.  Arbitror  Gallos  accedere  ut  obsides  red- 
dant. 

II.  I.  They  are  coming  in  order  that  they  may  be 
praised.  2.  Caesar  hurries  into  the  province  to  wage  war 
with  the  Gauls.  3.  They  are  surrendering  all  their  pos- 
sessions to  Caesar  in  order  not  to  be  killed.  4.  .We  write 
many  letters  to  persuade  our  friends.  5.  He  knew  that 
they  would  not  believe  him.  6.  You  are  waiting  in  Rome 
that  you  may  not  be  conquered. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  169 

LESSON   60 

SUBJUNCTIVE  (Continued).     IMPERFECT.    RESULT 
CLAUSES 

355.  The  first  person  singular  of  the  imperfect  sub- 
junctive may  be  formed  by  adding  the  personal  endings 
-m  (active),  -r  (passive),  to  the  present  active  infinitive. 

Present  Active  Infinitive  Imperfect  Subjunctive 

amare  amarem       amarer 

munire  munirem     munlrer 

monei*e  monerem     monerer 

I.  Learn  the  imperfect  subjunctive,  active  and  passive,  of 
the  four  model  verbs  (516-520);  of  sum  (521);  of 
possum  (522);  of  60(525);  offero(527). 

356.  Notice  carefully  the  difference  between  a  purpose 
and  a  result  clause.  A  result  clause  expresses  the  result 
or  outcome  of  the  action  of  the  main  verb.  Observe  the 
difference  as  shov^n  in  these  examples  : 

They  shouted  (so)  that  he  might  hear.      (Purpose.) 
They  shouted  so  that  he  heard.  (Result.) 

He  v^as  so  tired  that  he  could  not  go.        (Result.) 

Some  word  or  phrase  like  so,  such,  in  such  a  way,  etc.,  is 
often  used  in  the  main  clause  to  show  that  a  result  clause 
may  be  expected  to  follow. 

357.  Examine  the  following  : 

I.   Flumen  tam  latum  est  ut  Galli  transire  non  possint,  the 

river  is  so  wide  that  the  Gauls  ca7tnot  cross. 


170  ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 

2.   Flumen  tarn  latum  fuit  ut  Galli  transire  non  possent, 

the  river  was  so  wide  that  the  Gauls  could  not  cross. 
.3.   Nostri  tarn  fortiter  pugnabant  ut  hostes  se  reciperent, 

our  men  fought  so  bravely  that  the  ene?ny  retreated, 
4.    Tarn  graviter  vulnerati  erant  ut  pugnare  non  possent,  they 

had  been  so  severely  wounded  that  they  could  not  fight. 

a.  Observe  that  the  above  clauses  beginning  with  ut  ex- 

-  press  the  7'esult,  and  that  the  verbs  are  subjunctive, 

b.  Observe  that  when  the  main  verb  is  present  tense  the 

dependent  subjunctive  is /r^i*^;?/ tense,  and  that  when 
the  main  verb  is,  either  imperfect,  perfect,  ox  pluperfect 
{i.e,  any  tense  expressing  past  time),  the  dependent 
subjunctive  is  imperfect. 

c.  Observe  that  the  tense  of  the  subjunctive  is  not  neces- 

sarily the  same  as  that  of  the  main  verb. 
.  These  principles  {h,  c)  are  true  also  for  purpose  clauses. 

358.  Rule.  —  Subjunctive  of  Result.  —  Result  is  usually 
expressed  by  the  subjunctive  with  ut  if  the  result  clause  is 
affirmative,  and  by  the  subjunctive  with  ut  non  if  the  result 
clause  is  negative, 

359.  VOCABULARY 

consequor,  consequi,  consecu-  deditio,  onis,  f.,  surrender. 

tus  sum,  pursue,  overtake,  calamitas,   atis,   f.,  dis aster y 

progredior,      progredi,     pro-  defeat, 

gressus  sum,  advance,  pro-  tantus,  a,  um,  so  great,  such, 

ceed.  tam,  adv.,  so  (with  adjectives 

audeo,  ere,  ausus  ^  sum,  dare,  and  adverbs). 

accipio,  ere,  accepi,  acceptus,  ita,  adv.,  thus,  so, 

receive,                              ^  timor,  oris,  m.,  fear, 
castellum,  i,  n. ,  fort,  redoubt, 

1 A  semi-deponent  verb ;  i,e.  the  present  stem  is  active,  and  the  perfect 
stem  passive. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  171 

360.  REVIEW    EXERCISES 

I.  I.  GermanI  in  Galliam  transeunt  ut  eorum  fines 
vastent  2.  Vlcis  multls  et  parvis  incensTs,  Labienus 
urbem  pulcherrimam  obsidebat.  3.  Arbitramur  nos  eorum 
castris  potlrl  posse.  4.  Equitatus  sociorum  Caesarl  niagn5 
USUI  fuit.  5.  Caesar  ex  castris  profectus  in  Helvetios 
flu  men  transeuntes  impetum  faciet. 

n.  I.  Each  soldier  ought  to  obey  his  general.  2.  The 
enemy  are  following  us  to  harass  the  rear.  3.  You  are 
doing  this  for  the  sake  of  harming  me.  4.  I  am  informed 
that  the  enemy  have  taken  possession  of  the  top  of  the  hill. 

361.  .     EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Equitatus  progressus  erat  ut  Gallos  fugientis  conse- 
queretur.  2.  Oppidum  ita  a  militibus  munitur  ut  expugnari 
non  possit.  3.  Omnes  qui  transire  Rhodanum  ausi  sunt 
tells  et  sagittis  vulnerabantur.  4.  Tantus  erat  Helveti- 
orum  timor  ut  se  suaque  omnia  dederent.  5.  Caesar 
castra  movet  ne  hostes  inter  se  et  flumen  sint.  6.  Galli 
ita  operis  magnitudine  permovebantur  ut  arma  legato  tra- 
derent.  7.  Haec  urbs  castellis  munita  est  ne  a  R5manis 
caperetur.  8.  Haec  urbs  castellis  ita  munita  est  ut  a  Ro- 
manis  non  caperetur.  9.  Labienus  in  e5rum  fines  decern 
dies  progressus  multas  civitates  in  deditionem  accepit. 
10.  Tantus  hostium  erat  numerus  ut  sinistrum  cornu  cir- 
cumvenire  possent. 

II.  I.  We  shall  never  dare  to  do  it  on  account  of 
the  width  of  the  river.  2.  The  road  is  so  narrow  that  the 
enemy  cannot  advance.  3.  Such  was  the  depth  of  the 
river  that  they  could  not  cross.  4.  We  were  sent  to  carry 
the  children  back  to  Rome.  5-.  The  river  was  so' wide 
and  deep  that  they  used  ships. 

(Reading  Selection  460) 


172  ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 

LESSON   6i 
Volo.      Nolo.      Malo.      RELATIVE   CLAUSE   OF  PURPOSE 

362.  Learn  the  principal  parts  and  all  forms  of  the  in- 
dicative, present  and  imperfect  subjunctive,  infinitive,  and 
participle  of  volo,  nolo,  malo  (524).  Observe  that  nolo  is  a 
compound  of  non  and  volo,  and  malo  a  compound  of  magis, 
more  (shortened  to  ma),  and  volo.  Note  the  irregularities  in 
the  present  tense  of  the  indicative,  subjunctive,  and  infinitive. 

363.  Examine  the  following : 

I  the   chief  seftt 
ambassadors  to 
J      r 
ask  for  peace. 

The  English  translation  of  these  sentences  is  the  same, 
and  the  verbs  of  the  purpose  clauses  are  subjunctive.  In 
2,  however,  qui  is  used  instead  of  ut  to  emphasize  the  am- 
bassadors as  the  persons  who  have  the  purpose  to  perform. 

364.  Rule.  —  Relative  Clause  of  Purpose.  —  Purpose 
may  be  expressed  by  a  relative  clause  in  the  subjunctive^ 
especially  after  verbs  of  ^notion, 

365.  VOCABULARY 

peto,  ere,  petivi  (ii),  petitus,  praemitto,  ere,  praemisi,  prae- 

aim  at,  ask  for,  go  to  get.  missus,    send  ahead,    dis- 

volo,  velle,  volui,  — ,  be  will-  patch. 

ing,  wish,  will.  celeriter,  adv.  (celer,  swift), 

nolo,  nolle,  nolui,  — ,  be  un-  swiftly,  quickly, 

willing,  will  not.  senatus,  us,  m.,  senate, 

malo,    malle,    malui,  — ,   be  de  tertia  vigilia,  about  the 

more  willing,  prefer.  third  watch  (a  watch  was 

impedio,  ire,  impedivi,  impe-  equal  to  one  fourth  of  the 

ditus,  entangle,  impede.  night). 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  173^ 

366.  REVIEW    EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Flumen  Rhodanum  transierant  ne  a  Caesaris 
equitibus  caperentur.  2.  Nostri  tarn  acriter  pugnabant 
ut  Helvetil  alii  aliam  in  partem  fugerent.  3.  Equitatus 
hostes  in  fugam  dat5s  c5nsequi  non  audebat.  4.  Caesar 
de  Gallorum  dediti5ne  certior  f actus  legiones  in  hiberna 
reduxit.  5.  Labienus  se  n5n  posse  Gallls  credere  arbitra- 
batur. 

II.  I.  That  they  might  sustain  our  attack  for  a  long 
time,  the  Gauls  had  gathered  a  great  abundance  of  grain. 
2.  Such  was  the  speed  of  our  cavalry  that  they  overtook 
the  enemy.  3.  They  will  not  try  to  resist  our  soldiers. 
4.  Are  you  (plur.)  returning  to  the  city  to  warn  your 
friends  ? 

367.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  N5luisse;  mavultis ;  n5lumus.  2.  Mavis;  noles; 
malunt.  3.  Imperator  milites  praemlsit  qui  castra  pone- 
rent.  4.  Galll  victi  petere  pacem  nolunt.  5.  Multl  esse 
cum  Caesare  quam  Romam  redire  malebant.  6.  Helvetil 
legat5s  mittunt  ut  iter  per  Sequanorum  fines  facere  possint. 
7.  Caesar  equites  qui  Gallos  in  flumine  impedit5s  lacesse- 
rent  praemiserat.  8.  German!  legatos  miser unt  qui  dlxe- 
runt^  se  petere  pacem  velle.  9.  Caesar  his  rebus  ita 
permovebatur  ut  quam  celerrime  ad  suos  contenderet. 
10.  De  tertia  vigilia  Labienus  eos  qui  hostes  consequerentur 
praemlsit. 

II.  I.  We  are  unwilling  to  obey  him.  2.  Caesar  sends 
ahead  horsemen  to  burn  the  villages.  3.  We  are  return- 
ing to   Rome  to  persuade  the  senate.     4.    The   Helvetii 

^  Notice  how  the  translation  of  the  indicative,  dixeruDt,  differs  from  that 
of  the  subjunctive,  dicerent. 


174  ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 

preferred  to  seek  peace  rather  than  to  be  killed  by  the 
Romans.  5.  Why  are  you  unwilling  to  remain  at  home  ? 
6.  Although^  a  great  defeat  had  been  received,  the  Gauls 
did  not  wish  to  surrender  their  arms. 


LESSON    62 
SEQUENCE   OF   TENSES.     INDIRECT   QUESTIONS 

368.  Learn  the  perfect  and  pluperfect  subjunctive  of 
the  model  verbs  (516-520);  of  sum  (521);  of  60(525);  of 
fero  (527);  of  possum  (522);  of  fio  (526);  of  volo,  nolo, 
malo  (524). 

Observe  that  the  first  person  of  the  perfect  active  sub- 
junctive of  all  verbs  may  be  found  by  adding  -erim  to  the 
perfect  stem ;  that  the  pluperfect  active  subjunctive  may 
be  found  by  adding  the  personal  endings  to  the  perfect 
active  infinitive;  that  the  perfect  and  pluperfect  passive 
subjunctive  are  compound  forms,  like  the  same  tenses  of 
the  indicative. 

369.  Examine  the  following : 

Direct  Question  Indirect  Question 

Ubi  sunt  ?  zvhere  are  they  ?         Scio  ubi  sint,  /  knoiv  where 
Quid  f  acit }  what  is  he  doing  ?  they  are. 

Vidimus  quid  faceret,  we  saw 

what  he  was  doing. 

Observe  that  when  a  direct  question  is  asked  indirectly, 
depending  upon  some  introductory  verb,  the  verb  of 
the  original  direct  question  becomes  subjunctive  in  the 
indirect. 

1  See  311,  6  ;  3i(;. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  1 75 

Caution.  —  Do  not  confuse  an  indirect  question  with  an 
indirect  statement  (327).  Indirect  questions  may  be  recog- 
nized by  the  fact  that  some  interrogative  word  follows  the 
main  or  introductory  verb. 

Indirect  Question  Indirect  Statement 

Sclo  quis  veniat,  Scio  eum  venire, 

/  knoiv  who  is  coming,  I  know  (that)  he  is  coming. 

370.  Rule.  —  Indirect  Question.  —  The  verb  of  an  in- 
direct question  is  in  the  subjunctive, 

371.  It  has  been  noticed  in  the  three  preceding  lessons 
that  the  tense  of  a  dependent  subjunctive  depends  upon 
the  tense  of  the  verb  of  the  main  clause.  This  use  of  the 
tenses  follows  a  principle  called  the  Sequence  of  Tenses ^  3, 
principle  that  is  familiar  from  English  usage.     Compare  : 

He  comes  that  I  may  see  him. 
He  came  that  I  might  see  him. 

The  change  from  may  to  might  accompanies  the  change 
of  the  main  verb  from  comes  to  came.  This  change  of 
tenses,  therefore,  is  not  peculiar  to  Latin. 

372.  All  tenses  are  divided  into  two  classes,  as  follows : 


Primary  or  principal  tenses, 
denoting  present  or  future 
time. 


Present  Indicative, 
Perfect    Indicative,      some- 
times, when  it  means  have^ 
Future  Indicative, 
Future  Perfect  Indicative, 
Present  Subjunctive, 
.  Perfect  Subjunctive. 


1 76 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


Secondary  or  historical  tenses, 
denoting  past  time. 


373.    Examine  the  following  : 

f  Videt,  /ie  sees, 

1.  <Yidehit, /le  wi/l  see, 

[  Viderit,  /le  will  have  seen, 

r  Videt,  he  sees, 

2.  \  VidSbit,  he  will  see, 

[  Viderit,  he  will  have  seen, 

f  Videbat,  he  was  seeing, 

3.  \  Vidit,  he  saw, 

[  Viderat,  he  had  seen, 

Videbat,  he  was  seeing, 
Vidit,  he  saw, 
Viderat,  he  had  seen, 


Imperfect  Indicative, 
Perfect  Indicative, 
Pluperfect  Indicative, 
Imperfect  Subjunctive, 
Pluperfect  Subjunctive. 


quid    faciam,    what   I  am 
doing. 

quid  fecerim,  what  I  have 
done  (or  did). 

quid  facerem,  what  I  was 
doing. 

quid  fecissem,  what  I  had 
done  (or  did). 


Observe  what  tenses  of  the  subjunctive  follow  primary- 
tenses  of  the  indicative,  and  what  tenses  follow  secondary. 

374.  Rule.  —  Sequence  of  Tenses.  —  Whenever  the  sub- 
junctive is  used  in  a  dependent  or  subordinate  clause,  the 
tense  that  should  be  used  is  determined  commonly  by  the 
following  rule : 

A  primary  tense  in  the  main  clause  is  followed  by  a  pri- 
mary tense  in  the  dependent  subjunctive  clause ;  a  secondary 
tense  in  the  m,ain  clause  is  followed  by  a  secondary  tense  in 
the  dependent  subjunctive  clause. 

I.    Sometimes  the  perfect  indicative,  when  it  means  have^ 
has,  '.  .  .,  is  followed  by  a  primary  tense.  , 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  1 77 

375.  VOCABULARY 

procedo,  ere,  process!,  proces-  explorator,  oris,  m.,  scout, 

SUTR,  go  forward,  advance,  in  reliquum  tempus,  for  the 

Conor,    ari,    atus    sum,    try^         future, 

attempt,  inter   se  dare,   to   exchange, 

conloquor,   conloqui,  conlocu-         give  each  other. 

tus    sum,    speak   together,  in     flumine     pontem    facio, 
confer.  build  a  bridge  across  the 

in  animo  habeo,  1  /  have   in         river. 

mihi      est      in  [     mind,  in-  rogo,  are,  avi,  atus,  ask,  beg, 

animo,  J     tefid.  teneo,  ere,  tenui,  — ,  hold. 

376.  REVIEW    EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Quis  Caesare  imperatore  e  proeli5  discedere  aude- 
bit?  2.  Cur  Roma  exire  vultis  ?  3.  Labienus  cohortes  ex 
castrls  eductas  Instrul  iussit.  4.  Caesarl  est  nuntiatum 
summum  montem  a  Labieno  tenerL 

II.  I.  He  sent  forward  men  to  fortify  the  hill  as  quickly 
as  possible.  2.  The  enemy  hastened  to  attack  our  men 
while  impeded  in  the  river.  3.  Are  you  willing  to  obey 
your  leader }  4.  After  encouraging  his  men  there  Caesar 
hastens  to  the  river. 

377.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Helvetils  est  in  animo  iter  per  provinciam  facere. 
2.  Caesar  rogavit  cur  inter  se  obsides  darent.  3.  Principes 
ut  de  deditione  conloquantur  convenient.  4.  Imperator 
mult5s    dies    sciverat    quae    Galli    facere    conati   essent. 

5.  Caesar  praemittet  eos  qui  in  flumine  pontem  faciant. 

6.  Legati  Gallorum  Caesarl  dixeruntquae  sibi  in  animo  in  reli- 
quum tempus  facere  esset.  7.  German!  Caesarem  rogaverunt 
"  Cur  in  nostros  fines  processisti }''  8.  GermanI  Caesarem 
rogaverunt  cur  in  suos  fines  processisset.     9.   Summuscollis 


178 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


multis  castellis  munltus  erat  nfe  hostes  impetum  facerent 
II.  I.  We  know  who  goes  to  the  city.  2.  The  lieu- 
tenant said,^  "  Who  goes  to  Rome  ?  *'  3.  I  know  that 
they  have  returned  home.  4.  Caesar  asked  what  towns 
they  had  captured.  5.  We  can  see  why  they  have  fled. 
6.  Caesar  is  informed  through  scouts  that  the  enemy 
have  advanced.  7.  When  the  battle  had  been  fought,  the 
general  saw  who  had  been  wounded. 

1  inquit. 


Pontem  in  Jlumine  faciuni 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  1 79 

LESSON   63 
SUBSTANTIVE   CLAUSES 

378.  A  substantive  clause  is  a  clause  used  as  a  noun, 
especially  as  subject  or  object  of  a  verb.  In  the  following 
examples  the  substantive  clauses  are  italicized : 

I  know  what  he  has  done.  (As  object.) 

I  know  {that)  he  has  come.  (As  object.) 

T    ,  17.7  f  (As  subject,  or  in  appo- 

It  happened  that  he  was  p7'esent.    \        .  .  .  .       ,  .      \ 

^^  I      sition  with  subject.) 

He  persuaded  us  to  leave  the  city.  (As  object.) 

We  feared  that  he  might  die.  (As  object.) 

I  do  not  doubt  that  Jie  will  go.  (As  object.) 

He  ordered  us  to  leave  the  city.  (As  object.) 

It  will  be  observed  from  these  examples  that  substantive 
clauses  are  expressed  in  English  in  several  ways.  In  Latin 
substantive  clauses  are  usually  expressed  either  by  the  in- 
finitive or  by  the  subjunctive.  This  use  of  the  infinitive  in 
indirect  discourse  and  as  complementary  infinitive,  and  of  the 
subjunctive  in  indirect  questions,  we  have  already  considered. 

379.  Subjunctive  clauses  introduced  by  ut  or  ne  are  very 
often  used  in  Latin  as  the  object  of  verbs  signifying  to  asky 
comTnand,  advise^  resolvCy  urge,  persuade,  permit,  decree. 
An  infinitive  phrase  is  commonly  used  in  English  as  the 
object  of  such  verbs,  whereas  in  Latin  ut  or  ne  with  the 
subjunctive  is  used.  This  difference  in  usage  must  be  care- 
fully  noted. 

Examples 
I .   Helvetiis  persuasit  ut  exirent,  he  persuaded  the  Helvetii 
to  leave. 


l8o  ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 

2.  Suis  imperat  ne  id  f  aciant,  he  orders  his  men  not  to  do  this, 

3.  Milites  cohortatur  ut  impetum  sustineant,  he  urges  the 

soldiers  to  sustain  the  attack. 

380.  The  following  are  the  most  common  verbs  of  the 
classes  mentioned  in  379.  Their  meanings  and  principal 
parts  should  be  carefully  learned : 

persuadeo,  ere,  persuasi,  persuasum,  persuade. 

impero,  are,  avi,  atum,  order,  command, 

rogo,  are,  avi,  atus,  ask,  beg, 

postulo,  are,  avi,  atus,  demand,  ask, 

moneo,  ere,  monui,  monitus,  advise,  warn. 

peto,  ere,  petivi  (ii),  petitus,  ask,  request, 

cohortor  (and  hortor),  ari,  atus  sum,  encourage^  urge. 

permitto,  ere,  permisi,  permissum,  permit,  allow, 

1.  The  following  are  exceptions  to  the  above,  and  are  fol- 

lowed by  the  infinitive,  as  in  English : 
iubeo,  ere,  iussi,  iussus,  order,  command. 
veto,  are,  vetui,  ^tWXM^,  forbid, 

2.  The  following  are  generally  followed  by  ( i )  the  infinitive, 

sometimes  by  (2)  ut  or  ne  and  the  subjunctive: 
patior,  pati,  passus  sum,  suffer,  allow, 
constituo,  ere,  constitui,  constitutus,  determine. 
cupio,  ere,  cupivi,  cupitus,  desire. 
volo  (also  nolo  and  malo),  velle,  volui,  wish. 

381.  REVIEW    EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Scio  quid  tibi  sit  in  animo.  2.  Legati  diu  inter  se 
conlocuti  domum  redierunt.  3.  Eos  Caesar  rogavit  cur  ex 
proelio  discessissent.  4.  Helvetii  responderunt  sese  exire 
e  finibus  non  conaturos.     5.    Cur  hostes  se  receperunt  ? 

II.  I.    I  know  whom  you  called  together  on  that  night. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  l8l 

2.  If  our  arms  are  surrendered,  we  cannot  defend  ourselves. 

3.  They  tried  to  keep  the  Germans  away  from  their  fields. 

4.  They  thought  we  could  not  build  a  bridge  over  that  river. 

382.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Caesar  suis  imperavit  ut  castra  munirent.  2.  Im- 
perator  equites  cohortatus  est  ne  clam5ribus  Gallorum 
permoverentur.  3.  Caesar,  Helvetiis  superatis,  bellum 
gerere  cum  Gernianis  constituit.  4.  Dumnorix  Sequanis 
persuadet  ne  itinere  Helveti5s  prohibeant.  5.  Helvetil 
finitimos  cohortabantur  ut  obsides  inter  se  darent.  6.  Suos 
in  flumine  Rhodano  pontem  facere  legatus  iussit.  7.  Caesar 
Gallos  monuit  ne  coniurati5nem  facerent. 

II.  I.  We  urge  you  to  be  brave.  2.  The  Helvetii  per- 
suaded their  neighbors  to  attack  the  Romans.  3.  The 
general  commands^  us  to  do  this  as  quickly  as  possible. 
4.  We  asked  him^  what  he  was  doing.  5.  He  was  in- 
formed that  the  enemy  were  crossing  the  river.  6.  Now^ 
that  the  Germ.ans  have  been  conquered,  Caesar  will  allow 
us  to  return  to  Rome.     7.    They  were  sent  to  build  a  bridge. 

(Reading  Selection  461) 

LESSON   64 

READING   LESSON 

CHAPTER    IX 

Dumnorix  persuades  the   Sequani  to   allow  the 
Helvetii  to  march  through  their  Territory 

383.  Relinquebatur  una  per  Sequan5s  via,  qua  Sequanis 
invltis  propter  angustias  ire  non  poterant.  Cum^  his  ipsi 
Helvetil  persuadere  non  possent,  legat5s  ad  Dumnorigem 

^  impero.  ^  Use  the  accusative.  ^  2\[ow  .  .  .  conquered,  use  abl. 

abs.     *  since,  when. 


lS2  ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 

Haeduum  mittunt,  ut  eo  ^  deprecatore  a  Sequanis  impetra- 
rent.2  Dumnorix  gratia  et  largitione  apud  Sequan5s  pluri- 
mum  poterat  et  Helvetiis  erat  amicus,  quod  ex  ea  civitate 
Orgetorigis  filiam  in  matrimonium  duxerat.  Itaque  rem 
suscipit  et  a  Sequanis  impetrat  ut  per  fines  su5s  Helvetids 
ire  patiantur,  obsidesque  ut  inter  sese  dent  perficit,  Sequani, 
ne  itinere  Helveti5s  prohibeant,  Helvetii,  ut  sine  iniuria 
transeant. 

LESSON   6s 

OBJECT  CLAUSES  AFTER  VERBS  OF  FEARING.   Cum 
TEMPORAL,  CAUSAL,  AND  CONCESSIVE 

384.  Examine  the  following  : 

1.  Timeo  ne  hoc  faciat,  I  fear  that  he  will  do  this  (or  I  fear 

that  he  is  doing  this). 

2.  Timebam  ut  hoc  facer  et,  I  feared  that  he  would  not  do  this. 

Observe 

a.  That  the  clauses  ne  hoc  faciat  and  ut  hoc  faceret  are  the 

object  of  the  main  verb. 

b.  That  we  translate  the  ne  clause  affirmatively  {that,  etc.), 

and  the  ut  clause  negatively  {that  not,  etc.). 

385.  Rule.  —  Subjunctive  with  Verbs  of  Fearing. —  The 

subjunctive  with  ne,  that,  or  ut,  that  not,  is  used  as  the  object 
of  verbs  or  expressions  of  fearing. 

386.  Examine  the  following  : 

1.  Cum  Caesar  in  Gailiam  venit,  when  Caesar  came  into  Gaul. 

2.  Cum  Caesar  in  Gallia  esset,  when  Caesar  was  in  Gaul. 

3.  Cum  Caesari  id  nuntiatum  esset,   when  this  had  been 

reported  to  Caesar. 

1  eo  deprecatore,  by  his  mediation   (literally,  he  {being)  an  intercessor ; 
ablative  absolute).     ^^  Do  not  confuse  this  verb  with  impero. 


jr 

*lJ''=-'--r  ■  ■  1 

■ 

^      i*  ^ 

l<ri 

rl 

i 

ik»> 

p 

I. 

w 

W  it 

m\ 

11,: -^1 

-::i 

^ 

f  k^; 

^ 

rp 

6^ 

5'*^'^ 
U 

pR 

w 

s^' 

J 

|p|-       :^ 

1 

P 

i 

m  'S. 

>;  inlif 

p|B  'H^l 

^_J^ 

*  .■  "a 

&.»^ 

^ 

^^mnif' 

mm 

p;i-;^^^^^^^^ 

f 

■BW: 

i  ^UPmiiiiii' 

ippipi? 

-^ 

'--'^^^^-WJ^P?! 

B 

^ 

"Til 

/^r^,^  f?/  Lonstantine,  Rome 


The  Forum  at  Pompeii.     In  the  distance,  to  the  north,  is    Vesuvius 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  183 

4.  Cum  his  persuadere  non  possent,  legates  miserunt,  since 

they  could  not  persuade  themy  they  sent  ambassadors. 

5.  Cum  primi  ordines  concidissent,  reliqui  tamen  resistebant, 

although  the  first  ranks  had  fallen^  still  the  others 

resisted. 
Cum,  meaning  when  (cum  temporal,  sentences  i,  2,  3),  is 
used  with  the  indicative  if  the  verb  of  its  clause  refers  to 
present  or  future  time.  Cum,  meaning  wheny  after,  is  com- 
monly used  with  the  subjunctive,  if  the  verb  of  its  clause 
refers  to  past  time,  but  the  indicative  is  sometimes  used  to 
point  out  clearly  the  exact  time  at  which  the  main  action 
took  place  (cum  then  =  quo  tempore).  Cum,  meaning  since 
or  asy  is  called  cum  causal,  and  the  verb  is  subjunctive 
(sentence  4).  Cum,  meaning  although,  is  called  cum  con- 
cessive, and  the  verb  is  subjunctive  (sentence  5).  The 
student  will  be  able  to  infer  from  the  meaning  of  the  whole 
sentence  which  of  the  three  translations  cum  should  have 
in  a  given  case.     What  must  it  mean  with  the  indicative.^ 

387.  Rule.  —  Cum  clauses.  —  i.  In  a  cum  clause  express-, 
ing  time,  the  verb  is,  if  present  or  future,  in  the  indicative ; 
if  the  verb  is  past,  it  is  usually  subjunctive  if  the  tense  used 
is  imperfect  or  phiperfect ;  otherwise,  the  indicative  is  used, 

2.  In  a  cum  clause  expressing  cause  or  concession,  the 
verb  is  subjunctive, 

388.  VOCABULARY 

vereor,  eri,  veritus  sum,  fear,  signa  inf ero,  charge  (literally, 

respect.  bear  the  standards  against). 

timeo,  ere,  timui,  — ,  fear,  be  in  fidem  venire,  to  put  one's 

afraid  of  self  under  the  protection, 

intellego,   ere,   intellexi,    in-  postquam,  conj.,  after, 

tellectus,  learn,  know,  per-  poUiceor,  eri,  poUicitus  sum, 

ceive,  promise. 


1 84  ESSENTIALS  OF  LATIN 

389.  REVIEW   EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Caesar  quibusdam  e  suls  imperavit  ut  in  flumine 
pontem  facerent.  2.  Imperator  Helvetils  ne  iter  per  pro- 
vinciam  faciant  persuadet.  3.  Germani  a  Caesare  quae- 
siverunt  cur  in  Galliam  venisset.  4.  Caesar  per  explora- 
tores  certior  fit  summum  montem  a  Labieno  occupatum 
esse.  5.  Helvetii  finitimis  persuadebant  ut,  aedificiis  in- 
censis,  secum  exirent. 

IL  I.  He  warns  us  not  to  leave  the  camp.  2.  The 
Gauls   urged   each   man   to   resist   the    Romans   bravely. 

3.  We    shall    attack    the    enemy    who    are    following. 

4.  Caesar  ordered^  the  Gauls  to  give  up  their  arms. 

390.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Caesar  timebat  ut  nostri  impetum  sustine- 
rent.  2.  Cum  hoc  fecerimus,  tamen  a  nostris  amicis 
non  culpabimur.  3.  Imperator  verebatur  ne  hostes  nos- 
tros  in  flumine  impeditos  lacesserent.  4.  Cum  nostri 
fortiter  resisterent,  Galli  se  recipere  constituerunt.  5.  Hel- 
vetii superati  in  Caesaris  fidem  venire  volebant  6.  Cae- 
sar, cum  su5s  laborare  intellegeret,  in  primam  aciem 
processit,  et  milites  cohortatus  est.  7.  Cum  hoc  fecis- 
sent,  Romam  redierunt.  8.  Hac  re  facta,  Romam  redie- 
runt  9.  Gilli  poUicitl  sunt  se  socidrum  populT  Roman! 
agros  non  vastaturos  esse.  10.  Caesar  suos  signa  con- 
versa  Inferre  iussit. 

n.  I.  We  feared  that  the  general  would  not  send  us 
aid.  2.  Although  ^  the  enemy  resisted  bravely,  our  men 
were  able  to  take  the  town.  3.  When  Caesar  was  in- 
formed of  their  arrival,  he  drew  up  the  line  of  battle. 

^Useiubeo.  ^Although  .  .  .  resisted.  Express  in  two  ways.  See  311.  6, 
315*  386.  5. 


ESSENTIALS   OF    LATIN  1 85 

4.  I  fear  that  he  is  coming.  5.  I  know  that  he  is  coming. 
6.  I  know  who  is  coming.  7.  The  man  that  I  saw  in 
Rome  has  arrived.  8.  Since  the  enemy  have  fled,  we  will 
return  home. 

LESSON   66 

COMPOUNDS  OF  SUm.  DATIVE  AFTER  COMPOUND 

VERBS 

391.  Review  possum  (274).  The  verb  sum  is  often  com- 
pounded with  the  prepositions  ab,  ad,  de,  in,  inter,  ob,  prae, 
pro  (prod),  super.  Review  the  meanings  of  these  preposi- 
tions from  the  general  vocabulary.  In  the  compound 
prosum,  /  benefit,  prod,  not  pro,  is  found  before  e.  Learn 
the  conjugation  of  prosum  (523). 

392.  Learn  the  principal  parts  and  meanings  of  the 
following  compounds  of  sum: 

absum,  abesse,  afui,  — ,  be  away,  be  absent, 

adsum,  adesse,  adfui,  — ,  be  present,  aid. 

desum,  deesse,  defui,  — ,  be  lacking,  fail, 

obsum,  obesse,  obfui,  — ,  be  against,  injure. 

praesum,  praeesse,  praefui,  — ,  be  at  the  head  of,  command, 

prosum,  prodesse,  prof  ui,  — ,  be  of  use  to,  benefit. 

393.  Examine  the  following  : 

1 .  Legatus  oppido  praef uit,  the  lieutenant  was  in  charge  of 

the  town. 

2.  Amicis  prosumus,  we  benefit  our  friends. 

3.  Exercitus  hostibus  appropinquabat  (ad  +  propinquo),  the 

army  was  approaching  the  e7iemy. 

4.  Pecuniae  pudorem  anteponit,  he  puts  honor  before  money, 

or  he  prefers  honor  to  money. 


l86  ESSENTIALS    OF   LATIN 

Observe  that  these  compound  verbs  govern  the  dative 
case.  If  a  verb  is  transitive,  as  in  4,  it  may  take  both  an 
accusative  and  a  dative. 

394. -Rule. — Dative  with  Compound  Verbs. — Many 
verbs  compounded  with  ad,  ante,  con,  in,  inter,  ob,  post,  prae, 
pro,  sub,  and  super  often  govern  the  dative. 

395.  VOCABULARY 

appropinquo,  are,  avi,  atum  vis  (no  gen.  or  dat.  sing.), 

(w.  dat.),  approach,  draw  vim,    vi,   (501)    f.,    plur., 

near.  vires,  ium,  ibus,  strength^ 

bellum  infero,  inferre,  intuli,  power ;  (plur),  strength. 

inlatus,  and  dative,  make  iterum,  adv.,  again ^  a  second 

war  upon.  time. 

396.  REVIEW   EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Veremur  ut  impetum  sustineant.  2.  Gall!  se  in 
popull  Roman!  fidem  ventur5s  pollicentur.  3.  Postquam 
Caesar  in  Galliam  venit,  gentes  obsides  inter  se  dare  intel- 
lexit.     4.  Quae  ^  cum  ita  sint,  in  hostium  flnibus  morabimur. 

II.  I.  The  Gauls  feared  that  the  Romans  would  advance. 

2.  The  Gauls  thought  that  the  Romans  were  advancing. 

3.  The  camp  that  had  been  fortified  was  a  mile  wide. 

4.  They  persuaded  the  Sequani  to  exchange  hostages. 

397.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Caesar  cum  flnibus  Gallorum  appropinquaret, 
magna  cum  cura  processit.  2.  Pedites  diu  pugnare 
n5n  poterant,  quod  vires  deerant.     3.    German!  dixerunt 

1  these  things.  A  relative  at  the  beginning  of  a  sentence  is  often  translated 
by  a  demonstrative. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


187 


Romanos  sibi  bellum  intulisse.  4.  Viri  qui  suTs  amicis 
obsunt  non  sunt  fldl.  5.  Galll  mulieres  llberosque  unum 
in  locum  convocabant  ne  tells  interficerentur.  6.  Caesar 
Labienum  qui  castrls  praeesset  reliquit.  7.  Incolae 
oppidl,  armis  traditis,  tamen  R5manls  resistere  iterum 
conati  sunt.  8.  Cum  legatus  ab  hostium  finibus  non 
amplius^  duobus  millibus  passuum  abesset,  castra  posuit. 
9.  Omnes  qui  ea  in  pugna  fuerant  a  Caesare  pacem 
petebant.  10.  Cum  oppidl  incolae  pauci  essent,  expug- 
narl  non  potuit. 

II.  I.  We  all  wish  to  benefit  our  friends.  2.  Labienus 
commanded  two  legions.  3.  Caesar  said  he  intended  to 
wage  war  on  the  Germans.  4.  We  persuaded  them  to 
leave  Rome  with  us.  5.  Although  we  are  drawing  near 
the  enemy,  we  ought  not  to  fear,  if^  Caesar  is  general. 
6.    Caesar  called  all  the  soldiers  together. 

(Reading  Selection  462) 

LESSON   67 
THE   IMPEliATIVE.     COMMANDS   AND   EXHORTATIONS 


398. 


Forms  of  the  Imperative  Mood 


Second  Person 

Second  Person 

IMPERATIVE 

ACTIVE 

IMPERATIVE  PASSIVE 

Singular 

Plural 

Singular 

Plural 

ama,  love 

am  ate 

am  are,  be  loved 

amamini 

mone,  advise 

monete 

monere,  be  advised 

monemini 

mitte,  send 

mittite 

mittere,  be  sent 

mittimini 

cape,  take 

capite 

capere,  be  taken 

capimini 

audi,  hear 

audite 

audire,  be  heard 

audimini 

i  more. 

^  if .  .  .  general:  see  316. 

1 88  ESSENTIALS    OF   LATIN 

Observe  that  the  present  active  imperative  singular  has 
the  same  form  as  \h^  present  stem  (86),  and  that  the  present 
passive  imperative,  singular  and  plural,  have  the  same  forms 
as  the  second  person  singular  in  -re  and  the  second  person 
plural  of  the  present  indicative  passive. 

The  present  active  imperatives  of  dico,  duco,  facio,  and 
fero  are  die,  due,  fae,  f er. 

Give  the  imperative  forms  in  the  second  person  of  gero, 
video,  dieo,  munio,  aeeipio,  sequor,  laudo. 

399.  The  imperative,  second  person,  is  used  to  command 
or  order;  the  subjunctive,  in  \kv^  first  and  the  third  persons, 
is  used  to  exhort  or  urge.     For  example : 

Affirmative  Negative 

1ST  Per.     laudem,     let    me  ne  laudem,  let  me  not  praise 

praise 

2D    Per.     lauda,  praise  noli  laudare,  do  not  praise 

3D    Per.     laudet,     let    him  ne  laudet,  let  him  not  praise 

praise 

1ST  Per.    laudemus    let   tis  ne    laudemus,    let    us    not 

praise  praise 

2D    Per.     laudate,  praise  nolite  laudare,  do  not  praise 

3D    Per.     laudent,  let  them  ne    laudent,    let    them    not 

praise  praise 

Observe  that  the  negative  used  with  the  subjunctive  is 
ne,  but  that  ne  is  not  used  with  the  -imperative;  instead  noli 
or  nolite  (pres.  imperative  of  nolo,  be  unwilling)  is  used  with 
the  infinitive.  Do  not  use  ne  or  non  with  the  imperative  to 
express  a  negative  command. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    LATIN  189 

400.  VOCABULARY 

praeficio,  ere,  praefeci,  prae-  reverter,  reverti,  reverti,  re- 

fectus,    set    over,    put    in  versus,^   dep.,   turn  back, 

charge  of,  return. 

refero,  referre,  rettuli,  rela-  animadverto,    ere,    animad- 

tus,    carry   back;    referre  verti,  animadversus  (ani- 

pedem,  retreat.  mus  -f  ad  -|-  verto),    turn 

ad  multam  noctem,  ////  late  the  mind  to,  notice, 

at  night,  adversus,    a,    um,    opposite, 

\ongQ,  ^.diY.,far,  far  off,  facing,    hostile;    adverse 

Ariovistus,  i,  m.,  Ariovistus,  coUe,  up  the  kill. 
chief  of  the  Germans. 

401.  REVIEW    EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Illud  oppidum  non  longe  a  provincia  abest. 
2.  Hostium  duces  c5natl  sunt  castellum,  cui  praeerat 
legatus,  expugnare.  3.  Ariovistus  dixit  non  sese  Gallls 
sed  Gall5s  sibi  bellum  intulisse.  4.  Labienus,  unus  ex 
Caesaris  legatis,  oppid5  appropinquare  contendit.  5.  Cum 
proeli  finem  nox  fecisset,  viri  qui  summa  gratia  apud  suos 
erant  ad  Caesarem  venerunt. 

II.  I.  The  chief  had  two  daughters ;  one  was  killed,  the 
other  captured.  2.  I  fear  that  he  will  injure  me.  3.  The 
man  did  this  himself.  4.  The  chief  said,  "The  power  of 
the  Roman  people  is  very  great." 

402.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Galli  responderunt,  "  N5lite  R5manis  bellum  in- 
ferre."  2.  Die  mihi  quid  in  animo  tibi  sit.  3.  Fortiter 
pugnemus^  ne  in  potestatem  Caesaris  veniamus.    4.  Caesar 

^  This  verb  in  the  perfect  system,  indicative,  subjunctive,  and  infinitive, 
commonly  has  only  active  forms.  The  perfect  participle  is  deponent.  2  Notice 
that  the  subjunctive  of  exhortation  is  the  main  verb  of  the  sentence.     See  349. 


190  ESSENTIALS    OF   LATIN 

cum  Gall5s  iterum  coniurati5nem  facere  animadvertisset, 
legates  ad  se  reverti  iussit.  5.  Cum  vires  totae  deessent, 
hostes  ref erre  pedem  coeperunt.  6.  Signa  inferte  adverse 
coUe  ad  hostium  castra.  7.  Labienum  urbi  captae  Caesar 
praefecit.  8.  Cum  nostri  ad  multam  noctem  contenderent, 
nemo  ab  hostibus  occisus  est.  g.  Ariovistus  Caesari  "Cur" 
inquit  **in  meos  fines  venis  ?  "  10.  Hac  re  facta,  duabus 
legionibus  in  castris  relictis,  reliquas  sex  legiones  pro  castrls 
in  acie  Caesar  constituit. 

IL  I.  Let  us  wage  war.  2.  Do  not  do  this.  3.  Pur- 
sue the  enemy,  if  you  wish.  4.  Let  them  do  this.  5.  Labi- 
enus,^  lead  the  forces  out  of  camp.  6.  Friends,  do  not 
persuade  me  to  remain  in  Rome.  7.  We  noticed  that  our 
men  had  not  seized  the  top  of  the  mountain. 

LESSON   68 
GERUND   AND   GERUNDIVE 

403.  Note  carefully  the  difference  in  English  between 
the  verbal  noun  in  -ing  and  the  verbal  adjective  in  4ng, 
The  verbal  noun  is  used  like  a  noun  in  any  of  the  cases, 
and  the  verbal  adjective,  or  participle,  like  "an  adjective, 
always  in  agreement  with  some  word.  Both  have  the  force 
of  a  verb,  and  may  therefore  take  an  object.  Compare 
these  examples : 

I  found  my  friends  waiting  for  me.  (Participle,  or 
verbal  adjective.) 

Waiting  is  tedious.     (Verbal  noun,  subject  of  "is.") 
We  learn  to  do  by  doing.     (Verbal  noun.) 

404.  In  Latin,  Xho,  genmd  is  a  verbal  noun.  It  has  only 
the   genitive,    dative,    accusative,   and  ablative  cases,  the 

1  Review  page  15,  footnote,  and  page  27,  footnote  i. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


191 


nominative  case  being  supplied  by  the  infinitive.  Its 
gender  is  neuter.  The  gerundive  is  a  verbal  adjective  (see 
308),  and  is  passive  in  its  meaning. 

405.  Learn  the  gerunds  and  gerundives  of  the  model 
verbs  (516-520).  Note  that  they  are  formed  from  the 
present  stem. 

406.  Examine  the  following  : 

J  Videre  est  credere,  seeing  is  believing  (infinitive 

1      as  subject). 

'  Ars  Vivendi  (gerund),  the  art  of  living, 
Venit  amicorum  videndorum  causa  (gerundive),  he 
came  to  see  his  friends  {for  the  sake  of  seeing 
his  friends\ 

Vix   his    rebus    administrandis    tempus   dabatur 

(gerundive),  time  was  hardly  given  for  manag- 
ing these  things. 

Venit  ad  pugnandum  (gerund),  he  came  to  fight 
{for  fighting,  ox  for  the  purpose  of  fighting). 

Venit  ad  amicos  videndos  (gerundive),  he  came  to 
see  his  friends  {for  the  purpose  of  seeing  his 
friends). 

Mens    discendo    alitur    (gerund),    the    mind    is 

strengthened  by  learning. 
Conlocuti  sunt  de  consiliis  capiendis  (gerundive), 

they  conferred  about  form  ing  plans. 

Observe 
I.  That  when  the  gerundive  is  used  the  noun  is  put  in 
the  proper  case,  and  the  gerundive  agrees  with  it  in 
gender,  number,  and  case. 

1  The  use  of  the  dative  of  the  gerund  or  gerundive  is  not  very  common ; 
ad  and  the  accusative  is  more  common. 


NOM. 


Gen. 


Dat.i 


Ace. 


Abl. 


192  ESSENTIALS    OF   LATIN 

2.  That  the  gerundive,  not  the  gerund,  is  generally  used 

where  there  is  an  object  in  English. 

3.  That  purpose  may  be  expressed  by  ad  and  the  accusa- 

tive of  the  gerund  or  gerundive,  and  by  causa  follow- 
ing the  genitive  of  the  gerund  or  gerundive.  What 
other  ways  are  there  of  expressing  purpose  ? 

407.  VOCABULARY 

conicio,  ere,  conieci,  coniectus,  causa,  ae,  f.,  cause,  reason; 

throw,  hurl.  abl.,     for-the-sake-of,     171- 

deligo,  ere,  delegi,  delectus,  order-to  (after  a  genitive). 

select,  choose,  ^opportunity ,  cupidus,  a,  um,  desirous  {pf\ 

spatium,   i,    n.,  space,   time^  ^^^^r(/(?r) (with  genitive). 

disco,  ere,  didici,  — ,  learn.  denique,  di&v.,  finally,  at  last, 

turris,  is,  f.,  tower,  iam,  adv.,  now,  already,  soon, 

408.  REVIEW   EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Animadvertite  quae  fecerit.  2.  N5ll, hostibus  appro- 
pTnquantibus,  castris  legatum  praeficere.  3.  Omnibus  GallTs 
superatls,  in  provinciam  revertamur.  4.  Ubi  turrim  moverl 
et  appropinquare  moenibus  viderunt,  legatos  ad  Caesarem 
de  pace  miserunt.     5.  Die  nobis  quos  Romae  videris. 

II.  I.  Do  not  persuade  them  to  wage  war  on  the 
Romans.  2.  Lead  your  'troops  out  of  camp  and  draw 
them  up.  3.  Let  us  always  obey  the  general.  4.  I  fear 
the  Gauls  will  be  conquered. 

409.  EXERCISES 

I.  \.  Agendo  agere  discimus.  2.  Milites  finem  pug- 
nandi  fecerunt.     3.    Milites  cupidi  potiendl  oppidi  erant. 

4.  Bellum  gerere  hieme  difficillimum  est.  5.  Hostes  tarn 
celeriter  accesserunt  ut  spatium  telorum  coniciend5rum  non 
daretur.  6.  Caesar  locum  omnibus  rebus  idoneum  castris 
delegit.    7.  Legati  ad  pacem  petendam  venerunt.     8.  Com- 


The  Romans  attacked  by  the  Gauls,  both  in  front  and  in  the  rear,  at  the  Siege 

of  Alesia 

(Caesar,  Gallic  War,  Book  VII,  Chapters  68-90) 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


193 


plures  prlncipes  ad  Caesarem  pads  petendae  causa  vene- 
runt.  9.  Ad  eas  res  conficiendas  annum  satis  esse  Helvetil 
arbitrabantur.  10.  Galli  de  bello  Romanis  Tnferendo  con- 
silia  capiebant.     11.  Ne  nos  e  proelio  discedamus. 

II.  I.  Fighting;  by  fighting;  of  fighting.  2.  For  the 
purpose  of  defending;  for  the  sake  of  choosing.  3.  Time 
was  not  given  for^  defending  the  city.  4.  Caesar  sent 
men  to^  fortify  the  camp.  5.  The  enemy  attacked  our 
men  while  crossing  the  river.  6.  He  chose  a  Heutenant  to 
accomplish  all  these  things.  7.  Choosing  good  friends  is 
difficult.     8.  Do  not  leave  the  city. 


LESSON   69 

COMPLETE  REVIEW  OF  VERB  FORMS 

Note  to  the  Teacher.  —'As  much  time  should  be  given  to  this  review 
of  verb  forms  as  the  needs  of  the  class  require.  It  is  suggested  that  this 
review  be  made  by  synopsis,  and  by  quick  recognition  of  miscellaneous  verb 
forms  both  orally  and  in  writing. 


410.    Review  228  and  352. 

Review  the 

principal  parts 

and  meanings 

of  the  following 

verbs : 

timed 

procedo 

conicio 

impero 

appropTnqu5 

peto 

deligo 

pareo 

intelleg5 

permitt5 

animadverts        quaero 

polliceor 

vol5 

revertor 

consequor 

conloquor 

nolo 

moror 

audeo 

vereor 

mala 

obtineo 

progredior 

Conor 

responded 

praefici5 

411.  Following  the  form  suggested  below,  write  the  syn- 
opsis of  (i)  toUo  in  the  first  person  singular,  and  of  (2) 
Conor  in  the  third  person  plural. 

^/or  defending :  genitive  case.  2  to  fortify  :  express  in  four  ways. 


194 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


FORMi   FOR   SYNOPSIS 
Principal  Parts 


Tense 

Indicative 

Subjunctive 

Imperative 

Infinitive 

Participle 

i  Pass. 

'"P^'-'-lpass. 

Fut.       j^^t- 
Pass. 

Perf.     \y- 
I  Pass. 

Plup.     f^^t. 
^      1  Pass. 

Fut.       jAct. 
Perf.     1  Pass. 

(Reading  Selection  463) 

LESSON    70 

READING   LESSON 

CHAPTER   X 

Caesar  prepares  to  defeat  the  Plans  of  the 
Helvetii 

412.    Caesarl  renuntiatur    Helvetiis  esse  in  animo  per 
agrum  Sequanorum  et  Haeduorum  iter  in  Santonum  fines 

^  This  form  is  merely  suggested  as  a  model  for  writing  the  synopsis  of  a  verb. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    LATIN 


195 


facere,  qui  non  longe  a  Tolosatium  finibus  absunt,  quae 
civitas  est  in  pr5vincia.  Caesar  n5lebat  homines  bellic5sos, 
popull  Roman!  inimlc5s,  provinciae  esse  finitimos.  Ob  eas 
res  ei  munitioni  quam  fecerat  T.  Labienum  legatum  prae- 
fecit,  et  ipse  in  Italiam  magnis  itineribus  contendit  duasque 
ibi  legiones  conscribit  et  tres,  quae  circum  Aquileiam  hie- 
mabant,^  ex  hibernis  educit  et  cum  his  quinque  legionibus 
ire  in  ulteriorem  GalUam  contendit.  Ibi  nonnullae  nationes, 
locis  superioribus  occupatis,  itinere  exercitum  prohibere 
c5nantur.  His  compluribus  proeHis  ^  pulsis,  ab  Ocelo,  quod 
est  citerioris  provinciae  extremum,  in  fines  Vocontiorum 
in  ulteriorem  pr5vinciam  die^  septim5  pervenit ;  inde  in 
AUobrogum  fines,  ab  Allobrogibus  in  Segusiavos  exercitum 
ducit.     Hi  sunt  extra  pr5vinciam  trans  Rhodanum  primL 

1  Can  you  not  infer  its  meaning  from  hiems  ?         ^  Why  ablative  ? 


Rojrian  Harbor  and  Ships   (Restoration) 


SUPPLEMENTARY    LESSONS 

Note  to  the  Teacher.  —  These  lessons  are  designed  to  meet  the  needs 
of  those  teachers  who  wish  a  more  extensive  treatment  of  syntax  than  has  been 
attempted  in  the  previous  lessons.  They  are  so  arranged  that  they  may  be 
taken  up  in  connection  with  the  previous  lessons,  or  in  any  order  that  the 
teacher  wishes. 

LESSON   71 
CONDITIONAL   SENTENCES.     PRESENT  AND   PAST   TIME 

413.  Conditional  sentences  are  complex  sentences.  They 
consist  of  two  clauses,  the  condition  (or  protasis)  introduced 
by  *'  if,"  *'if  not,"  *' unless,"  and  the  conclusion  (or  apodosis). 
For  example  : 

If  it  rains,  I  shall  not  go. 

If  he  had  not  seen  me,  I  should  have  gone. 

You  will  not  do  this  unless  I  command  you. 

Observe  that  a  condition  may  be  expressed  in  English 
without  using  "if,"  "if  not,"  "unless,"  by  merely  placing 
the  subject  after  the  verb  in  the  condition.     For  example : 

Had  he  not  seen  me,  I  should  have  gone. 

414.  Various  classifications  of  conditional  sentences  are 
possible,  but  for  convenience  they  will  be  considered  as 
follows  : 

I.    Conditions  referring  to  present  or  past  time. 

1.  Simple. 

2.  Contrary  to  Fact. 

196 


ESSENTIALS    OF   LATIN  197 

II.    Conditions  referring  to  fictiire  time. 

1.  Vivid  Future. 

2.  Less  Vivid  Future. 

415.  Simple  Condition 
Examine  the  following  : 

1.  Si  hoc  faciunt,  bene  est,  if  they  are  doing  this,  it  is  well, 

2.  Si  hoc  fecerunt,  bene  fuit,  if  they  did  this,  it  was  well. 

a.  Observe  that  the  condition  (or  protasis)  does  not  imply 

whether  the  statement  is  true  or  not,  i.e,  whother 
*'  they  did  this  "  or  not ;  it  merely  makes  a  supposition, 

b.  That  the  present  or  past  tenses  of  the  indicative  are 

used  in  both  condition  and  conclusion. 

416.  Contrary  to  Fact  Conditions 
Examine  the  following : 

1.  Si  hoc  facerent,  bene  esset,  if  they  were  (now)  doirig  this, 

it  would  be  well. 

2.  Si  hoc  fecissent,  bene  fuisset,  if  they  had  done  this,  it 

would  have  been  well. 

a.  Observe  that  the  condition  (or  protasis)  makes  a  suppo- 

sition that  is  obviously  contrary  to  the  actual  facts  of 
the  case ;  i.e.  the  first  sentence  impHes  that  they  are 
not  now  doing  this,  and  the  second  sentence,  that 
they  had  not  done  this.  So  too  the  conclusion  (or 
apodosis)  makes  a  statement  contrary  to  the  facts; 
i.e.  the  first  sentence  impHes  that  it  is  not  now  well, 
the  second  sentence  that  it  was  not  well. 

b.  That  the  imperfect  subjunctive  is  used  in  both  condition 

and  conclusion,  when  the  time  is  present,  and  the 
pluperfect  subjunctive^  when  the  time  is  past. 


198  ESSENTIALS    OF    LATIN 

417.  EXERCISES 

(In  these  and  the  succeeding  exercises,  the  student  should  use  the  general 
vocabularies  whenever  it  is  necessary.     But  see  Hints  for  Translation,  136.) 

I.  I.  Si  meus  amicus  Romae  est,  laetus  sum.  2.  Si 
Helvetii  acrius  Romanis  restitissent,  non  victi  essent.  3.  Si 
adesset,  exire  Roma  parati  essemus.  4.  Laetus  fuit  pater, 
si  quis  liberos  laudavit.  5.  Caesar,  si  accedere  hostes  arbi- 
tratus  esset,  aciem  instruxisset.  6.  Plures  Galli  occisi 
essent,  si  nostri  celerius  consecuti  essent.  7.  Si  imperator 
esses,  daresne  proeli  committendl  signum  ? 

II.  I.  If  they  had  been  at  home,  I  should  have  been 
glad.  2.  I  am  glad,  if  they  are  at  home.  3.  If  anything 
happened,  it  was  reported  to  the  general.  4.  That  soldier 
would  leave  the  battle,  if  he  were  not  a  brave  man.  5.  Who 
would  not  have  done  the  same  thing,  had  he  been  present  ? 
6.  If  the  general  commands,  the  soldiers  obey  him.  7.  If 
you  were  in  Rome,  should  you  wish  to  be  a  soldier  ? 

LESSON    72 
CONDITIONAL   SENTENCES  (Continued).     FUTURE   TIME 

418.  Vivid  Future  Conditions 

Examine  the  following: 
Si  hoc  facient,  bene  erit,  if  they  do  this  (i.e.  shall  do  this\  it 
will  be  well. 

a.  Observe  that  the  condition  (or  protasis)  states  a  future 

supposition  vividly  or  strongly  {i.e.  by  using  "shall"). 

b.  That  the  conclusion  (or  apodosis)  states  positively  what 

will  be  the  result,  if  the  condition  shall  prove  to  be  true. 

c.  That  the  future  indicative  is  used  in  both  condition  and 

conclusion. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  1 99 

d.  That  the  present  tense  in  Enghsh  may  often  refer  to 
future  time  {i.e.  *' if  they  do  this"  means  "if  they 
shall  do  this  "). 

419-  Less  Vivid  Future  Conditions 

Examine  the  following  : 

Si  hoc  faciant,  bene  sit,  if  they  should  do  this,  it  would  be 
ivell. 

a.  Observe  that  the  condition  (or  protasis)  here  states  a 

future  supposition  in  a  less  distinct  and  vivid  fashion 
{i.e.  by  using  ''should"). 

b.  That  the  conclusion  (or  apodosis)  states  less  positively, 

as  a  mere  possibility,  what  the  result  would  be,  should 
the  condition  prove  to  be  true. 

c.  That  the  present  subjunctive  is  used  in  both  condition 

and  conclusion. 

420.  Summary  of  Conditional  Sentences 
I.    Present  or  Past  Time. 

1.  Simple.     Present  or  past  tenses  of  the  indicative  in  both 

parts. 

2.  Contrary  to  Fact. 

a.  Present  time  —  imperfect  subjunctive  in  both  parts. 

b.  Past  time  —  pluperfect  subjunctive  in  both  parts. 

IL    Future  Time. 

1.  Vivid  Future  —  Future  ^  indicative  in  both  parts. 

2.  Less  Vivid  Future  —  Present  ^  subjunctive  in  both  parts. 

421.  It  has  been  indicated  in  311,  5,  315,  2,  and  316 
that  the  condition  (or  protasis)  may  be  expressed  by  the 
participle  without  the  use  of  si  or  nisi.     For  example : 

1  For  the  sake  of  clearness  the  use  of  other  tenses  in  the  protasis  of  future 
conditions  is  not  here  treated. 


200  ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 

Principes  Gallorum  victi  Romam  mittentur,  the  chiefs  of  the 
Gauls,  if  they  are  conquered  (literally,  having  been 
conquered\  will  be  sent  to  Rome. 

422.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Si  equites  c5nsequentur,  magnum  hostium  numerum 
Occident.  2.  Si  equites  consequantur,  magnum  hostium 
numerum  occldant.  3.  Caesare  imperatore,  numquam  ter- 
rebimur.  4.  Helvetil  flunien  Rhodanum  transissent,  nisi 
Caesar  in  Galliam  contendisset.  5.  Obsides  liberati  domum 
redeant.  6.  Incolae,  armis  traditis,  sese  defendere  non 
poterunt.  7.  Si  hostes  flumen  transeant,  nostrl  non  con- 
sequantur. 

II.  I.  If  we  should  go  to  Athens,  we  should  see  many 
beautiful  buildings.  2.  If  we  go  to  Athens,  we  shall  see 
many  beautiful  buildings.  3.  Had  the  Helvetii  tried  to 
cross  the  river,  Caesar  would  have  attacked  them.  4.  If 
Labienus  hurries,  he  will  be  able  to  seize  the  top  of  the 
hill.  5.  If  Caesar  should  attack  that  town,  the  inhabitants 
would  not  be  able  to  defend  it.  6.  If  you  were  in  the 
town,  you  would  be  alarmed  at  Caesar's  approach.  7.  Who 
will  be  afraid,  if  the  soldiers  fortify  the  town  well } 

(Reading  Selection  464) 

LESSON   73  ' 
WISHES 
423.    Wishes  may  be  divided  into  two  classes : 
I.    Those  that  refer  to  the  future.     For  example : 
May  my  friend  come  ! 
Would  that  my  friend  would  come ! 
O  that  my  friend  would  come ! 
Observe  that  the  above  expressions  are  different  ways 
of  expressing  the  same  desire. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  201 

II.  Those  that  refer  to  present  or  past  time,  and  that 
wish  for  something  which  (it  is  implied)  is  not  or  was  not 
attained.  They  are,  therefore,  sometimes  called  hopeless 
wishes.     For  example : 


0  that  my  friend  were  here ! 

1  wish  (that)  my  friend  were  here ! 
Would  that  my  friend  were  here ! 

0  that  my  friend  had  been  here ! 

1  wish  (that)  my  friend  had  been  here  ! 
Would  that  my  friend  had  been  here ! 


referring  to  pres- 
ent time,  and 
implying  that  he 
is  not  here. 

referring  to  past 
time,  and  imply- 
ing that  he  was 
not  here. 


424.    Examine  the  following : 

1.  (Utinam)  meus  amicus  veniat,   may  my  friend  come! 

(a  wish  about  the  future). 

2.  Utinam  meus  amicus  adesset,  would  that  my  friend  were 

here!  (a  wish  hopeless  in  present  time,  implying 
that  he  is  not  here). 

3.  Utinam  meus  amicus  adfuisset,  O  that  my  friend  had 

been  here !  (a  wish  hopeless  in  past  time,  implying 
^     that  he  was  not  here). 

a.  Observe  that  the  subjunctive  is  used  to  express  a  wish. 

b.  That  the  present  (or  perfect)  subjunctive  expresses  a 

wish  relating  to  the  future,  that  the  imperfect  sub- 
junctive expresses  a  wish  that  is  hopeless  in  present 
time,  and  the  pluperfect  a  wish  hopeless  in  past  time. 

c.  That  hopeless  wishes  employ  the  same  mood  and  tenses 

as  contrary  to  fact  conditions  (416). 

Utinam  is  often  omitted  with  the  present  tense,  but  is 
regularly  used  with  the  imperfect  or  pluperfect.  The 
negative  is  ne. 


202  ESSENTIALS    OF   LATIN 

425.  Rule.  — Subjunctive  in  Wishes.  —  Wishes  relating 
to  the  future  are  expressed  by  the  present  (or  perfect^  sub- 
junctive, with  or  without  utinam ;  wishes  hopeless  in  present 
time  by  utinam  with  the  imperfect  subjunctive ;  wishes  hope- 
less in  past  time  by  utinam  with  the  pluperfect  subjunctive. 
In  wishes  the  negative  is  ne. 

426.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Utinam  ne  Galli  coniurationem  fecissent !  2.  Miles 
e  proelio  ne  discedat !  3.  Utinam  hoc  facerent !  4.  Hel- 
vetil  *' Utinam*'  inquiunt^  '*ne  altissimis  montibus  contine- 
remur  !  "  5.  Utinam  ne  German!  populo  R5mano  helium 
intulissent !     6.    Utinam  R5mam  veniamus  ! 

II.  I.  May  he  always  obey  the  general!  2.  I  wish  we 
had  gone  to  Athens  !  3.  Would  that  we  were  with  Caesar 
in  Gaul!  4.  O  that  he  had  not  persuaded  me!  5.  May 
we  be  killed,  if  we  surrender  our  arms  !  6.  Would  that  we 
were  able  to  go  with  you ! 

LESSON    74 
INDIRECT  'DISCOURSE.     COMPLEX   SENTENCES 

427.  Review  327-330,  349.  When  a  complex  sentence 
is  quoted  indirectly,  its  principal  or  main  verb,  if  the  main 
clause  makes  a  statement  (affirmative  or  negative),^  follows 
the  rule  stated  in  329.     Its  dependent  verb  follows  this  law  : 

Each  dependent  verb  becomes  subjunctive.  Its  tense 
depends  upon  the  tense  of  the  introductory  verb  of  saying, 
thinking,  etc.,  in  accordance  with  the  principle  of  sequence 
of  tenses  {'^JA^), 

428.  Pronouns  in  Indirect  Discourse.  —  In  changing  from 
direct   to   indirect   discourse,   pronouns   of   the   first   and 

1  Plural  of  inquit.  ^  The  treatment  of  main  clauses  involving  commands 
and  questions  has  been  purposely  excluded  from  this  book. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  203 

second  persons  are  generally  changed  to  pronouns  of  the 
third  person.  The  reflexive  pronouns  refer  commonly  to 
the  subject  of  the  introductory  verb,  but  sometimes  to  the 
subject  of  the  verb  of  their  own  clause. 

429.  Examine  the  following : 

Direct  Discourse  Indirect  Discourse 

Present  Time 

Vir  quern  video  meus  amicus  Dicitvirum  quern  videatsuum 
est,  the  man  whom  I  see  is  amicum  esse,  he  says  that 
my  friend.  the  man  whom  he  sees  is 

his  friend. 

Past  Time 

Dixit    virum   quern   videret 
suum     amicum    esse,    he 
said  that  the  man  zvhom 
he  saw  was  his  friend. 
Observe 

a.  That  the  main  verb  est  becomes  esse  with  its  subject 

virum  in  the  accusative. 

b.  That  the  dependent  (or  subordinate)  verb  video  becomes 

present  subjunctive,  videat,  when  the  introductory 
verb,  dicit,  is  a  primary  tense,  and  imperfect  subjunc- 
tive, videret,  when  the  introductory  verb,  dixit,  is  a 
secondary  tense. 

c.  That  the  person  of  the  dependent  verb  changes  to  the 

third  person,  and  that  meus  becomes  suum,  because  it 
refers  to  the  subject  of  the  introductory  verb. 

430.  Rule.  — Moods  in  Indirect  Discourse.  — In  indirect 
discourse  the  main  verbs,  if  the  clauses  in  which  they  stand  make 
statements,  are  in  the  infinitive  with  subject  accusative,  and 
the  subordinate  {or  dependent^  verbs  are  in  the  subjunctive. 


204  ESSENTIALS    OF    LATIN 

431-  EXERCISES 

I.  I.    Milites   qu5s    mecum    habuT   fortissimi    fuerunt. 

2.  Dixit  milites  quos  secum  habuisset  fortissimos   fuisse. 

3.  Ubi  ad  nostrum  exercitum  pervenimus,  Caesar  castra 
munivit.  4.  Dixerunt  Caesarem,  ubi  ad  suum  exercitum 
pervenissent,  castra  munlvisse.  5.  Caesar  dixit  suos  flumen, 
quod^  altissimum  esset,  transire  non  posse.  6.  Ariovistus 
Caesari  '*Volo"  inquit  "his  de  rebus,  quae  inter  nos  agi^ 
coeptae  neque  perfectae  sunt,  agere^  tecum."  7.  Ario- 
vistus Caesari  dixit  se  velle  de  eis  rebus,  quae  inter  eos 
agi  coeptae  neque  perfectae  essent,  agere  cum  e5. 

II.  I.  The  river  that  we  see  is  very  wide.  2.  They 
said  that  the  river  that  they  saw  was  very  wide.  3.  The 
lieutenant  is  frightened  because  the  enemy  are  approaching. 

4.  Write  3  indirectly  in  Latin  after  audio.  5.  When  I 
arrived,  I  saw  my  friend.  6.  Write  5  indirectly  in  Latin 
after  dixit.  7.  Ariovistus  replied  that  those  who  had  con- 
quered ought  to  rule  ^  those  whom  they  had  conquered. 

LESSON    75 

IMPERSONAL   USE   OF   VERBS.      SUPINE.      DIFFERENT 
WAYS   OF   EXPRESSING   PURPOSE 

432.  Verbs  are  said  to  be  used  impersonally  when  they 
do  not  have  a  personal  subject.  This  impersonal  use  is 
more  common  in  Latin  than  in  Enghsh.  There  are  some 
verbs  in  Latin  that  are  used  only  impersonally,  while  others 
are  used  both  personally  and  impersonally. 

Examples 

Acriter  pugnatum  est,  the  battle  was  fought  sharply,  or  there 
was  sharp  fighting  (\\tQV2i\\yy  it  was  sharply  foughty 

1  because,        ^  ago,  ireaU        ^  impero. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


205 


Vos  hoc  f acere  oportet,  yoit  ought  to  do  this  (more  literally, 

it  is  proper  that  you  do  this). 
Vobis  hoc  facere  licet,  yoit  may  do  this  (literally,  it  is  per- 

mitted  to  you  to  do  this), 

433.  The  supine  is  a  verbal  noun  of  the  fourth  declen- 
sion, and  has  forms  only  in  -um  and  -u.  These  forms  are 
used  only  in  the  following  constructions : 

Legati  venerunt  ad  Caesarem  gratulatum,  ambassadors  came 

to  congratulate  Caesar. 
Hoc  difficile  est  factu,  this  is  difficult  to  do. 

The  supine  in  -um  is  used  to  express  purpose,  but  only 
after  verbs  of  motion  ;  the  supine  in  -Vl  is  used  with  a  few  ad- 
jectives and  indeclinable  nouns,  as  ablative  of  specification. 

434.  Various  Ways  of  Expressing  Purpose 

Review  351,  364,  406,  3.  Are  there  several  ways  of 
expressing  purpose  in  English  ? 


Helvetii  legates 
miserunt 


Milites  mittun- 
tur 


Examples 

ut  pacem  peterent, 
qui  pacem  peterent, 
pacis  petendae  causa, 
ad  pacem  petendam, 
pacem  petitum, 

'  ad  pugnandum, 
pugnandi  causa. 


the  Helvetii  sent  am- 
bassadors to  seek 
peace, 

the  soldiers  are  sent 
to  fight. 


435.  Rule.  —  Supine  in  -um.  —  The  supine  in  -um  is 
used  to  express  purpose  after  verbs  of  motion, 

436.  EXERCISES 

I.    I.  Hoc  est  mirabile  dictu.     2.  Ariovistus  respondit, 
"Te  ad  me  venire  oportet."      3.  Principes  Gall5rum  ad 


206  ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 

Caesarem  venerunt  auxilium  petltum.  4.  Si  volunt,  eis  ex 
oppido  exire  licet.  5.  In^utram  partem  ^  flumen  Arar  fluat 
oculls  iudicarl  non  potest.  6.  Helvetil  rogant  ut  iter  per 
provinciam  sibi  facere  liceat.-  7.  Galll  coniurationem  facere 
dicuntur.     8.  Gall5s  coniurationem  facere  nuntius  dicit. 

IL  I.  He  went  to  Rome  to ^  see  his  daughters.  2.  This 
is  easier  to  say  than  to  do.  3.  We  ought  to  obey  the  gen- 
eral. 4.  There  is  sharp  fighting  on  the  right  wing.  5.  The 
soldiers  may  go  to  Rome.  6.  It  was  reported  that  the 
enemy  were  returning  home. 

(Reading  Selection  465) 

LESSON    76 
PERIPHRASTIC   CONJUGATIONS 

437.  The  first  or  active  periphrastic  conjugation  is  formed 
by  the  future  active  participle  and  the  verb  sum.  It  is  future 
in  its  meaning,  and  expresses  the  idea  conveyed  in  EngHsh 
by  the  phrases  ** about  to,"  "going  to,"  "intend  to."  For 
example : 

Laudaturus  est,  he  is  about  to  praise^  or  is  going  to  praise^ 
or  intends  to  praise. 

For  all  forms  of  this  conjugation,  see  529. 

It  has  been  noticed  that  there  is  no  future  or  future  per- 
fect tense  in  the  subjunctive.  The  subjunctive  of  the  first 
periphrastic  conjugation  may  be  used  in  their  place.  For 
example : 

Scio  quern  visurus  sit,  /  know  whom  he  is  going  to  see,  or 
whom  he  will  see. 

438.  The  second  or  passive  periphrastic  conjugation  is 
formed  by  the  gerundive  and  the  verb  sum.     It  is  passive 

1  direction.        ^  to  see  his  daughters  :  express  in  three  ways. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    LATIN  20/ 

in  its  meaning,  and  expresses  the  idea  of  obligation  or 
necessity.     For  example : 

Laudandus  est,  he  ought  to  be  praised,  or  he  must  be  praised 
(literally,  he  is  to  be  praised). 

For  all  forms  of  this  conjugation,  see  530. 

439.  Uses  of  the  Passive  Periphrastic  Conjugation 

1.  The  person  for  whom  the  obligation  or  necessity  exists 

is  expressed  by  the  dative. 

2.  Since  the  conjugation  is  passive,  all  active  English  sen- 

tences must  be  recast  before  they  are  the  equivalent 
literally  of  this  Latin  construction.  Thus :  "  I  must 
do  this  "  =  "  For  me  this  is  to  be  done,"  id  mihi 
agendum  est. 

3.  Intransitive  verbs  are  used  impersonally  in  this  conju- 

gation in  Latin.  Thus  :  *'We  ought  to  come/'  nobis 
veniendum  est. 

Examples 

Urbs  est  munienda,  the  city  must  be  fortified. 

Nobis  f ortiter  pugnandum  est,  we  ought  to  (or  must)  fight 

bravely  (literally, /<?r  us  it  is  to  be  fought  bravely), 
Caesari  omnia  erant  agenda,  Caesar  had  to  do  everything 

(literally,  j^r  Caesar  everything  was  to  be  done), 

440.  EXERCISES 

L  I.  Visurl  eramus ;  amatura  fuit;  moniturae  erant. 
2.  Nobis  cum  Gallis  helium  gerendum  est.  3.  Incolae 
oppidi  eruptionem  erant  facturL  4.  Caesari  omnia  uno 
tempore  agenda  erant;  acies  instruenda,  signum  dandum, 
mllites  ab  opere  revocandi  erant.  5.  Si  victurl  sumus,  nSbls 
fortissime  contendendum  erit.    6.  Sciebam  quid  vos  facturi 


208  ESSENTIALS    OF    LATIN 

essetis.     7.  Sciebam  quid  v5s  faceretis.    8.  Incolis  qulnque 
dies  oppidum  defendendum  fuit. 

IL  I.  We  intend  to  go  to  Rome.  2.  They  were  about 
to  fortify  the  top  of  the  hill.  3.  They  must  fortify  the 
camp.  4.  It  was  reported  to  Caesar  that  the  Gauls  were 
about  to  attack  him.  5.  We  ought  to  hurry  to  the  city. 
6.  Labienus  had  to  cross  the  riv^r,  7.  Caesar  asked  who 
was  going  to  remain  with  him.  8.  The  ambassadors  will 
have  to  answer. 

NOTE 

The  following  exercises  are  intended  to  provide  additional 
material  for  the  rapid  reading  of  connected  prose.  Each  selec- 
tion is  based  on  the  vocabulary  and  constructions  already  acquired. 
Nothing  has  been  admitted  that  has  not  been  previously  studied, 
with  the  exception  of  a  very  few  necessary  words,  all  of  which  are 
indicated  by  superior  figures  and  translated  in  footnotes.  Such 
words,  however,  present  no  additional  difficulty  in  form  or  con- 
struction. Proper  names  which  have  no  English  form,  or  are 
readily  recognizable,  are  used  without  explanation ;  e.  g.,  Corio- 
ianus,  Washingtonius. 

The  exercises  have  been  prepared  for  use  after  every  third 
lesson.  The  subject  matter  chosen  is  intentionally  largely  non- 
classical,  in  order  that  the  beginner  may  realize  as  early  as  possible 
that  the  Latin  language  is  adapted  to  the  expression  of  modern  as 
well  as  ancient  thought. 


SELECTIONS    FOR    RAPID    READING 

(To  follow  Lesson  3) 
441.     A  Dialogue 

Ubi  est  tua  patria  ?  America  mea  patria  est ;  estne 
tua  ?  N5n  est ;  mea  patria  Gallia  est.  Est  terra  Europae. 
Pulchrane  Gallia  est  ?  Pulchra  et  lata  terra  est  ubi  longae 
viae  sunt.  Suntne  silvae  tuae  patriae  magnae  ?  Magnae 
non  sunt,  parvae  sunt.  Nonne  vita  feminarum  tuae  patriae  5 
pulchra  est  ?  Feminarum  bonarum  vita  semper  pulchra  et 
bona  est. 

(To  follow  Lesson  6) 

442.     A  Faithful  Servant 

Lydus  est  fidus  servus  agricolae  boni  in  insula.  Fru- 
mentum  domini  et  vinum  in  oppidum  portat,  ubi  cibus 
incolis  superbis  gratus  est.  Malus  nauta  et  amicus  in  10 
horto  sunt.  Nauta  servum  vocat.  "  Cur  vinum,  serve,  in 
hortum  n5n  portas  .^ "  Lydus  amlcis  vinum  in  p5cul5^ 
parvo  dat.  Nauta  vinum  bonum  laudat  sed  p5culum  par- 
vum  et  inopiam  vini  culpat.  Pugnant.  Lydus  nautam 
et  amicum  superat.^  Servo  pecuniam  dant,  et  Lydus,  ser-iy 
vus  fidus,  vinum  et  f rumentum  servat. 

(To  follow  Lesson  9) 
443.     Roman  Children 

Europae  terra  Italia  est.  R5ma  magnum  in  Italia  oppi- 
dum est.  Multae  portae,  bonae  et  latae  viae,  alba  aedificia 
in  oppid5  sunt.     Horti  incolarum  superborum  magni  sunt. 

^  cup.  2  overcome, 

210^ 


2IO  ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 

In  hortis  Marci  ludus^  est.  Magister,  vir  peritus,  liberds 
convocat.  Equi  validi  parvos  liberos  in  hort5s  magis- 
tri  portant.  Cur  mali  pueri  pugnant?  Asperi  sunt. 
Pueri  amant  bella  et  proelia  et  sagittas  et  gladios.  Puellas 
5  teneras  rosae  albae  in  hortis,  nova  luna,  parvae  stellae  de- 
lectant.  Magister  malos  et  pigr5s  discipulos  culpat,  sed 
bonos  (discipulos)  amat.  Pulchr5s  libros  dona  bonis 
pueris  et  puellls  dat.  In  libris  multae  fabulae  Romam 
oppidum  laudant. 

(To  follow  Lesson  12) 
444.     A  Rough  Wooing 

10  Roma  parvum  oppidum  erat,  ubi  Romulus  in  terris 
erat.  Incolae  viri  erant,  sed  feminae  in  oppido  non  erant. 
Romuli  legatl  multos  agricolas  et  multas  feminas  et  pul- 
chras  puellas  in  oppidum  convocaverunt.  Telis  id5neis, 
pilis,  gladiis,  hastis,  incolae  pugriabant.     Feminas  asperum 

15  proelium  delectabat.  Sed  Romuli  c5nsilium  malum  erat. 
Viri  validi  puellas  teneras  in  aedificia  portaverunt.  Tum  ^ 
superbi  agricolae  armis  Romanos  oppugnaverunt.  Sed 
Romulus  et  Romuli  amici  agricolas  superabant.  Tum 
miserae  agricolarum  filiae  parv5s  liberos  in  proelium  porta- 

ao  verunt  et  viros  ^  vocaverunt :  "  Semper  viros  ^  et  liberos  ama- 
bimus.  Cur  pugnatis  ?  Nonne  filias  et  filiarum  liberos 
amatis.'^" 

(To  follow  Lesson  15) 
445.     How  Tiberius  won  a  Wife 

Marcus,  dux  c5piarum  Romanarum,  miles  peritus  erat. 

In   Gallia  cum    Helvetiis   Romani  pugnabant   et    Marcus 

•5  locum  hibernis  idoneum  paraverat.     Helvetii  castra  R5- 

1  school.  2  ihen,  ^  husbands. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  211 

man5rum  oppugnare  maturaverunt  et  in  silvis  et  agris 
semper  dimicabant.  Romandrum  periculum  magnum  erat. 
Multi  in  castris  equites  erant,  multae  et  tenerae  feminae, 
multi  et  parvi  liberi,  sed  non  erat  cibi  copia. 

Tiberium,  fidum  legatum,  Marcus  dux  vocat.     "  N5nne  5 
periculum  vides  ?     Copiae   Helveti5rum    magnae    sunt  et 
castra   expugnabunt.      Tulliam,    pulchram    filiam    meam, 
amas.      Nonne   caput   feri    Helvetiorum   ducis   in   castra 
portabis?     Tullia  tuum  praemium  erit." 

Mox  Tiberium  cum  paucis  militibus  albi  equi  ad  castra  10 
Helveti5rum  portabant.  Longa  et  aspera  via  erat,  sed 
valid!  equi  et  viri  erant.  Helvetii  magnam  praedam,  vinum, 
friimentum  in  castra  portaverant.  Superaverat  vinum 
ducem  Helvetiorum.  Magnum  in  vino  periculum  est. 
Tiberius  gladio  ducem  oppugnat,  et  mox  ducis  caput  15 
ad  Marcum  portat.  Marcus  Tiberium  laudat  et  legat5 
fid5  Tulliam,  filiam  pulchram,  dat.  Sed  Tiberi  virtus 
militum  Romanorum  virtutem  auget.  Helvetios  in  fugam 
dant;  magnam  frumenti  copiam  et  magnam  praedam  in 
castra  Romana  portant.  20 

(To  follow  Lesson  18) 
446.     The  Defense  of  the  Bridge 

Porsena,  rex  Clusi,^  hostis  Romandrum  erat.  Magnis 
c5piis  milites  Roman5s  in  fugam  dederat  et  R5mam 
urbem  oppugnabat.  Longus  pons  in  flumine  Tiberi  lato  et 
alto  erat.  Valerius  pontem  occupare  maturat,  et  cum 
feris  hostibus  dimicat.  Magna  virtute  Romani  in  ponte25 
pugnabant,  sed  proelio  hostes  consulem  superaverunt. 
C5nsul  pontem  delere  ^  parabat.  Tum  vir  validus,  Horatius 
Codes,  trans  flumen  cum  hostibus  dimicavit.  Magnum 
periculum  erat,  magna  caedes.     Multis  corporis  vulneribus 

1  Clusium,  a  town  of  Etruria.  ^  destroy. 


212  ESSENTIALS    OF    LATIN 

Horatius  labdrabat,  sed  pedem  n5n  m5vit  et  multa  nocte 
hostes  in  fugam  dedit.  Laeti  RomanI  Horatio  latos  agros 
dederunt. 

(To  follow  Lesson  21) 
447.     A  Stern  Father 

Brutus  et  Valerius  consules  Romani  erant  et  cum  Tar- 
squinio^  rege  pugnabant.  Sed  mall  filii  BrutI  contra 
patrem  a  Tarquinio  incitabantur.  Cum  paucis  coniuratis 
Romae  imperium  Tarquinio  domino  dare  parabant.  Sed 
per  Bruti  servum  fidum,  quod  periculo  terrebatur,  con- 
sul!  n5mina   coniuratorum    nuntiantur.^      A    consule   filii 

10  cum  coniuratis  in  collem  Capitolinum  ^  magna  cum  celeri- 
tate  convocantur.  Tum  Brutus  homines  superb5s  cul- 
pat   quod   contra  urbem  armantur.     Pater  miser  filiorum 

^  vitam  n5n  servavit.  Tum  milites  homines  malos  gladiis 
necaverunt.     Sed  Bruti,  patris  fortissimi,^  magna  virtus  a 

15  R5manis  gratis  semper  laudabitur. 

(To  follow  Lesson  24) 
448.     The  Romans  and  the  Elephants 
Pyrrhum,    Epirl^    regem,    quod    fortis    vir    bonusque 
ithperator    erat,    Tarenti^   elves    in     Italiam    vocaverunt. 
Cum  Rdmanis  multis  proelils  dimicavit  Romanosque  supe- 
ravit,  quod  elephantos  ^  in  Italiam  portaverat,  quae  animalia 
20  ante  Pyrrhl  tempus  a  Romanis  n5n  visa  erant.    Sed  Romani, 
viri  audaces,  pedes  elephantorum  pilis  vulnerabant  magna- 
que    animalium    caedes    fuit.     Pari   virtute    milites   cum 
Pyrrhl   c5pils  dimicaverunt.      Omnia   corpora   necatorum 
R5manorum  vulnera  in  capitibus  habuerunt. 

1  Tarquin.  ^  report,  ^  Capitoline.  *  very  brave.  ■ 

^  EpiruSf  a  country  northwest  of  Greece. 

6  Tarentum,  a  Greek  city  on  the  southern  coast  of  Italy;   now  Taranto. 

'  elephants.' 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  213 

(To  follow  Lesson  27) 

449.     Charlemagne  and  his  School 

Carolus^  Magnus,  Francorum^  rex,  imperatorque  ^  R6- 
manus,  multos  in  patria  ludos  conlocavit.  Ibi  filil  et  poten- 
tium  et  reliqu5rum  litteras  ^  discebant.^  Saepe  in  lud5  rex 
magnus  erat,  pigros  discipulos  culpabat,  acres  laudabat. 
Sed  potentium  liberl  discere  non  cupiebant,  quod  Carolls 
temporibus  a  potentibus  bella  semper  gerebantur.  Pigros 
llberos  rex  in  aedificium  vocavit  et  "  Quod  prim5rum,'* 
inquit,^  **  filil  estis,  fid!  discipuli  nonne  eritis  ?  Omnes  mei 
cives  in  ludo  pares  sunt  et  ad  parem  curam  a  magistris  in- 
citabuntur.  Patriae  nostrae  laudem'''  augere  cupi5,^  quod  10 
fortes  mei  Franci  sunt,  sed  a  Romanis  libris  et  litteris 
superantur.  Magna  cum  celeritate  magnoque  cum  studio 
discetis,  quod  pigri  discipuli  non  servabunt  dona  mea 
meamque  amicitiam." 

(To  follow  Lesson  30) 

450.  Brennus,  the  Gallic  General,  in  Rome 

Roman!  antiquis  temporibus  cum   Gallis,  Italiae  partis  15 
incolis,  bellum  gerebant.     Dux  Gallorum  Brennus  erat  et 
Italiam  vastabat.     Ad  Alliam  flumen  R5mani  currl  Gallis 
contenderunt,  sed  hostes  Romanos  superaverunt.     Tum  ad  ' 
urbem   Romam   contenderunt.      In   urbe    neque  in   portis 
neque  in  viis  homines  viderunt,  sed  aedificia  alta  et  pulchraao 
laudabant.     In  For5^  sedilia  viderunt,  ubi  principes   Ro- 
man!   sedebant.^^      Gladiis    Galli    principes    Romanorum 
necaverunt.     Roman!  legatos  ad  Brennum  mlserunt  et  pe- 
cuniae c5piam  pro  llbertate  Gallis  dederunt.     Sed  superbus 


1  Charles, 

2  the  Franks, 

2  here  emperor. 

4  letters. 

5  study. 

6  said  {he). 

"^  praise,  reputation. 

8  wish,  desire* 

^  market  place. 

Forum. 

10  sit. 

214  ESSENTIALS  OF   LATIN 

Gallorum  dux  gladium  in  libra  ^  conlocavit  et 

tis  !  "  exclamavit.^     Turn  Camillus,  fortis  R5manorum  dux, 

legiones  in  Forum  duxit  et  patriam  ab  hostibus  servavit. 

(To  follow  Lesson  33) 

451.     Sir  Philip  Sidney 

Proelio  aspero  milites  contendebant,  multaque  corpora 
5  et  vulneratorum  et  interfectorum  hominum  in  terra  f  uerunt. 
In  quibus  erat  Onus  e  principibus  qui  ab  omnibus  propter 
virtutem  amabatur.  Sed  vulneratus  ille  et  vulnere  et  siti^ 
laborabat.  Cui  amici  auxilium  dare  maturaverunt.  Miles 
illi  aquam  ^  in  p5culo  portavit.  Tum  ''  Hanc  aquam,"  inquit, 
10**  dux  Philippe,  quam  ex  flumine  portavi  habebis.  Grata 
misero  homini  aqua  erit."  Sed  Philippus  mox  militem 
vulneratum  vTdit  qui  illam  aquam  habere  cupiebat.  "  Huic 
militi  hanc  aquam  dabis,"  inquit.  Nonne  hoc  pulchrum 
factum  erat,  quod  omnes  semper  laudabimus  ? 

(To  follow  Lesson  36) 
452.     William  Tell 

15  Helvetia^  hodie  libera  civitas  est,  sed  non  semper  erat. 
Temporibus  antiquis  superbus  homo,  qui  Gesslerus  ap- 
pellabatur,  Helvetiae  imperium  habebat.  Is  lignum"^  in 
via  constituit,  in  quo  pilleum  ^  posuit,  omnesque  qui  ilia  via 
iter  faciebant  pillei  auctoritatem  cognoscere  iussit.     Illud 

20  solus  ex  incolis  Guglielmus^  Tellius  non  fecit.  Audivit 
Gesslerus  et  territus  est.  "  Quem  ille  n5n  movebit  ?  "  inquit. 
*'  Alii  idem  facient.  T5ta  Helvetia  nostro  imperio  liberabi- 
tur." 

Ab  omnibus  Tellius,  quod  Sagittarius  perltus  erat,  lauda-. 

1  balance,  pair  "of  scales.        ^  woe.        ^  cry  out.  ^  thirst.         ^  water. 

6  Switzerland.  "^  pole.  ^  cap.  ^  William 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  21 5 

batur.  Qua  de  causa  Gesslerus  malum  c5nsilium  cepit. 
Parvum  Telli  puerum  in  via  conlocari  et  malum  ^  in  capite 
p5ni  iussit.  In  malum  Tellius  sagittam  mittere  iussus  est. 
Pater  territus  id  quod  Gesslerus  iusserat  f  acere  paratus  n5n 
erat.  Sed  malus  ille  homo  ei  dixit:  "  Nonne  hoc  facies?5 
Si^  non  facies,  fllium  tuum  interficiam."  Itaque  Tellius 
sagittam  misit,  quae  in  malum  venit.  Clamore  magn5 
omnes  qui  viderant  Telli  factum  laudaverunt.  Sed  Gesslerus 
"Cur  alteram  cepisti  sagittam?"  inquit.  **  Haec  sagitta," 
inquit  Tellius,  "in^  tuam  mortem  servata  est,  quod  post  10 
pueri  mel.  mortem  nuUis  moenibus  defensus  eris."  Audivit 
Gesslerus  et  magna  celeritate  Tellium  in  vinculis  nave 
eripuit.  Sed  liberatus  mox  Tellius  superbum  hominem 
altera  ilia  sagitta  necavit  Helveti5sque  liberavit. 

(To  follow  Lesson  39) 

453.     Arnold  Winkelried 

Helvetia  Telli  virtute  libera  facta  erat.     Sed   incolae,  15 
propter  pecuniae  parvam  copiam,  multos  milites  n5n  habe- 
bant  qui  patriam  defendebant.     Qua  de  causa  principes  et 
equites,  Helvetiae  finitimi,  terram  occupare  incolasque  pr5 
servis    habere   cupiebant.     Magnus   militum    exercitus   in 
Helvetiam  missus  est.     His  militibus  longae  hastae,  magni2o 
gladii,  incolis  Helvetiae  sagittae  et  saxa  erant     Sed  omni- 
bus de  montibus  Helvetii  convenerunt  et  in  hostes  asperos 
impetum  fecerunt.     Diu  pugnatum  est,  sed  hastis  longis 
agricolae  ab  exercitu  prohibebantur,  neque  sagittae  quas 
in  milites   mittebant  eos  vulnerabant.     Et  a  dextro  et  a  25 
sinistr5  cornu  agricolae  hostes  oppugnabant,  sed  nullum 
militem   interfecerunt.      Turn    Onus    ex    illis,    cui    Arnol- 
dus  Winkelriedius  nomen  erat,  in  viam  exiit  itaque  ^  dixit : 

"^  apple,  ^if.  ^  for*  ^  and  thus ^  and  so. 


2l6  ESSENTIALS    OF   LATIN 

"Trans  ilium  montem  mihi  domus  cum  liberis  et  uxore^ 
est.  H5s  omnes  cum  mea  vita  patriae  meae  civibusque 
meis  pro  libertate  dabo.  Viam  libertati  faciam."  Turn,- 
nuUis  armis  armatus,  in  hastas  multas  hostium  corpus 
ssuum,  unus  pro  omnibus,  misit.  Amici  fortissimi  trans 
corpus  viri  audacis,  quod  humi  erat,  impetum  magna  cum 
virtute  f ecerunt.  Hostes  hoc  acri  animo  territi  et  in  fugam 
dati  sunt.  Sed  Helvetii  per  omne  futurum  tempus  liberi 
remanserunt,  quod  Winkelriedi  virtute,  quam  omnes  semper 
lolaudabunt,  servati  sunt. 

(To  follow  Lesson  42) 

454.     The  First  Eruption  of  Mt.  Vesuvius 

Vesuvius    mons  in   Campania,   Italiae   provincia,   trium 

millium  pedum  in  altitudinem  est.     Ex  eo  et  ignis  et  flumen 

saxorum,  quod  a  nobis  "lava"  appellatur,  saepe  in  agros 

mittitur.     Sed  temporibus  antiqu5rum  Romanorum  pulcher 

15  mons  erat,  sub  qu5  multi  et  agricolae  et  mercatores  vicos  et 
oppida  incolebant.  Undique  multum  frumentum,  vinum 
multum  in  agris  et  in  coUibus  erat,  multae  in  portubus 
naves.  Saepe  principes  Romani  multos  dies  in  his  oppidis 
manserunt  et  hiemem  fugerunt.     Sed  haec  omnia  LXXIX 

20  post  Christum  annis,  mense  Augusto,  casu  misero  deleta 
sunt.  E5  ann5  Plinius,^  Romanarum  navium  longarum  ^ 
dux,  cum  Plini5  altero,  nepote*  suo,  Miseni,  qui  portus 
Romanus  fuit,  erat.  Ei  eruptio  Vesuvi  facta  esse  nuntiatur. 
Et    ipse    vidit.     Nam    luce    dies    caruit    propter  fumum.^ 

25  Itaque  nave  ad  Vesuvium  Plinius  venit  incolisque  miseris 
auxilium  paravit.  Undique  clamorem  miserum  audiebat 
hominum  qui  alii  aliam  in  partem  fugiebant.  Et  ipse  dis- 
cedere  coactus  est.  Sed  saxis  illis,  de  quibus  diximus,  in 
itinere  interfectus  est. 

1  wife.        2  Pliny.        ^  navis  longa,  a  warship.        *  gj-andson.        ^  smoke. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  21/ 

Omnes  agri,  omnes  vici,  oppida  omnia  eruptione  incensa 
sunt.  Post  paucos  dies  nihil  in  terra  reliqui  erat.  Saxa 
omnes  agros  compleverant.  Neque  oppida  ilia  tria  sub 
monte  conlocata,  Stabiae,  Herculaneum,  Pompeii,  per  mul- 
tos  annos  ab  uUo  homine  visa  sunt.  Hodie  autem  ei  qui  in  5 
Italiam  iter  faciunt  omnes  in  Campaniam  veniunt.  Nam 
vident  in  his  locis  quae  ex  illis  oppidis  remanent  —  portas, 
vias  cum  aedificiis  suis,  templa  deorum.  Multae  et  pulchrae 
res,  quae  in  incolarum  domibus  fuerunt,  servatae  sunt  mul- 
taque  de  antiquorum  hominum  vita  et  fortuna  cogndscetio 
qui  illas  res  viderit. 

(To  follow  Lesson  45) 

455.  The  Treacherous  Schoolmaster 

Falerii,^  Etruriae  oppidum,  a  Romanis  diu  obsidebantur. 
Sed    fortissimi    incolae    magna    virtute    patriam     tiltam 
ab    hostibu5    servabant.      Quodam    die     senex     plurimis 
cum    pueris    ex    oppidi    porta    ad    castra    Romana    exiit.  15 
Cuius   adventum    inter    castra    et    oppidum    n5bilissimus 
Roman5rum    dux,    Camillus    n5mine,     exspectavit.       Ille 
autem  ad  imperatorem  accessit  dixitque  :  **  Ludi  magister 
in    oppido    Faleriis    sum.      Carissimos    potentium    civium 
filios    tuae    potestati    permitt5.     Brevi    tempore    superbi2o 
incolae,  qui  liber5s  suos  amant,  et  ipsi  in  castra  tua  per- 
venient  et  pro  liberorum  libertate  Romanis  civitatem  suam 
dabunt."     Turpi    magistrl   consilio    lenis    Camilll    animus 
permotus  est.     Pueros  convocavit  e5sque  flagellis  ^  malum 
magistrum    punire   et   patres    suos  de   illius   malo  animo25 
certiores  f  acere  iussit.     Gratior  Faliscis  ^  Camilll  magnitud5 

1  In  Latin,  when  names  of  towns  that  are  plural  in  form  are  used  as  subject, 
the  verb  is  plural ;  in  English  the  verb  is  singular,  as,  Athens  was  a  great  city. 

2  whips,  ^  Falisci,  the  inhabitants  of  Falerii. 


2i8  ESSENTIALS   OF    LATIN 

animi  quam  victoria  ipsorum  erat.  Itaque  pacem  cum 
Romanis  confirmaverunt  reique  publicae  Romanae  clientes 
fact!  sunt. 

(To  follow  Lesson  48) 

456.     Stories  of  Caesar 

Caesar,  summus  Roman5rum  imperator,  de  quo  omnes 
5  v5s  multa  iam  audivistis  pluraque  audietis,  iuvenis  iter  per 
Hispaniam  provinciam  faciebat.  Nocte  ad  vicum  per- 
venit,  ubi  a  principe  bene  receptus  est.  Superbior  ille 
omni  cive  Romano  erat,  quod  in  suo  vico  plurimum  poterat. 
Propter  quod  Caesaris  amici  eum  culpabant.     Sed  Caesar, 

loprudentissimus  vir,  dixit:  "  Superbus  princeps  non  est. 
Princeps  vici  maior  est  omnibus  qui  post  primum  Romae 
civem  sunt." 

Idem  Caesar  cum  Pompei5,  duce  summo,  et  cum  suis 
civibus  bellum  gessit.     Eo  tempore  in  Galliam  provinciam 

15  pro  c5nsule  missus  erat.  Finis  autem  provinciae  et  Italiae 
flumen  minime  ^  latum  erat,  quod  Rubic5  ^  appellatur. 
Cuius  fluminis  in  ripa  aciem  suam  Caesar  instruxit  diuque 
exspectavit  legat5rum,  qui  de  pace  missi  erant,  adven- 
tum.       Postea    autem,    Rubiconem    ubi    exercitu    transiit, 

20 ''  Alea  ^  iacta  est !  "  exclamavit.  Ex  eo  tempore  acriter  cum 
Pompeio  bellum  gessit. 

In  illo  ips5  bello  Pompeius,  cuius  mllites  pares  numero 
Caesaris  non  erant,  Brundisi5,  quod  n5men  est  portus 
Ttaliae,  in  Graeciam  transiit.     Caesar  ipse   mare  transire 

25cupiebat.  Sed  ventus  *  asperrimus  navem  in  aliam  partem 
egit.  Nautae  territi  ad  terram  se  recipere  cupiebant. 
Quibus  Caesar,  fortissimus  vir,  respondit :  ^  "  Fortiter  f aci- 
etis  et  tuti  eritis,  quod  Caesarem  Caesarisque  fortunas  por- 
tatis." 

1  adverb  of  minimus.  ^  Rubicon.  ^  die.         *  wind,         ^  answer. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  219 

(To  follow  Lesson  51) 

457.     CORIOLANUS    AND    HIS    MOTHER 

Primis  rei  publicae  liberae  temporibus  Romae  iuvenis 
quidam  erat,  cui  Gnaeus  Marcius  Coriolanus  nomen  erat, 
vir  maxima  virtute  sed  non  c5nsilio  prudens.  Hunc,  quod 
superbissimus  erat,  populus  Romanus  ex  urbe  exire  iussit. 
Ille  autem  ad  Volscos  exiit,  quos  de  antiqua  potestates 
monuit.  Itaque  illi  cum  populo  Romano  bellum  gerere 
maturaverunt,  cuius  belli  imperium  Coriolano  dederunt. 
Maxima  militum  multitudine  ad  urbem  accesserant  eamque 
castris  et  vallo  obsidebant.  Saepe  proelium  commiserunt, 
neque  tamen  hostes  superare  potuerunt.  Sed  f eminae  10 
Romanae  ad  Veturiam,  Coriolani  matrem,  eiusque  uxorem 
Volumniam  convenerunt.  Quae  cum  Marci  duobus  filiis 
parvis  in  hostium  castra  ierunt,  urbem,  quam  viri  defendere 
non  poterant,  lacrimis^  suis  defensurae.  Ubi  Coriolano 
feminarum  agmen  accedere  nuntiatur,  primo  superbissime  15 
eas  recepit.  Ubi  autem  a  sedili  su5  matrem  vTdit,  maxime 
permotus  ad  illam  accessit  Cui  Veturia  "  Hostisne  filius/' 
inquit,  ''ad  me  venit  captaque  a  militibus  mater  tua  in  tuis 
castris  sum  ?  Grata  mihi  vita  esse  iam  non  poterit,  quod  te 
patriae  tuae  hostem,  civibus  n5n  amicum  reperio.  Nonne  in  20 
me,  matrem  tuam,  uxorem,  fili5s  tuum  amorem  demonstra- 
bis  et  cum  exercitu  tuo  in  Volscos  redibis  atque  urbi  Roma- 
nae libertatem  reddes  ?  Nihil  turpius,  nihil  miserius  ego 
tota  in  vita  vidi  nee  videre  potero." 

His  matris  verbis^  permotus  Coriolanus  ab  urbe  castra 25 
movit  civitatemque  liberam  servavit.     Ipse  autem  ^culpatus 
a  Volscis  postea  interfectus  est.     Feminis  fortissimis  sum- 
mam  laudem  Romani  dederunt  templumque  Fortunae  pro 
earum  subsidio  in  urbe  conlocaverunt. 

^  tears.  ^  words. 


220  ESSENTIALS    OF    LATIN 

(To  follow  Lesson  54) 

458.     The  Faithful  Wives  of  Weinsberg 

Imperator   quidam    Germanus   oppidum   munitissimum, 

quod  Weinsberg  appellatur,  quod  cives  liberl  esse  cupiebant, 

obsidebat.     Cottidianis  proeliis  oppidi  incolae  cum  militibus 

imperatoris  pugnantes  nee  vincere  poterant  nee  vincL     At  ^ 

5  post   longum   tempus    rei    frumentariae    inopia    oppidum 

laborabat,   quod   commeatu    omni   prohibebatur.     Qua  de 

causa  litteras  ad  imperat5rem  scripserunt,  quibus  oppidum 

"    in  eius  potestatem  dediderunt.     Ille  autem  haec  de  pace 

constituit.     Mulieres  omnes  exire  iussit.     "  Portabitis  ex 

looppido,"   inquit,   *Wobiscum    quae    tollere    poteritis.     Sed 

vir5s    omnes    occTdi    iubebo."     Die    proximo,   signo   dato, 

exeunt   e   porta  mulieres,   quarum    quaeque  virum    suum 

portabat.     Tum  miserae  feminae  se  ad  imperatoris  pedes 

iaciunt.     At  ^  ille  permotus  viris  vitam  donavit  ^  oppidum- 

15  que  tutum  a  militibus  asperis  servavit. 

(To  follow  Lesson  57) 

459.     Tales  of  the  War  of  Independence 

Col5ni^  AmericanI,  qui  regis  Britannorum  imperia  sibi 
nocere  credebant,  litteras  ad  regem  mittere  c5nstituerunt, 
et  eis  summas  Britannorum  iniurias^  dem5nstrare. 
Quas  litteras  conficere  Onus  ex  nobilioribus,  Samuel  Adams 

20  nomine,  ab  iis  iussus  est.  Filia  autem  Samuelis  parva  lit- 
teris  visis  patri  **  Sper5,"  inquit,  "brevi  tempore  litteras 
regis  in  manibus  futuras  esse."  Cui  pater  respondit : 
"  Ego,  rqea  f Ilia,  existimo  regem  superbissimum  pedes  suos 
in  nostris  litterls  positurum  esse." 

25  Militum  Britannorum  dux,  Gagius  ^  nomine,  a  col5nis  fru- 
mentum  conferri  audiverat,  quo  se  potiturum  esse  sperabat. 

1  but,  '^  give,  8  colonists.  *  wrongs.  ^  Gage. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  221 

Erant  autem  Bostdni^  viri  patriae  amantissimi,  qui  igne 
plebi  demon straturi  erant  Britannum  ducem  profec- 
tum  esse.  Itaque  nocte  hi  ignes  a  civibus  visi  sunt. 
Inter  quos  Paulus  Reverius,  peritissimus  eques,  nihil  mo- 
ratus,  equum  conscendit^  et  maxima  celeritate  per  VIC0S5 
iter  fecit  Britannos  iam  ventures  esse  vocans.  Sic  tandem  ^ 
ad  oppidum  Lexingtonium  pervenit,  ubi  et  Samuel  Adams 
et  loannes^  Hancock  in  amic5rum  domibus  erant.  H5s 
capt5s  secum  reducere  Gagius  quam  maxime  cupiebat. 
Sed  a  Reverio  moniti  milites  Britannos  fugerunt.  10 

Fortissimi  erant  milites  Americani,  sed  ducibus  male 
parebant.  Centurio^  quidam  unum  ex  suis  militibus 
aquam  in  castra  portare  iussisse  dicitur.  Cui  ille  superbe 
respondit :  **  Ego  n5n  portabo,  quod  complura  iam  pociila 
portavi.  Qua  re  tu  tibi  ipse  hodie  illam  comparabis."  15 
Nee  meliore  ipsi  centuriones  animo  erant.  Washingtdnius 
arborem  ^  maximam  milites  quosdam  magno  labore  moventes 
vidit  et  eis  centurionem  auxilium  ferre  iussit.  Ille  autem 
"  Num  me  centurionem,"  inquit,  *'  esse  tu  scis  ? " 

(To  follow  Lesson  60) 

460.     More  Tales  of  the  War  of  Independence 

Multi  inter  Americanos  Washingtoni5,  maxim5  duci,  tarns© 
inimici  erant  ut  ei  imperium  eripere  conarentur.  Quae  om- 
nia fortissimo  animo  ille  tuHt.  Civis  quidam  aliquem  in 
silva  se  moventem  audivisse  dicitur.  Summa  cum  diligen- 
tia  accessit  ut  causam  c5gn5sceret.  Quid  autem  eum 
vidisse  arbitramini  ?  Washingtonius  hum!  Deum  multlsas 
cum  lacrimis  rogabat  ut  patriam  auxilio  servaret.  C5n- 
spectu  permotus,  civis  rediit  neque  ab  illo  visus  est.  Post 
multos  annos,  re  nuntiata,  credidisse  se  dixit  virum  tam 
bonum  Deo  persuadere  debuisse. 

^  locative,  ai  Boston.      ^  mount,       ^  at  length.      *  John.      ^  captain.     ®  tree. 


222  ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 

Philadelphiae  ^  exercitus  Britann5rum  in  hibernis  erat. 
Illo  tempore  Howiiis,^  exercitus  dux,  ut  copias  Washing- 
ton!, quae  praesidio  finitimis  castris  erant,  pelleret  consi- 
lium cepit.  Semper  autem  eius  consilils  duci  Americano 
snuntiatis  ne  ea  perficeret  impeditus  est.  Itaque  multa 
nocte  legati  et  dux  domum  mulieris  cuiusdam,  Lydiae 
Darrah  nomine,  convenerunt.  Ne  consilia  audirentur  earn 
cum  omnibus  suls  in  domus  superiorem  partem  ire  coegit. 
Ipse  in  parte  inferiore  legat5s  imperils  suis  sum  ma  cum 

lodiligentia  parere  iussit.  Lydia  autem,  ut  omnia  quae 
dlcebantur  audlret,  ad  5stium  ^  accesserat.  Ubi  legati  do- 
mum reliquerunt,  eam  nihil  de  consiliis  scire  credentes, 
viro  se  ad  vicum  quendam  profecturam  esse  dixit  ut 
rem  frumentariam  suis  compararet.     Quem  in  vIcum  ubi 

i5venit,  centurion!  Americand  ea  quae  audlverat  nuntiavit 
ita  ut  Washingtonius  de  per!cul5  monitus  exercitu!  Bri- 
tannorum  fortiter  resistere  posset.  Neque  quisquam  quae 
Lydia  tam  fortiter  fecerat  ante  belli  finem  audivit. 

In  proeli5  qu5dam  ad  Cowpens  vicum  fact5  Tarletonius, 
,  20  legatus  Britann5rum,  qu!  dux  exercitus  erat,  a  Guglielmo 
Washingt5ni5,  legat5  Americano,  vulneratus  est.  Postea 
mulier!  cuidam  Washingt5nium  tam  ferum  esse  dixit  ut 
nomen  suum  scribere  non  sciret.  Cui  ilia  vulnus  dem5ns- 
trans  "  At  optime,"   inquit,  '*  suum  signum   facere   scit." 

25 1  His  autem  temporibus  ei  qui  scribere  non  sciebant  signum 
pro  n5mine  faciebant. 

(To  follow  Lesson  63) 

461.     The  Burnt  Hand 

Porsena,  Etrusc5rum  rex,  magn5  cum  exercitu  Romam 
urbem  obsidebat     Magnus  Romanorum  timor  erat,  quod 

^  locative.  2  fJowe.  ^  door  (of  bouse  or  room). 


Mucins  Scaevola  dextram  tnanum  in  ignl  ponit 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  223 

frumentum  n5n  multum  in  urbe  erat.  Patriam  tamen  hosti- 
bus  tradere  n5lebant.  Qua  de  causa  iuvenes  quidam  bellum 
c5nficere  c5nstituerunt  unumque  ex  su5  numero  qui  regem 
gladi5  necaret  miserunt.  Agricolam  se  esse  simulans^ 
Mucius  in  Etrusc5rum  castra  profectus  regem  petivit.  5 
Rogare  autem  quis  rex  esset  noluit,  ne  hostes  Romanum 
se  esse  c5gnoscerent,  sed  nobilem  quendam  pulcherrime 
armatum  pro  rege  interfecit.  Captus  et  ad  regem  ductus 
est.  Rogatus  quis  esset  aut  cur  unum  e  regis  legatis 
interfecisset,  "  R5manus  sum,"  inquit,  "qui  patriae  meae  10 
hostem  necare  volui."  Quae  ubi  rex  audivit,  ut  igni 
cremaretur  imperavit.  Sed  non  territus  processit  R5- 
manus  et  dextra  manu  in  igni  posita,  "  Ignem  tuum," 
inquit,  "  minime  vereor.  Plurimi  mihi  sunt  socii,  qui 
te  interficient,  nisi  in  Etruriam  redibis/'  Quibus  verbis  15 
'  superbissimis  auditis  Porsena  iuveni  libertatem  d5navit, 
magno  civis  Romani  animo  maxime  permotus.  R5mam 
ille  rediit,  et  postea  a  plebe  Scaevola  vocabatur,  quod  est, 
is  qui  manum  s5lam  sinistram  babet.    • 

(To  follow  Lesson  66) 

462.     Follow  the  Flag 

Cum  e  Gallia  Caesar  in  Britanniam  de  tertia  vigilia  pro- 20 
fectus  esset,  proxim5  die  in  conspectum  terrae  Britannicae 
venit.  Ibi  hostes  se  ad  mare  exspectantes  vidit.  Tantae 
autem  magnitudinis  naves  R5manae  erant  ut  terrae  appro- 
pinquare  n5n  possent.  Qua  re  territi  hostiumque  tela 
veriti  milites  Romani  non  eadem  qua  solebant  ^  virtute  in  25 
proeli5  utebantur.  Quod  ubi  Caesar  intellexit,  milites 
e  navibus  ad  terram  per  mare  accedere  iussit.  Cum  milites, 
novam  rem  timentes,  quae  imperaverat  facere  n5llent,  is 
qui  decimae  legi5nis  signum  ferebat,  postquam  de5s  ut  sibi 

1  pretending.  ^  be  accustotned. 


224  ESSENTIALS    OF    LATIN 

praesidio  essent  rogavit,  "  Me,"  inquit,  ''sequeminl,  milites, 
nisi  vultis  signum  nostrum  in  hostium  manibus  esse.  Ego 
quae  ab  imperatore  iussus  sum  faciam."  Haec  cum  dixis- 
set,  e  nave  per  mare  in  hostes  signum  ferre  coepit.  Tum 
5  Roman!  cohortati  inter  se,  ne  ilium  in  hostium  potestate 
relinquerent,  signum  secuti  in  Britann5s  impetum  fe- 
cerunt.  Acriter  ab  utrisque  pugnatum  est.  R5manis 
tamen  arma  multum  proderant,  ita  ut  summa  vi  pugnantes 
hostes  in  fugam  darent. 

(To  follow  Lesson  69)  . 
463.     Two  Brave  Rivals 

10  Caesar  e  Britannia  in  Galliam  reversus  Ciceronem 
legatum  suum  hibernis  praefecit.  Ipse  in  Italiam  profec- 
tus  est.  Galli  autem  absente  Romanorum  imperat5re  liber- 
tate  sua  iterum  potiri  c5nati  sunt.  Cum  castra  Romana 
plurimis  copiis  circumvenissent,  tanta  vi  in  ea  impetum 

15  fecerunt  ut  ad  multam  noctem  pugnaretur,  neque  tamen 
Roman5rum  castra  expugnare  potuerunt.  Erant  in  exer- 
citu  duo  viri  fortissimT,  Titus  Pullo  et  Lucius  Vorenus.  Hi 
inter  se  omnibus  annis  de  ordine  contendebant.  E  quibus 
Pullo,     cum    acerrime    pro    castris    pugnaretur,    **  Quid, 

aoVorene,"  inquit,  **  exspectas  .'*  Hlc  dies  de  nostra  virtute 
iOdicabit."  ^  Haec  cum  dixisset,  e  castris  pr5cessit  et,  ubi 
pliirimi  hostes  videbantur,  ibi  dimicavit.  Neque  Vorenus 
se  castris  tenuit,  sed  ne  timere  videretur  veritus  ilium  secu- 
tus  est.     Pilum  Pull5  in  hostes  mittit  atque  unum  ex  illis 

25  interficit.  Omnes  autem  hostes  telis  in  Pullonem  missis  pr5- 
gredi  eum  prohibuerunt.  Gladio  uti  conantem  circumve- 
niunt  vulnerantque.  Sed  illi  auxiH5  Vorenus  adest,  in  quern 
hostes  se  convertunt.  Gladi5  Vorenus  se  defendit  et  uno 
ex  hostibus  interfecto  reliquos  in  fugam  dat.     Sed  iterum 

1  decide. 


ft 

M 

%- 

«fT  ^ 

k 

t^ 

*^    «B|^fc''"ft     : 

1% 

i': 

4 

H^^^i 

'  ^^ 

^^^Km 

Romani  in  Britanniam  egrediun'tur 


ESSExNTIALS   OF   LATIN  225 

a  Gallis  circumventus  cadit.  Huic  subsidium  fert  Pull5 
tam  fortiter  ut  uterque  compluribus  hostibus  interfectis 
summo  cum  clamore  mllitum  se  in  castra  reciperet.  Sic 
fortuna  factum  est  ut  inimici  alter  alterl  auxili5  essent. 

(To  follow  Lesson  72) 
464.     In  Lighter  Vein 

Ennius,  vetus  Romanus  poeta,^  Scipi5nl,  summ5  Roma- 5 
ndrum  dud,  amicissimus  erat.  Quodam  autem  die  Scipio 
Enni  ad  domum  cum  venisset,  ut  cum  poeta  conloqueretur, 
servus  qui  ostium  servabat  "  Dominus,"  inquit,  '*  mens 
abest."  Visus  tamen  erat  Ennius  a  Sclpione,  in  domus 
superiore  parte  se  tenens.  Post  pauc5s  dies  Ennins  Sclpi-io 
onis  ad  domum  venit.  Cui  ille  accedenti  **  Domi,  '  inquit, 
'*  ego  n5n  sum."  Tum  Ennius  "  Ego  autem  te  ^t  vide5 
et  audi5."  ''Quid?"  Scipio  respondit,  "ego  serv5  tu5 
credidi :  tu  mihi  ipsi  non  credes  ?  " 

Lincolnius,  nobilissimus  optimusque  vir,  per  bellum  15 
illud  quod  cTves  nostri  alteri  cum  alterls  gesserunt,  clvi- 
tati  praeerat.  Is  fabulis  saepe  utebatur,  ut  els  qiu  ad  se 
veniebant  persuaderet.  Cum  plurimi  ab  e5  ut  aliquid 
sibi  daret  rogarent,  saepe  quid  responderet  non  habuit. 
Denique  tamen  morb5^  qu5dam  lab5rabat,  qui  a  nobis  20 
"variola"^  appellatur.  Tum  medico^  ille  "  Laetus,"  in- 
quit,  ''  sum,  quod  tandem  habeo  quod  uni  cuique  dare  pos- 
sim  qui  habere  cupiat." 

Centurio  quidam,  qui  ante  belli  finem  ab  exercitQ  disce- 
dere  volebat,  hoc  ne  faceret  a  Shermano  duce  impeditus  est^  25 
Cum  parere  n5llet,  Shermanus  illi  ''Nisi  tu,"  inquit,  "in 
castra  redieris,  te  interfici  iubebo."  Post  pauc5s  dies  ci^m 
Lincolnius  ad  exercitum  venisset,  centurio  ad  eum  venit  dixit- 
que :   "  Legatus  me  discedere  n5luit  et,  nisi  ad  legionem 

^  poet.       2  illness.       ^  varioloid  (a  mild  form  of  smallpox).       '^physician. 


226  ESSENTIALS    OF   LATIN 

rediissem,  me  interfici  iussisset."  Lincolnius  et  ad  legatum 
et  ad  centurionem  se  convertit,  turn  illi  ''  Scisne,"  inquit, 
"  quid  ego  putem  ?  Si  Shermanus  se  me  interfecturum 
esse  dixisset,  celeriter  id  quod  vult  facerem.  Credo  eum 
sid  facere  et  velle  et  posse." 

(To  follow  Lesson  75) 

465.     An  Example  of  Roman  Fortitude 

Summa  omnibus  temporibus  Romanorum  virtus  fuit, 
ita  ut  fortissimus  quisque  semper  maxime  ab  ifs  laudare- 
tur.  Inter  multa  alia  nobilissimum  Reguli  factum  semper 
erit.     Is  bello  Punico  prim5  Carthaginienses  terra  marique 

lovicerat,  sed  tandem  proelio  superatus  ab  illls  in  vincula 
coniectus  est.  Cum  pacem  cum  Romanis  Carthaginienses 
confirmare  vellent,  Regulum  Romam  miserunt,  qui  de 
pace  c5nfirmanda  cives  certi5res  faceret.  Postulaverunt 
autem    ut    sibi    polliceretur    se,    si    R5manis    persuadere 

15  n5n  posset,  in  Africam  reversurum  esse.  Romam  pro- 
fectus  Regulus  in  senatum  venit,  sed  patres  cohortatus  est 
ne  pacem  confirmarent.  Haec  sunt  quae  illis  dixit: 
*'  Utinam  ne  ad  vos  venire  coactus  essem  !  Res  mihi  tur- 
pissima  videbatur  cum  nostrps  vidi  ab   hostibus   manibus 

aovinctis  in  urbem  duci.  Num  speratis  eos  fortiores  fu- 
tures esse,  si  pecunia  data  libertatem  receperint.?  Mor- 
tem mihi  huius  consili  praemium  exspectandam  esse  ego 
sci5.  Sed  utinam  plures  mihi  vitae  essent,  ut  omnes  patriae 
pr5  victoria  darem.     Morte  mea  incitati,  elves,  bellum  for- 

25tissime  gerite."  Itaque  senatui  persuasit.  Cum  autem 
amici  ne  in  Africam  in  vincula  rediret  postularent,  vir  fortis- 
simus parere  noluit.  Ubi  Carthaginem  rediit,  a  Carthagi- 
niensibus  interfectus  est.  Sed  eius  morte  Roman!  quam 
maxime  incitati  Carthaginienses  vicerunt.     Utinam  nostra 

3opatria  semper  in  suis  finibus  tantae  virtu tis  viros  habeat! 


SELECTIONS    FOR   READING 

STORIES  1   FROM    ROMAN    HISTORY 

466.  Early  Boyhood  of  Romulus  and  Remus 

Proca,  rex  Albanorum,  Numitorem  et  Amulium  fllios 
habuit.  Numitorl,  qui  natu  maior  erat,  regnum  rellquit; 
sed  Amulius,  pulsd^  fratre,  regnavit  et  Rheam  Silviam, 
eius  f iliam,  Vestae  sacerdotem  fecit,  quae  ^  tamen  Romulum 
et  Remum  geminos  edidit.  Quare  Amulius  ipsam  in  vincula  5 
coniecit,  parvulos  alveo  impositos*  abiecit  in  Tiberim,  qui 
tunc  forte  super  ripas  erat  effusus ;  sed,  relabente  flumine, 
eos  aqua  in  sicco  reliquit.  Vastae  turn  in  iis  locis  solitu- 
dines  erant.  Lupa  ad  vagitum  accurrit,  matremque^  se 
gessit  10 

Cum  lupa  saepius^  ad  parvul5s  veluti  ad  catulos  re- 
verteretur,  Faustulus,  pastor  regius,  re  animadversa  eos 
tulit  in  casam  et  Accae  Larentiae  coniugl  dedit.  Adulti^ 
deinde  hi  inter  pastores  prim5  ludicris^  certaminibus  vires  ^ 
auxerunt,  deinde  venando  saltus  peragrare  et  latr5nes  a  15 

1  These  stories  are  from  the  traditional  accounts  of  Rome's  early  history. 
Little  faith  should  be  put  in  them  as  a  true  historical  record,  at  least  as  far  as 
details  are  concerned.  2  -pxLlsb  (pello)  fratre,  abl.  absolute,  a/ifer  he  had 
driven  out  his  brother.  ^  but  she.  *  See  311,  7.  impositos  abiecit :  translate 
as  if  they  were  two  coordinated  verbs,  imposuit  et  abiecit.  ^  matremque  se 
gessit,  acted  like  a  mother.  ^  very  often.  '^  adulti  (adolesco),  when  grown 
(literally,  having  grown) .  ^  ludicris  certaminibus,  with  playful  contests. 
^  From  vis  ;   do  not  confuse  with  vir,  viri. 

227 


228  ESSENTIALS    OF    LATIM 

pecoribus  arcere  coeperunt.  Quare  cum  ils  Insidiati  essent 
latrones,  Remus  captus  est,  Romulus  vl  se  defendit.  Turn 
Faustulus  indicavit  Romul5  quis  esset^  eorum  avus,  quae 
mater.  R5mulus  statim  armatis  pastoribus  Albam  ^  pro- 
5  peravit. 

467.   The  Founding  of  Rome 

Interea  Remum  latrones  ad  Amulium  regem  perduxe- 
runt,  eum  accusantes  quasi ^  Numitoris  agros  infestare 
solitus  esset;  itaque  Remus  a  rege  Numitorl  ad  suppli- 
cium  traditus  est;    at  Numitor,  adulescentis  vultum  con- 

loslderans,  baud  ^  procul  erat  quin  nepotem  agnosceret. 
Nam  Remus  oris  lineamentls  ^  erat  matrl  simillimus  aetas- 
que  expositionis  temporibus  congruebat.  Ea  res  dum 
Numit5ris  animum  anxium  tenet,^  repente  Romulus  su- 
pervenit,    fratrem    llberat,    avum    Numit5rem   in  regnum 

15  restituit  J 

Deinde  Romulus  et  Remus  urbem  in  iisdem  locis,  ubi 
expositi  ubique  educatl  erant,  condiderunt^ ;  sed  orta  inter 
eos  contentione,  uter^  nomen  novae  urbl  daret^^  eamque 
regeret,  auspicia  decreverunt  ^^  adhibere.     Remus  prior  sex 

20  vultures,  Romulus  postea  duodecim  vidit.  Sic  R5mulus, 
victor  augurio,  urbem  Romam  vocavit.  Ad  novae  urbis 
tutelam  sufficere  vallum  videbatur.  Cuius  ^^  angustias 
inrldens  cum  Remus  saltu  id  traiecisset,  eum  Iratus  ^^  R5- 
mulus  interfecit,  his  increpans  verbis:  "Slc^^  deinde,  qui- 

25  cumque  alius  transiliet  moenia  mea ! "  Ita  s5lus  potitus 
est  imperio^^  Romulus. 

1  For  mood  and  tense,  see  369-374.  ^  See  237.  ^  on  the  ground  that. 
*  haud  .  .  .  agnosceret,  came  very  near  recognizing  his  grandson.  ^  See  157. 
«  dum,  while,  regularly  takes  the  pres.  ind.  where  the  English  uses  the  imper- 
fect ;  translate  "  was  keeping,''  "^  restituo.  ^  COndo.  ^  as  to  which  of  the 
two,  ^0  Why  subjunctive  ?  ^^  decemo.  ^  its.  ^^  in  anger.  1*  Supply  pereat» 
let  him  perish,  or  some  similar  verb.     ^^  For  case,  see  337. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  229 

468.   Romulus,  First  King  of  the  Romans 

War  with  the  Sabines 

Romulus  imaginem  urbis  magis  quam  urbem  fecerat; 
incolae  deerant.  Erat  in  ^  proximo  lucus ;  hunc  asylum 
fecit.  Et  statim  e5  mira  vls^  latronum  pastorumque  confu- 
git.  Cum  ver5  uxores  ipse  populusque  non  haberent, 
legat5s  circa  vicinas  gentes  misit,  qui  societatem  conu-  5 
biumque  nov5  popul5  peterent.^  Nusquam  benlgne  audita 
legati5  est ;  liidibrium  etiam  additum  :  '*  Cilr  non  f  eminis 
quoque  asylum  aperuistis  ?  Id  enim  compar  f oret  *  conu- 
bium."  R5mulus,  aegritudinem  animi  dissimulans,  lud5s 
parat ;  indici  ^  deinde  f Initimis  spectaculum  iubet.  Mult!  10 
convenerunt  studio  videndae  novae  urbis,  maxime  Sablnl 
cum  liberis  et  coniugibus.  Ubi  spectacull  tempus  venit 
e5que^  conversae  mentes  "^  cum  oculis  erant,  tum  signo 
dato  iuvenes  Roman!  discurrunt,  virgines  rapiunt.^ 

Haec  f uit  statim  causa  belli.  Sablni  enim  ob  virgines  15 
raptas^  bellum  adversus  Romanos  sumpserunt,  et  cum 
Romae  approplnquarent,  Tarpeiam  virginem  nacti  sunt,^^ 
quae  aquam  forte  extra  moenia  petltum^^  ierat.  Huius 
pater  Romanae  praeerat  arci.  Titus  Tatius,  Sabln5rum 
dux,  Tarpeiae  optionem  muneris  dedit,  si  ^^  exercitum  suum  20 
in  Capitolium  perduxisset.  Ilia  petiit  quod  Sablni  in  sinis- 
tris  manibus  gererent,^^  videlicet  aureos  anul5s  et  armillas. 
Quibus  dolose  pr5missls,  Tarpeia   Sabln5s  in  arcem  per- 

1  in  proximo,  near  by.  2  number.  ^  See  364.  *  =  esset,  would  be.  ^  Pres. 
pass,  infin.  of  indic5,  to  be  announced.  ^  eo  =  in  spectaculum.  "^  mentes  cum 
Oculis,  minds  and  eyes  alike  (literally,  minds  with  eyes).  ^  The  connective,  et, 
is  often  omitted  in  rapid  historical  narrative.  ^  ob  virgines  raptas,  on  account 
of  the  seizure  of  the  maidens  (literally,  on  account  of  the  seized  maidens'), 
1^  nanciscor.  ^^  Supine  to  denote  purpose ;  see  435,  ^  si  .  .  perdiixisset, 
if  she  would  lead.     ^^  wore. 


230  ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 

duxit,  ubi  Tatius  scutis  earn  ^  obrul  iussit ;  nam  et  ^  ea  in 
laevis  habuerant.  Sic  impia  proditio  celeri  poena  vindi- 
cata  est. 

469.    Romulus,  First  King  of  the  Romans 

Peace  with  the  Sabines.     Death  of  Romulus 

Deinde  Romulus  ad  certamen  processit,  et  in  eo  loco  ubi 

5  nunc  Forum  R5manum  est  pugnam  conseruit.  Primo 
impetu  vir  inter  Romanos  inslgnis,  nomine  Hostilius,  for- 
tissime  dimicans  ^  cecidit  * ;  quare  R5mani  f  ugere  coepe- 
runt.  lam  Sabini  clamitabant:  "  Vicimus  perfidos  hospites,^ 
imbelles  hostes.     Nunc  sciunt  longe^  aliud  esse  virgines 

10 rapere, aliud  pugnare  cum  viris."  Tunc  Romulus,  arma  ad 
caelum  tollens,  lovl  aedem  vovit,  et  exercitus  restititJ 
Itaque  proelium  redintegratur ;  sed  raptae  mulieres  ansae 
sunt  se  inter  tela  volantia  inferre  et,  bine  patres,  bine  vir5s 
orantes,^  pacem  conciliaverunt. 

15  R5mulus  Sabinos  in  urbem  recepit  et  regnum  cum 
Tatio  sociavit.  Verum  baud  ita  multo  post,  occiso  Tati5, 
ad  Romulum  potentatus  omnis  recidit.  Centum  deinde  ex 
senioribus  elegit,  qu5s  senatores  n5minavit  propter  senectu- 
tem.     Tres  equitum   centurias  constituit,  populum  in  tri- 

ao  ginta  curias  distribuit.  His  ita  5rdinatls,  cum  ad  ^  exercitum 
lustrandum  conti5nem  in  campo  haberet,  subit5  coorta  est 
tempestas  et  Romulus  e  conspectu  ablatus  est.^^  Ad  deos 
transTsse  vulgo  creditus  est.^^  Aedes  in  colle  Quirinali 
R5mulo  ^2  constituta,  ipse  pro  dep  cultus  ^^  et  Quirmus  est 

25  appellatus. 

1  earn  Obrui  iussit,  ordered  her  to  be  buried.  2  et  ea,  these  also.  ^  while 
fighting.  *  cado.  ^  hosts.  ^  longe  aliud  esse  .  .  .  aliud,  that  it  is  ont 
thing  .  .  .  quite  another.  '^  resisto,  held  its  ground.  ^  by  beseeching.  ^  See 
406,  3.  1*^  aufero.  ^^  creditus  est,  he  was  believed.  ^^  in  honor  of  Romu- 
lus,    18  colo. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  23 1 

470.  NuMA  PoMPiLius,  Second  King  of  the  Romans 

(716-673   B.C.) 

Successit  Romul5  Numa  Pompilius,  vir  incluta  iustitia^ 
et  religi5ne.  Is  Curibus,^  ex  oppido  Sabln5rum,  accltus 
est.  Qui  cum  Romam  venisset,  ut  populum  f  erum  religione 
mitigaret,  sacra  plurima  instituit.  Aram  Vestae  c5nsecra- 
vit,  et  ignem  in  ara  perpetuo  alendum  ^  virginibus  dedit.  5 
Flaminem  ^  lovis  sacerdotem  creavit  eumque  Inslgnl  veste 
et  curuli  sella  adornavit.  Dicitur  quondam  ipsum  lovem  e 
caelo  elicuisse.  Hie,  ingentibus  f ulminibus  in  urbem  demis- 
sis,  descendit  in  nemus  Aventinum,  ubi  Numam  docuit  qui- 
bus  sacris  f  ulmina  essent  ^  procuranda,  et  praeterea  imperi  le 
certa  pignora  popul5  R5mano  daturum  se  esse  promisit. 
Numa  laetus  rem  populo  nuntiavit.  Postridie  omnes  ad 
aedes®  regias  convenerunt  silentesque  exspectabant  quid 
futurum  esset.  Atque  s5le  orto"^  delabitur  e  caelo  scu- 
tum, quod  ancile  appellavit  Numa.  Id  ne  furto  auferriis 
posset,  Mamurium  fabrum  undecim  scuta  eadem  forma® 
fabricare  iussit.  Duodecim  autem  Salios  Martis  sacer- 
dotes  legit,  qui  ancilia,  secreta  ilia  imperi  pignora, 
custodirent. 

471.  Numa  Pompilius,  Second  King  of  the  Romans 

Annum  in   duodecim  menses  ad  cursum  lunae  Numa 
Pompilius  descripsit ;  nef astos  ^  f astosque  dies  fecit ;  portas  20 
lano  ^^  gemino  aedificavit  ut  esset  index  pacis  et  belli;  nam 

^  For  case,  see  303.  2  Curibus  .  .  .  Sabinonim,  from  CureSy  a  town- 
of  the  Sabines ;  why  is  the  prep,  omitted  with  Curibus  ?  ^  to  be  kept. 
*  Flaminem  . .  creavit,  he  appointed  a  priest  asflamen  for  fupiter,  ^  essent 
prociiranda,  should  be  taken  care  of  (i.e.  averted^,  ^  aedes  regias,  the  palace^ 
■^  sole  orto  (orior),  at  sunrise.  ^  eadem  forma :  see  303.  ^  nefastos  .  .  . 
fecit,  he  made  a  distinction  between  sacred  days  and  business  days,  ^o  l^no 
gemino,  in  honor  of  two-headed  Janus, 


232  ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 

apertus,^  in  armis  esse  civitatem,  clausus,  pacatos  circa 
omnes  populos,  significabat. 

Leges  quoque  plurimas  et  utiles  tulit  Numa.  Ut  ver5 
maiorem  Institutls  suls  auctoritatem  conciliaret,  simulavit 
5sibi^  cum  dea  Egeria  esse  conloquia  nocturna  eiusque^ 
monitu  se  omnia  quae  ageret  facere.  Lucus  erat,  quem^ 
medium  f5ns  perenni^  rigabat  aqua;  eo  saepe  Numa 
sine  arbitris  se  inferebat,  velut  ad  congressum  deae;  ita 
omnium  animos  ea^  pietate  imbuit,  ut  fides  ac  iusiurandum 

lonon  minus  quam  legum  et  poenarum  metus  elves  conti- 
neret.  Bellum  quidem  nullum  gessit,  sed  non  minus  civitatl 
profuit  quam  Romulus.  Morbo  exstinctus  in  laniculo 
monte  sepultus  "^  est.  Ita  duo  deinceps  reges,  ille  bell5,  hlc 
pace,    civitatem   auxerunt.      Romulus  septem   et  triginta 

15  regnavit  annos,  Numa  tres  et  quadraginta. 

472.     MUCIUS    SCAEVOLA 
(507   B.C.) 

Cum  Porsena  R5mam  obsideret,  Mucins,  vir  Romanae 
constantiae,  senatum  adiit  et  veniam  ^  transfugiendl  petiit, 
necem  regis  repromittens.  Accepta  potestate^  cum  in 
castra  Porsenae  venisset,  ibi  in  confertissima  turba  prope 
20  tribunal  constitit.^^  Stlpendium  tunc  forte  mllitibus  dabatur 
et  scrlba  cum  rege  pari  fere  ornatu  sedebat.  Mucins,  Ign5- 
rans  uter  rex  esset,  ilium  pr5  rege  occldit.  Apprehensus 
et  ad  regem  pertractus  ^^  dextram  accenso  ^^  ad  sacrificium 
foculo  iniecit,  velut  manum  puniens,  quod  in  caede  peccas- 

1  Agrees  with  lanus  understood,  subject  of  significabat,  when  opened, 

*  sibi  esse,  that  he  had:  why  is  sibi  dative  ?  ^  eiusque  monitu,  at  her  sug- 
gestion.     *  quern  medium,  the  middle  of  which.      ^  perenni  aqua :  see  303.. 

*  ea  pietate,  with  such  piety.  '^  sepelio.  ^  veniam  transfugiendl,  per- 
mission to  go  over  {to  the  enemy).  '^privilege.  "^^  consisto.  ^^  pertraho. 
^  accenso  foculo,  in  a  brazier  that  was  burning. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  233 

set.  Attonitus  miraculo  rex  iuvenem  amoveri  ab  altaribus 
iussit.  Turn  Mucius,  quasi  beneficium  remunerans,  ait 
trecentos  adversus  eum  sul  ^  similes  coniuravisse.  Qua  re 
ille  territus  bellum  acceptis  obsidibus  deposuit.  Mucio 
prata  trans  Tiberim  data,  ab  eo  Mucia  appellata.  Statuas 
quoque  ei  honoris  gratia  c5nstituta  est. 

473.   PuBLius  Decius 

(343  B.C.) 

•P.  Decius,  Valerid^  Maximo  et  Cornelio  Cosso  consuli- 
bus,  tribunus  militum  fuit.  Exercitu  Roman5  in  angus- 
tiis  Gaurl  montis  claus5  Decius  editum  collem  c5nspexit 
imminentem  hostium  castris.  Accepto  praesidi5  verticem^  10 
occupavit,  hostes  terruit,  consull  spatium  dedit  ad  subdu- 
cendum  agmen  in  aequiorem  locum.  Ipse,  colle  quem 
insederat  undique  armatis  circumdato,  intempesta  nocte 
per^  medias  hostium  custodias  somno  oppresses  incolumis^ 
evasit.  Qua  re  ab  exercitu  donatus  est  corona  clvica,  quae  15 
dabatur  ei  qui  ^  elves  in  bello  servasset.  Consul  fuit  bello 
Latino  cum  Manli5  Torquato.  Hoc  bell5  cum"^  utrlque 
c5nsull  somnio  obvenisset,  eos  vict5res  futur5s,  quorum 
dux  in  proelio  cecidisset,  convenit  inter  e5s  ut,®  utrius 
cornu^  in  acie  laboraret^  is  dils  se  Manibus  devoveret.  20 
Incllnante  sua  parte  Decius  se  et  hostes  diis  Manibus 
devovit.  Armatus  in  equum  insiluit  ac  se  in  medids  hostes 
immisit ;  corruit  obrutus  telTs  et  victoriam  suis  reliquit. 

1  Refers  to  Mucius.  2  Valerio  .  .  .  consulibus,  in  the  consulship  of,  etc., 
abl.  absolute  ;  see  316.  ^  the  summit  of  the  MIL  *  per  .  .  .  custodias, 
through  the  midst  of  the  enemfs  pickets.  ^  safely.  ^  one  who,  "^  cum  .  .  . 
obvenisset ;  when  the  tzvo  consuls  had  dreamed  (literally,  7uhen  it  had  come 
to  each  of  the  two  consuls  by  a  dream).  ^  ut  .  .  .  devoveret  is  subject  of 
convenit;  translate  "  it  was  agreed  among  them  that  he  whose  (utrius),  etc., 
xhouldf^^  etc.      ^Nominative. 


234  ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 

474.   Gaius  Duilius 

(260  B.C.) 

I.  Gaius  Duilius  Poenos  navali  pugna  primus^  devlcit. 
Qui  cum  videret  naves  Romanas  a  Punicis  velocitate 
superari,  manus^  ferreas,  machinam  ad  comprehendendas 
hostium  naves  tenendasque  utilem,  excogitavit.  Quae 
smanus^  ubi  hostTlem  apprehenderant  navem,  superiecto 
ponte  transgrediebatur  Romanus^  et  in  ipsorum  ratibus 
comminus  dimicabant,  unde*  Romanls,  qui  robore  prae- 
stabant,  facilis  victoria  fuit.  Celeriter  sunt  expugnatae 
naves  Punicae  triginta,  mersae^  tredecim. 

10  Duilius  victor  Romam  reversus  primus  navalem  trium- 
phum  egit.  Nulla  victoria  R5manls  gratior  fuit,  quod 
invictl^  terra  iam  etiam  marl  plurimum  ^  possent.  Itaque 
Duilio^  concessum  est  ut  per  omnem  vltam  praelucente 
funali  et  praecinente  tiblcine  a  cena  redlret. 

15  II.  Hannibal,  dux  classis  Punicae,  e  navl  quae  iam 
capiebatur,  in  scapham  saltu  se  demittens  Romanorum 
manus  eff ugit.  Veritus  autem  ne  in  patria  classis  ^  amissae 
poenas  daret,  civium  odium  astutia  avertit,  nam  ex  ilia 
infellcl  pugna  priusquam  cladis  nuntius  domum  pervenlret 

2oquendam  ex  amicis  Carthaginem  misit.  Qui  postquam 
curiam  intravit,  **  Consulit "  ^^  inquit  "v5s  Hannibal,  cum 
dux  Romanorum  magnis  copils  maritimis  Instructis  ad- 
venerit,  num  cum  eo  confllgere  debeat  ? "  Acclamavit 
universus  senatus  non  esse  dubium  quin  ^^  cSnfllgl  oporte- 

^  primus  devicit,  was  the  first  to  conquer.  2  manus  ferreas,  grappling 
irons.  ^  the  Romans^  a  collective  noun.  *  and  as  a  consequence, 
^  mergo.  ^  invicti  terra,  victorious  on  land.  "^  plurimum  possent,  they  . 
were  supreme.  ^  Duilio  COncessum  est  ut,  etc.,  Duilius  was  allowed  tOy  etc. 
^  classis  amissae,  for  losing  the  fleet,  ^^  Consulit  .  .  .  vos  .  .  .  num,  asks 
your  advice  as  to  whether.       ^^  that. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  235 

ret.  Turn  ille  "  Conflixit  "  inquit  "  et  superatus  est."  Ita 
non  potuerunt  factum  damnare,  quod  ipsi  fieri  debuisse 
iudicaverant.  Sic  Hannibal  victus  crucis  supplicium 
eff ugit :  nam  eo  poenae  genere  dux  re  male  gesta  apud 
Poen5s  adficiebatur.  5 


475.   Appius  Claudius  Pulcher 

(249   B.C.) 

Appius  Claudius,  vir  stultae  temeritatis,  consul  adversus 
Poenos  profectus  priorum  ducum  consilia  palam  repre- 
hendebat  seque,  quo  ^  die  hostem  vidisset,  bellum  confectu- 
rum  esse  iactitabat.  Qui  cum,  antequam  navale  proelium 
committeret,  auspicia^  haberet  pullariusque  el  nuntiasset,  10 
puUos  non  exire  e  cavea  neque  vesci,  inrldens  iussit  eos  in 
aquaiti  mergi,  ut  saltem  biberent,  quoniam  esse^  nollent. 
Ea  res  cum,  quasi  ^  iratis  dils,  mllites  ad  omnia  segnidres 
timidioresque  fecisset,  commisso  proelio  magna  clades  a 
R5manis  accepta  est :  octo  eorum  mlUia  caesa  sunt,  15 
viginti  millia  capta.  Qua  re  Claudius  postea  a  popul5 
condemnatus  est  damnationisque  Tgnominiam  voluntaria 
morte  praevenit.  Ea  res  calamitati  ^  f uit  etiam  Claudiae,^ 
consulis  sororl:  quae  a  ludis  publicis  revertens  in  c5n- 
ferta  multitudine  aegre  procedente  carpento,  palam  optavit  20 
ut  frater  suus  Pulcher  revlvlsceret  atque  iterum  classem 
amitteret,  quo^  minor  turba  Romae  foret.*^  Ob  v5cem 
illam  impiam  Claudia  quoque  damnata  gravisque^  ei  dicta 
est  multa. 

^  quo  die,  on  the  same  day  that.  ^  auspicia  haberet,  was  consulting  the 
auspices.  ^  Infinitive  of  edo,  to  eat.  *  quasi  iratis  diis,  because  (as  they 
thought)  the  gods  were  angry.  ^  See  294,  295.  ^  quo,  so  that,  ^  =  esset. 
^  gravisque  .  .  .  multa,  and  a  heavy  fine  was  imposed  ^pon  her. 


236  ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 

CAESAR.     GALLIC  WAR.      BOOK   II  {Adapted) 

CHAPTER   I 

476.   The   Belgae   form   a  Confederacy  against  the 

Romans 

Dum  Caesar  in  Gallia  in  hibernis  est,^  omnes  Belgae 
contra  populum  Romanum  coniurabant  obsidesque  inter  ^ 
se  dabant.  Coniurandl^  hae  erant  causae:  primum  n5le- 
bant^  nostrum  exercitum  ad  se^  adducl,^  deinde  ab  n5n- 
5  nullls  Gallis  soUicitabantur.  Hi  popull  Roman!  exercitum 
hiemare  atque  inveterascere  in  Gallia  nolebant  Nonnulli 
mobilitate  et  levitate  animi  novis  "^  imperils  studebant.  Ab 
n5nnullls  etiam  soUicitabantur,  quod  in  Gallia  a  potentibus 
atque  ab  iis  qui  conducere  homines  poterant  ®  vulgo  regna 
10  occupabantur,  qui  minus  facile  eam  rem^  imperio^^  nostro 
c5nsequi  poterant. 

CHAPTER   II 

477.  Caesar  proceeds  against  the  Belgae 

His  nuntils  litterlsque  commotus  est  Caesar.  Duas 
legi5nes  in  citeriore  ^^  Gallia  novas  conscrlpsit.^^  \^  jj^. 
teriorem^^  Galliam  cum  his  legionibus  Quintum  Pedium 
islegatum  misit.  Ipse  panels  post^^  diebus  ad  exercitum 
venit.  Senones,  qui  finitimi  Belgis  erant,  ea  quae  apud 
Belgas  geruntur  c5gnoscunt,  atque  Caesarl  omnes  nunti- 
ant  manum  cog!  et  exercitum  Belgarum  in  unum  locum 
conducL     Tum  vero  Caesar  contendit  ad  e5s  proficlsci.1^ 

1  was,       2  inter  se,  one  another  (literally,  between  themselves).        ^  of  con- 
spiring,        *  From  nolo.         ^  them.         ^  Present  passive  infinitive,  to  be  led.  ■ 
■^  novis  imperils,  revolution.    ^  Imperfect  of  possum.    ^  eam  rem  . . .  conse- 
qui,  to  do  this.    1®  imperid  nostro,  under  our  rule,    ^^  See  map,  page  22. 
'12  From  conscribo.     ^^  the  interior  of,     1*  afterwards,     ^^  to  set  out. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  237 

Itaque  castra  mo  vet  diebusque  circiter  quindecim  ad  fines 
Belgarum  pervenit. 

CHAPTER  III 

478.    The  Remi  immediately  submit  to  Caesar 

Eo  ^  de  improvlso  celeriterque  venit  Caesar.  Rem!,  qui 
proximi  Galliae  ex^  Belgis  sunt,  ad  eum  legates  ledum  et 
Audecumborium  miserunt,  qui  **  Nos"  inquiunt  **  omnia  in  5 
fidem  atque  in  potestatem  popull  R5mani  permittimus, 
neque  contra  populum  R5manum  coniuravimus.  ParatI 
sumus  obsides  dare  et  tua  imperata  facere  et  te  oppidis^ 
recipere  et  frument5  ceterisque  rebus  iuvare.  ReliquI 
omnes  Belgae  in  armis  sunt.  German!,  qui  cis  Rhenum  10 
incolunt,  sese  cum  his  coniunxerunt.^  Maximus  est  eorum 
omnium  furor,  neque  potuimus  prohibere  Suessiones,  fratres 
consanguineosque  nostros,  cum  his  consentire.^  " 

CHAPTER  IV 

479.   Caesar  learns  from  the  Remi  the  Strength  of 
THE  Enemy's  Forces 

Caesar  ab  his  legatis  sic  reperiebat;  pler5sque  Belgas 
esse  ortos  ab  Germanis  Rhenumque  antiquitus  traductos  15 
propter  loci  fertilitatem  ibi  consedisse  Gall5sque  expulisse, 
atque  Teutonis^  Cimbrisque  intra  fines  suos  ingredi*^  pro- 
hibitis  earum  rerum^  memoria  magnam  auctoritatem  sibi 
in  re  militari  sumere.    De  numero  eorum  omnia  ^  se  habere 

1  there,  i.e.  ad  fines  Belgarum.  2  g^  Belgis,  of  the  Belgae.  ^  oppidis 
recipere  =  in  oppida  recipere.  *  From  coniungo.  ^  from  conspiring, 
^  Teutonis  .  .  .  prohibitis,  abl.  absolute,  stating  the  reason  or  cause. 
'^  from  entering.  ^  deeds ;  refers  to  repelling  the  Teutones  and  Cimbri. 
*  omnia  explorata,  full  information. 


238  ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 

explorata  Rem!  dicebant.  Plurimum  inter  e5s  Bellovacos 
et  virtute  et  auctoritate  et  hominum  numer5  posse ;  hos 
posse  conficere  armata  mlUia  centum.  Suessiones  suos 
esse  f  initimos ;  latissimos  f  eracissimosque  agros  possidere. 
5  Apud  eos  f uisse  regem  nostra  etiam  memoria  ^  Diviciacum, 
totlus  Galliae  potentissimum :  nunc  esse  regem  Galbam ; 
ad  ^  hunc  propter  iustitiam  prudentiamque  totlus  belli  sum- 
mam  omnium  voluntate  deferrL 

CHAPTER  V 
480.    Caesar  receives  Hostages  from  the  Remi  and 

ENCAMPS  ON  THE  BaNKS  OF  THE  AXONA 

Caesar  Remos  cohortatus  omnem  senatum  ad  se  con- 
10  venire  principumque  liberos  obsides  ad  se  adduci  iussit. 
Quae  omnia  ab  his  diligenter  ad^  diem  facta  sunt.  Ipse 
Diviciacum  Haeduum  magnopere  cohortatus  monet  ut 
manus  hostium  distineantur.  Id  fieri  potest,  si  suas  copias 
Haedui  in  fines  Bellovac5rum  introduxerint  ^  et  eorum 
15  agr5s  populari  coeperint.  His  mandatis  eum  ab  se  dimittit. 
Postquam  omnes  Belgarum  c5pias  in  unum  locum  coactas 
ad  se  venire  neque  iam  longe  abesse  vidit,  fiumen' Axonam 
exercitum  traducere  maturavit  atque  ibi  castra  posuit. 
Quae  ^  res  et  latus  unum  castr5rum  ripis  fluminis  muniebat 
toet  quae^  post  eum  essent  tuta  ab  hostibus  reddebat.  In 
CO  flumine  p5ns  erat.  Ibi  praesidium  ponit  et  in  altera 
parte  fluminis  Q.  Titurium  Sabinum  legatum  cum  sex  co- 
hortibus  relinquit ;  castra  in  altitudinem  pedum  duodecim 
vall5  fossaque  duodeviginti  pedum  munire  iubet. 

^  Ablative  of  time  within  which.  Why  is  memoria,  479,  Hne  18,  ablative  ? 
^  on.  8  a^  diem,  to  the  very  day.  *  Future  perfect  indicative.  ^  Quae  res, 
this  position^  i.e,  crossing  the  river.     ®  quae  .  .  .  essent,  the  rear. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  239 

CHAPTER  VI 

481.    The  Belgae  lay  Siege  to  Bibrax,  a  Town  of 

THE    ReMI 

Ab  his  castrls  oppidum  Remorum  nomine  Bibrax  aberat 
mlllia  passuum  oct5.  Id  ex  itinere  magn5  impetu  Belgae 
oppugnare  coeperunt.  Aegre  eo  die  sustentatum  ^  est. 
Gall5rum  atque  Belgarum  oppugnatio  est  haec.  Circum> 
iecta  multitudine  hominum  totis  moenibus  ^  uudique  ins 
murum  lapides  iaci  coepti  sunt.  Ubi  murus  defensori- 
bus  nudatus  est,  testudine  ^  facta  portas  succedunt  murum- 
que  subruunt.  Quod  turn  facile  flebat.  Nam  cum  tanta 
multitudo  lapides  ac  tela  conicerent,  in  muro  consistendi 
potestas  erat  nulli>  Cum  finem  oppugnandi  nox  f ecisset,  k 
Iccius  Remus,  qui  turn  oppid5  praeerat,  nuntium  ad  Cae- 
sarem  mittit,  nisi  subsidium  sibi  submittatur,  sese  diutius 
sustinere  non  posse.^ 

CHAPTER  VII 

482.    The  Belgae  abandon  the  Siege  of  Bibrax 

Eo  de  media  nocte  Caesar  isdem^  ducibus  usus"^  qui 
nuntii  ab  Iccio  venerant,  Numidas  et  Cretas  sagittari5s  et  15 
funditores  Baleares  subsidio^  oppidanls  mittit;  quorum 
adventu  hostibus  spes  potiundi  oppidl  discessit.  Itaque 
paulisper  apud  oppidum  morati  agrosque  Remorum  de- 
populati,  multis  vicis  aedificiisque  incensis,  ad  castra  Cae- 
saris  omnibus  copiTs  contenderunt  et  ab^  millibus  passuum  2© 

^  sustentatum  est,  the  attack  was  sustained  (literally,  it  was  sustained^, 
^  Dative,  governed  by  circumiecta.  ^  This  was  done  by  placing  the  shields  over 
the  heads  of  the  soldiers.  *  Dative  of  possession.  ^  Infinitive  in  indirect  dis- 
course after  the  idea  of  saying  implied  in  nuntium  mittit.  ®  isdem 
ducibus,  the  same  persons  as  guides.  "^  using.  ^  For  construction,  see  294, 
295.       ^  An  adverb,  away,  off. 


240  ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 

minus  duobus  castra  posuerunt ;  quae  castra,  ut  ^  f um5 
atque  ignibus  sTgnificabatur,  amplius  mlllibus  passuum  octo 
in  latitudinem  patebant. 

CHAPTER  VIII 

483.    Description  of  Caesar's  Camp.     He  awaits  the 
Attack  of  the  Belgae 

Caesar  propter  multitudinem  hostium  et  propter  opinio- 
5nem  virtutis  proeli5  supersedere  statuit,  cottidie  tamen 
equestribus  proelils  quid  ^  hostis  virtute  posset  et  quid  nos- 
trl  auderent  perlclitabatur.^  Nostros  n5n  esse  inferiores 
intellexit.  Locus  pro  castrls  ad  aciem  instruendam  erat 
natura  idoneus,  quod  is  collis,  ubi  castra  posita  erant,  pau- 
lolulum  ex  planitie  editus  tantum*  adversus  in  latitudinem 
patebat  quantum  loci  acies  instructa  occupare  poterat.  Ab^ 
utr5que  latere  eius  collis  transversam  fossam  obduxit  cir- 
citer  passuum  quadringentorum  et  ad^  extremas  fossas 
castella  c5nstituit  ibique  tormenta  conlocavit,  ne,  cum 
15  aciem  instruxisset,  hostes  ab^  lateribus  pugnantes  suos 
circumvenire  possent.  Hoc  fact5,  duabus  legidnibus  quas 
proxime  conscrlpserat  in  castrls  relictls,  reliquas  sex  legiones 
pr5  castrls  in  acie  c5nstituit.  Hostes  item  suas  copias  ex 
castris  eductas  ^  instruxerant. 

chapter  IX 

484.   The  Belgae  try  to  cross  the  Axona 

20     Palus  erat  n5n  magna  inter  nostrum  atque  hostium  exer- 
citum.     Hanc  si  nostri  translrent  hostes  exspectabant  ® ; 

1  as  ;  lit  with  the  indicative  means  "  as^*  or  "when"  ^  quid  .  .  .  posset, 
what  the  enemy  could  do  by  their  valor.  ^  he  tried  to  ascertain.  *  tantum 
'^di\A\i^X  Q^dJ!L\.\\VR.ViQ\i  spread  over  as  much  space  as.  ^  on.  ^  ad  extremas 
fossas,  at  the  ends  of  the  trenches.      "^  See  311,  7.      ®  were  waiting  to  see. 


.■-^. 

■a 

- 

rSUa"'*""' 

t«5«»««NH^'",..    ... 

taw. 

1^^^               "'"  ^ 

H 

>^ 

KB^?/'^^ 

S 

^ 

^  Roman   Camp 

(The  lower  view  is  based  on  a  model  of  a  reconstructed  camp  at  Saalburg,  Germany.    The 
upper  view  is  a  sketch  representing  the  same  camp  occupied  by  troops) 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  241 

nostrl  autem,  si  ab  illls  initium  transeundl  fieret,  ut^ 
impedit5s  aggrederentur,  parati  in  armis  erant.  Interim 
proelio  equestrl  inter  duas  acies  contendebatur.  Ubi 
neutrl  transeundl  initium  faciunt,  secundiore^  equitum 
proelio  nostris  Caesar  suos  in  castra  reduxit.  ,  Hostes  5 
pr5tinus  ex  e5  loco  ad  flumen  Axonam  contenderunt, 
quod  esse  post  nostra  castra  demonstratum  est.  Ibi 
partem  suarum  copiarum  traducere  conati  sunt,  ut,  si 
^ssent,  castellum,  cui  praeerat  Quintus  Titurius  legatus, 
expugnarent  pontemque  interscinderent ;  si  minus  ^  potu-ia 
issent,  ut  agros  Remorum  popularentur  ^  commeatuque 
nostros  prohiberent.* 

CHAPTER  X 

485.  The  Belgae  are  defeated  in  the  Battle  that 

Follows 

Caesar  omnem  equitatum  et  funditores  sagittari5sque 
pontem  traducit  atque  ad  e5s  contendit.  Acriter  in  eo  loco 
pugnatum  est.  Nostrl  hostes  impeditos  in  flumine  aggressi  15 
magnum  e5rum  numerum  occiderunt ;  reliqu5s  per  eorum 
corpora  audacissime  transire  conantes  multitudine  tel5rum 
reppulerunt ;  prim5s,  qui  transierant,  equitatu  circumventos  ^ 
interfecerunt.  Hostes,  ubi  et  de^  expugnando  oppido  et 
de  flumine  transeundo  spem  se  fefellisse  intellexerunt  20 
neque  nostros  in  locum  iniquiorem  '^  progredT  pugnandT 
causa  viderunt   atque  ubi   ips5s  res  frumentaria   deficere 

1  ut  .  .  .  aggrederentur,  fo  attack,  depending  upon  parati  erant.  ^  g©. 
CUndiore  .  .  .  nostris,  abl.  absolute;  since  the  cavalry  battle  was  more  favor- 
able to  our  men,  ^  not.  *  These  subjunctives  also  express  the  purpose  of 
traducere  conati  sunt.  ^  See  311,  7.  ^de  .  .  .  spem  se  fefellisse,  that 
they  had  been  disappointed  in  the  hope  of  ,  ,  ,  (literally,  that  hope  had  failed 
them  about  .  .  .).      "^  unfavorable 


242  ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 

coepit,  concili5  convocat5  constituerunt  optimum  ^  esse 
domum  suajn  quemque  revert!  ad  suos  fines  defendendos, 
ut  potius  in  suls  quam  in  alienls  flnibus  decertarent  et 
domesticis  copils  rei  frumentariae  uterentur.  Ad  eam 
5  sententiam  haec  ratio  ^  eos  deduxit,  quod  Diviciacum  atque 
Haeduos  flnibus  Bellovacorum  approplnquare  cogn5verant. 
His  ^  persuaderl  ut  diutius  morarentur  neque  suls  auxilium 
ferrent  non  poterat 

CHAPTER  XI 

486.   The  Romans  pursue  the  Belgae  as  they 
Disperse 

Ea  re  constituta  secunda  vigilia  magno  cum  strepitu  ac 

lotumultu  castrls  egress!  nullo  cert5  ordine  neque  imperi5 

fecerunt*  ut  consimilis  fugae  profecti5  videretur.     Hac  re 

statim  Caesar   per   speculatores    c5gnita   !nsidias   veritus^ 

quod  qua^  de  causa  discederent  nondum  perspexerat,  exer- 

citum    equitatumque   castr!s    continuit.     Prima    luce,  con- 

15  firmata    re    ab    exploratoribus,    omnem     equitatum,    qui 

novissimum  agmen  moraretur,^  praemlsit.      Titum  Labie- 

num  legatum  cum  legi5nibus  tribus   subsequi  iussit.     Hi 

novissimos  adorti  et  multa  mlUia  passuum  pr5secutl  magnam 

multitudinem  eorum  fugientium  conclderunt. 

20      Ita  sine  uUo  perlcul5  tantam  eorum  multitudinem  nostrl 

interfecerunt    quantum^    fuit   diel   spatium,   sub  occasum 

solis  destiterunt,  seque  in  castra,  ut^  erat  imperatum,  re- 

ceperunt. 

^  optimum  esse,  that  it  was  best.  ^  consideration.  ^  His  persuader! 
non  poterat,  these  could  not  be  persuaded  (literally,  it  could  not  be  persuaded 
ihese).  *  fecerunt  ut  .  .  .  profectio  videretur,  they  made  their  departure 
seem.  ^  qua  de  causa,  why.  ^  See  364.  '^  quantum  . . .  spatium,  as  the  length-, 
of  the  day  allowed.    ^  as. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  243 


CHAPTER  XII 


487.    Caesar  marches  against  the  Suessiones,  and 

CAPTURES   the   ToWN    NoVIODUNUM 

Postrldle  eius  diel  Caesar  in  fines  Suessi5num,  qui 
proximi  Remis  erant,  exercitum  duxit,  et  magno  itinere 
confecto  ad  oppidum  Noviodunum  contendit.  Id  ex  itinere 
oppugnare  conatus,  quod  vacuum  defensoribus  esse  audie- 
bat,  propter  latitudinem  fossae  murique  altitudinem  expug-  5 
nare  non  potuit.  Celeriter  vineis^  ad  oppidum  actis,^ 
aggere  ^  iacto,  turribusque  cdnstitutis,  magnitudine  operum 
et  celeritate  Romanorum  permoti  Suessiones  legatos  ad 
Caesarem  de  deditione  mittunt  et  petentibus^  Remls  ut 
conservarentur  impetrant.  10 

CHAPTER  XIII 

488.   The  Bellovaci  also  surrender  to  Caesar 

Caesar  obsidibus  acceptis  armisque  omnibus  ex  oppido 
traditis  in  deditionem  Suessiones  accepit  exercitumque  in 
Bellovacos  ducit.  Qui  cum  se  suaque  omnia  in  oppidum 
Bratuspantium  contulissent,  atque  cum  ab  eo  oppido  Caesar 
cum  exercitu  circiter  mlllia  passuum  quinque  abesset,  omnes  15 
maiores  ^  natu  ex  oppido  egress!  manus  ad  Caesarem  ten- 
^  dere  et  voce  slgnificare  coeperunt  sese  in  eius  fidem  ac 
potestatem  venire  neque  contra  populum  R5manum  armis 
contendere.  Item  cum  ad  oppidum  accessisset  castraque 
ibi  poneret,  pueri  mulieresque  ex  muro  passls^  manibusao 
suo  more  pacem  ab  Romanis  petierunt. 

1  Wooden  frames  covered  with  hides,  to  protect  the  besiegers.  ^  moved, 
from  ago.  ^  The  principal  work  for  a  formal  siege.  It  was  begun  at  a  dis- 
tance from  the  wall  and  gradually  built  up  until  it  was  equal  to  the  height  of 
the  fortification.  *  petentibus  Remis,  at  the  request  of  the  Remiy  abl.  ab- 
solute.     ^  For  comparison,  see  272.      ^  pando. 


244  ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 

CHAPTER  XIV 
489.     DiVICIACUS    SPEAKS    IN    BeHALF    OF    THE    BeLLOVACI 

Pr5  his  Diviciacus  facit  verba :  Bellovac5s  dmni  tempore 
in  fide  atque  amlcitia  civitatis  Haeduae  fuisse:,  impulses 
ab  suls  principibus  ab  Haeduls  defecisse  et  populo  Romano 
bellum  intulisse.     Eos  qui  eius  consili  prlncipes^  fuissent,^ 

5  quod  ^  intellegerent  ^  quantam  calamitatem  civitati  intulis- 
sent,  in  Britanniam  profugisse.  Petere  non  aolum  Bello- 
vac5s,  sed  etiam  pro  his  Haeduos,  ut  sua  dementia  ac 
mansuetudine  in  eos  utatur.  Quod*  sl  fecerit,^  Haedu- 
orum    auct5ritatem   apud   omnes   Belgas  amplificaturum, 

10  quorum  auxiliis  atque  opibus,  si^  qua  bella  inciderint,^ 
sustentare  consuerint.^ 

CHAPTER  XV 

490.   Caesar^s  Reply.     Description  of  the  Nervii 

Caesar  honoris  DlviciacI  atque  Haeduorum  causa  sese 
eos  in  fidem  recepturum  et  conservaturum  dixit ;  quod  erat 
civitas  magna  inter  Belgas   auctoritate^  atque    hominum 

15  multitudine  praestabat,  sexcent5s  obsides  poposcit.  His 
traditis  omnibusque  armis  ex  oppido  conlatis  ab  e5  loco  in 
fines  Ambianorum  pervenit,  qui  se  suaque  omnia  sine  mora 
dediderunt.  Eorum  fines  Nervii  attingebant ;  quorum  de 
natura  m5ribusque  Caesar  cum  quaereret,  sic  reperiebat: 

20  nullum  aditum  esse  ad  e5s  mercatoribus  "^ ;  pati  nihil  vinl^ 
reliquarumque  rerum  ad  luxuriam  pertinentium  inf erri  : 
esse  homines  feros  magnaeque  virtutis ;  increpitare  atque 
incusare  reliquos  Belgas,  qui^  se  populo  Roman5  dedidis- 

'^  authors,  '^Yox  the  construction  of  these  subjunctives,  see  427.  —  c5n- 
suerint  =  consueverint.  ^because,  *Quod  .  .  .  thz^iMi,  if  he  should  do  this, 
^  si  .  .  .  inciderint,  7vhatever  wars  occurred.  ^  For  construction,  see  303. 
^  See  231.     ^  See  251.    ^  because. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  245 

sent  patriamque  virtutem  proiecissent ;  confirmare  sese 
neque  legates  missuros  neque  ullam  condicionem  pads 
accepturos. 

CHAPTER  XVI 

491.  The  Nervii  await  the  Approach  of  Caesar 

Cum  per  e5rum  fines  triduum  iter  fecisset,  inveniebat  ex 
captlvis  Sabim  flumen  ab  castris  suis  non  amplius  millia  pas-  5 
suum  decern  abesse ;  trans  id  flumen  omnes  Nervi5s  c5n- 
sedisse  adventumque  ibi  Romanorum  exspectare  una  ^  cum 
Atrebatibus  et  ViromanduTs,  flnitimis  suis ;  exspectari  etiam 
ab  his  Aduatucorum  copias  atque  esse  in  itinere ;  mulieres 
quique^  per  aetatem^  ad  pugnam  inutiles  viderentur  in  10 
eum  locum  coniecisse  quo^  propter  paludes  exercitul^ 
aditus  non  esset. 

CHAPTER  XVII 

492.   The  Nervii  plan  to  take  Caesar  by  Surprise 

His  rebus  cognitTs  exploratores  centuri5nesque  praemittit 
qui  locum  idoneum  castrls  deligant.  Cum  complures  ex 
Belgis  reliquisque  Gallis  Caesarem  secuti  una^  iter  face- '5 
rent,  quidam  ex  his  nocte  ad  Nervios  pervenerunt.  His 
demonstraverunt  inter  singulas"^  legi5nes  impedlmentorum 
magnum  numerum  intercedere,  neque  esse  quicquam® 
negoti,  cum  prima  legid  in  castra  venisset,  banc  sub  sar- 
cinls  adoriri;  qua  pulsa  impedimentisque  dlreptis  futurum^^o 
ut  reliquae  contra  consistere  non  auderent.  Nervii  autem 
antiquitus,  quo  ^^  f acilius  fmitimorum  equitatum  impedlrent, 

1  una  cum,  along  with.  ^  and  those  who.  ^  Do  not  confuse  this  word 
with  aestas,  -alls.  *  where.  ^  Dative  of  possession,  231.  ^  along  with 
him.  '^  inter  singulas  legiones,  between  each  two  legions.  ^  quicquam 
negoti,  any  trouble.  ^  futurum  ut,  the  result  would  be  that,  ^^  qu6 
f acilius,  that  they  might  the  more  easily. 


246  ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 

fecerant  saepes^  quae  Instar  muri  munimenta  praebe- 
rent.  His  rebus  iter  agminis  nostrl  impedltum^  irl  Nervil 
existimaverunt. 

CHAPTER  XVIII 

493.   Description  of  the  Roman  Camping  Ground 

Loci  natura  erat  haec,  quern  locum  nostrl  castrls  dele- 
Sgerant.  Collis  ab  summo  aequaliter  decllvis  ad  flumen 
Sabim,  quod  supra  nominavimus,  vergebat.  Ab  eo  flumine 
pari  acclTvitate  collis  nascebatur,  passus  circiter  ducent5s 
Infimus^  apertus,  ab^  superiore  parte  silvestris,  ut  n5n 
facile  introrsus  perspici  posset.  Intra  eas  silvas  hostes  in 
10  occult5  sese  continebant ;  in  aperto  loco  secundum  ^  flumen 
paucae  stationes  equitum  videbantur.  Fluminis  erat  alti- 
tud5  circiter  pedum  trium. 

CHAPTER  XIX 

494.  The  Nervii  carry  out  their  Plan  of  Attack 

Caesar  equitatu  praemisso  subsequebatur  omnibus  c5piTs. 
Sed    quod    ad   hostes    approplnquabat,    consuetudine   sua 

15  Caesar  sex  legiones  expeditas  ducebat ;  post  eas  totlus 
exercitus  impedimenta  conlocaverat ;  inde  duae  legiones, 
quae  proxime  c5nscrTptae  erant,  t5tum  agmen  claudebant 
praesidi5que  ^  impedimentls  erant.  Equites  nostrl,  cum 
funditoribus  sagittariisque  flumen  transgress!,  cum  hostium 

20  equitatu  proelium  commTserunt.  Cum  se  ill!  identidem  in 
silvas  ad  suos  reciperent  ac  rursus  ex  silva  in  nostros 
impetum  facerent,  nostrl  cedentes  ^  TnsequT  n5n  audebant. 

^  Hedges^  made  by  bending  down  young  trees  and  allowing  brambles  and 
briers  to  grow  among  them.  2  impeditum  iri ;  future  passive  infinitive. 
«  at  the  foot.  *  ab  superiore  parte,  in  the  upper  part.  ^  along.  ^  See 
294,  295.      '^  Agrees  with  hostes  understood. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  247 

Interim  legi5nes  sex,  quae  primae  venerant,  opere^  dlmens5 
castra  munire  coeperunt  Ubi  prima  impedimenta  nostri 
exercitus  ab  ils  qui  in  silvis  abditi  latebant  visa  sunt,  subito 
omnibus  copils  provolaverunt  impetumque  in  nostros  equites 
f ecerunt.  His  facile  pulsis  ac  proturbatis,  incredibill  cele-  5 
ritate  ad  flumen  decucurrerunt,  ut  paene  uno  tempore  et  ad 
silvas  et  in  flumine  et  iam  in  manibus^  nostris  hostes  vide- 
rentur.  Eadem  autem  celeritate  advers5  ^  colle  ad  nostra 
castra  atque  ad  eos  qui  in  opere  occupati  erant  contende- 
runt.  10 

CHAPTER   XX 

495.   Quick  Work  by  Caesar.     Splendid  Discipline 
OF  THE  Troops 

Caesari  omnia  uno  tempore  erant  agenda  * :  vexillum 
prop5nendum,  signum  tuba  dandum,  ab  opere  revocandi 
mllites,  acies  instruenda,  milites  cohortandi,  signum  dan- 
dum. Quarum  rerum  magnam  partem  temporis  brevitas 
et  successus  hostium  impediebat.  His  difficultatibus  duaeis 
res  erant  subsidi5  ^  —  scientia  ^  atque  usus  ^  mllitum,  quod 
superioribus  proelils  exercitati  n5n  minus  commode  ipsl^ 
sibi  praescrlbere  quam  ab  alils  docerl  poterant ;  et  quod  ab 
opere  singulisque  ^  legionibus  singulos  ^  legat5s  Caesar  dis- 
cedere  nisi  munltis  castrls  vetuerat.  Hi  propter  propInqui-20 
tatem  et  celeritatem  hostium  nihil  ^^  iam  Caesaris  imperium 
exspectabant,  sed  per  se  quae  ^^  videbantur  administrabant. 

1  opere  dimenso,  after  laying  out  the  work.  Dimenso  from  dimetior. 
2  in  manibus  nostris,  dose  upon  us,  ^  adversd  colle,  up  the  hill.  *  See 
438,  439.  ^  See  294,  295.  6  in  apposition  with  res.  '^  ipsi  sibi  praescrl- 
bere .  .  .  poterant,  they  could  direct  themselves  on  their  oivn  responsibility 
(ipsi).  ^  his  (^respective).  '^ each.  '^^  not  .  .  .  at  all.  ^^  quae  videbantur, 
whatever  seemed  best. 


APPENDIX 


TABLES  OF  DECLENSION,   CONJUGATION,   ETC. 


496. 


NOUNS 
First  Declension  or  Stems  in  -a- 


Singular 

Case  Endings 

Plural 

Case  Endings 

NOM. 

Stella 

-a 

Stellae 

-ae 

Gen. 

stellae 

-ae 

stellarum 

-arum 

DAT. 

stellae 

-ae 

Stellis 

-is 

Ace. 

stellam 

-am 

Stellas 

-as. 

Abl. 

Stella 

-a 

stellis 

-is 

497. 

Second  Declension  or 

Stems  in  -0- 

Singular 

MASC. 

case  endings 

NEUT. 

case  endings 

UOM. 

hortus 

-US 

d5num 

-um 

Gen. 

horti 

-i 

d5ni 

-i 

DAT. 

horto 

-0 

dono 

-6 

Ace. 

hortum 

'    -um 

d5num 

-um 

Abl. 

horto 

^0 

dono 

•5 

Plural 

NoM.     horti  -i  dona  -a 

Gen.      hortorum  -orum  donorum  -orum 

Dat.      hortis  -is  d5nis  -is 

Ace.      hortos  -os  dona  -a 

Abl.      hortis  -is  d5nis  -is 

248 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


249 


a.    The  vocative  singular  of  nouns  in  -us  of  the  second 
declension  has  a  special  form  in  -e :  horte. 


Singular 

NOM. 

puer 

ager 

vir 

filius 

Gen. 

pueri 

agri 

viri 

fili,  -ii 

Dat. 

puero 

agro 

viro 

filio 

Ace. 

puerum 

agrum 

virum 

filium 

Abl. 

puero 

agro 

Plural 

viro 

filio 

NOM. 

pueri 

agri 

viri 

filii 

Gen. 

puerorum            agrorum 

virorum 

filiorum 

Dat. 

pueris 

agris 

viris 

filiis 

Ace. 

pueros 

agros 

viros 

filios 

Abl. 

pueris 

agris 

viris 

filils 

a. 

The  vocative  singular  of  filius 

is  fili. 

498. 

Third  Declension 

a.  CONSONANT  STEMS 

Case  Endings  for 
Singular                        Consonant  Stems 

M.  AND   F.     N. 

NOM. 

dux 

miles         virtus 

caput 

(-S) 

Gen. 

ducis 

militis       virtutis 

capitis 

-is      -is 

Dat. 

duci 

militi         virtuti 

capiti 

-i        -i 

Ace. 

ducem 

militem     virtutem 

caput 

-em 

Abl. 

duce 

milite        virtute 
Plural 

capite 

-e       -e 

NOM. 

duces 

milites        virtutes 

capita 

-es      -a 

Gen. 

ducum 

militum     virtutum 

capitum 

-um    -um 

Dat. 

ducibus 

militibus    virtutibus 

capitibus 

-ibus  -ibus 

Ace. 

duces 

milites       virtutes 

capita 

-es      -a 

Abl. 

ducibus 

militibus    virtutibus 

capitibus 

-ibus  -ibus 

2SO 


ESSENTIALS    OF    LATIN 


Singular 

NOM. 

c5nsul 

homo 

pater 

corpus 

Gen. 

consulis 

hominis 

patris 

corporis 

DAT. 

consul! 

homini 

patri 

corpori 

Ace. 

consulem          hominem 

patrem 

corpus 

Abl. 

consule 

homine 

Plural 

patre 

corpore 

NOM. 

consules 

homines 

patres 

corpora 

Gen. 

c5hsulum          hominum 

patrum 

corporum 

DAT. 

c5nsulibus        hominibus 

patribus 

corporibus 

Ace. 

c5nsules 

homines 

patres 

corpora 

Abl. 

consulibus        hominibus 

patribus 

corporibus 

b,  -I-  stems 

> 

Case  Endings 

FOR  -i-   STEMS 

Singular 

M.  AND  F.     N. 

NOM. 

collis 

caedes       mons 

animal 

(-S) 

Gen. 

collis 

caedis        montis 

animalis 

-is      -is 

DAT. 

colli 

caedi         monti 

animali 

i       -i 

Ace. 

collem 

caedem     montem 

animal 

-em 

Abl. 

colle 

caede         monte 

Plural 

animali 

-e       -i 

NOM. 

coUes 

caedes       montes 

animalia 

-es     -ia 

Gen.  collium    caedium    montium    animalium  -ium  -ium 

Dat.  collibus    caedibus    montibus   animalibus  -ibus  -ibus 

Ace.  collis,  es  caedis,  es  montis,  es  animalia      -is,es-ia 

Abl.  collibus    caedibus    montibus   animalibus  -ibus  -ibus 


>9. 

Fourth  Declension  or 

Stems  in 

-u- 

Singular 

MASC.             CASE   ENDINGS 

NEUT.  - 

CASE  ENDINGS 

NOM. 

casus              -us 

cornu 

-u 

Gen. 

casus              -us 

cornus 

-us 

Dat. 

casui,  Vl.          -ui,  u 

cornu 

-u 

Ace. 

casum             -um 

cornu 

-ti 

Abl. 

casii                -u 

cornu 

-fi 

ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  25 1 


Plural 

MASC.           CASE 

ENDINGS 

NEUT. 

CASE  endings 

NOM. 

casus 

-US 

cornua             -ua 

Gen. 

casuum 

-uum 

cornuum          -uum 

DAT. 

casibus 

-ibus 

cornibus          -ibus 

Ace. 

casus 

-us 

cornua             -ua 

Abl. 

casibus 

-ibus 

cornibus          -ibus 

500. 

Fifth  Declension  or  ! 

5tems  in 

f  -e- 

Case  Endings 

Sing. 

Plur. 

Sing. 

Plur. 

Sing.        Plur. 

NoM.     dies 

dies 

res 

res 

-es         -es 

Gen.      diei 

dierum 

rei 

rerum 

-ei          -erum 

Dat.     diei 

diebus 

rei 

rebus 

-ei          -ebus 

Ace.      diem       dies 

rem 

res 

-em       -es 

Abl.     die 

diebus 

re 

rebus 

-e          -ebus 

501. 

Special  Paradigms 

Singular 

NOM. 

vir 

vis 

deus 

Gen. 

viri 

— 

dei 

Dat. 

viro 

— 

deo 

Ace. 

virum 

vim 

deum 

Abl. 

viro 

vi 

Plural 

de6 

NOM. 

viri 

vires 

dei,  dii,  di 

Gen. 

virorum 

virium 

deCrum,  deum 

Dat. 

viris 

viribus 

deis,  diis,  dis 

Ace. 

viros 

vires 

deos 

Abl. 

viris 

viribus 

Singular 

deis,  diis,  dis 

NOM. 

senex 

iter 

domus 

Gen. 

senis 

itineris 

domus 

Dat. 

seni 

itineri 

domui,  5 

Ace. 

senem 

iter 

domum 

Abl. 

sene 

itinera 

domo,  u 

252 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN    , 


Plural 

NOM. 

senes 

itinera 

domus 

Gen. 

senum 

itinerum 

•  domuum,  orum 

DAT. 

senibus 

itineribus 

domibus 

Ace. 

senes 

itinera 

domos,  us 

Abl. 

senibus 

itineribus 
ADJECTIVES 

domibus 

502 

First 

AND  Second  Declensions 

Singular 

MASC. 

FEM. 

neut. 

NOM. 

bonus 

bona 

bonum 

Gen. 

boni 

bonae 

boni 

Dat. 

bono 

bonae 

bono 

Ace. 

bonum 

bonam 

bonum 

Abl. 

bono 

bona 

Plural 

bono 

NOM. 

boni 

bonae 

bona 

Gen. 

bonorum 

bonarum 

bonorum 

Dat. 

bonis 

bonis 

bonis 

Ace. 

bonos 

bonas 

bona 

Abl. 

bonis 

bonis 
Singular 

bonis 

MASC. 

FEM. 

NEUT. 

NOM. 

liber 

libera 

liberum 

Gen. 

liberi 

liberae 

liberi 

Dat 

iTbero 

llberae 

llbero 

Ace. 

liberum 

llberam 

liberum 

Abl. 

llbero 

libera 
Plural 

llbero 

NOM. 

liberi 

llberae 

libera 

Gen. 

llberorum 

liberarum 

llberorum 

Dat. 

llberis 

llberis 

llberis 

Ace. 

iTberos 

liberas 

libera 

Abl. 

liberis 

llberis 

llberis 

ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


253 


Singular 

MASC. 

FEM. 

NEUT. 

NOM. 

niger 

nigra 

nigrum 

Gen. 

nigri 

nigrae 

nigri 

DAT. 

nigro 

nigrae 

nigro 

Ace. 

nigrum 

nigram 

nigrum 

Abl. 

nigro 

nigra 
Plural 

nigro 

NOM. 

nigrI 

nigrae 

nigra 

Gen. 

nigrorum 

nigrarum 

nigrorum 

DAT. 

nigris 

nigris 

nigris 

Ace. 

nigros 

nigras 

nigra 

Abl. 

nigris 

nigris 

nigris 

503. 

Third  Declension  . 

Singular 

MASC. 

FEM. 

NEUT. 

NOM. 

acer 

acris 

acre 

Gen. 

acris 

acris 

acris 

DAT. 

acri 

acri 

acri 

Aee. 

acrem 

acrem 

acre 

Abl. 

acri 

acri 
Plural 

acri 

NOM. 

acres 

acres 

acria 

Gen. 

acrium 

acrium 

acrium 

DAT. 

acribus 

acribus 

acribus 

Ace. 

acris,  es 

acris,  es 

acria 

Abl. 

acribus 

acribus 

Singular 

acribus 

MASC.  AND  FEM. 

NEUT. 

MASC.  AND  FEM. 

NEUT. 

NOM. 

facilis 

facile 

ferax 

ferax 

Gen. 

facilis 

facilis 

;                  feracis 

feracis 

Dat. 

facili 

facili 

feraci 

feraci 

Aee. 

facilem 

facile 

feracem 

ferax 

Abl. 

facili 

facili 

feraci,  e 

feraci,  e 

254 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


Plural 


MASC.  AND   FEM. 


NoM.  faciles  facilia 

Gen.  facilium  facilium 

Dat.  facilibus  facilibus 

Ace.  facilis,  es  facilia 

Abl.  facilibus  facilibus 


MASC.  AND  FEM. 

feraces 
feracium 
feracibus 
feracis,  es 
feracibus 


NEUT. 

feracia 

feracium 

feracibus 

feracia 

feracibus 


504. 

Present  Active  Participles 

Singular 

Plural 

MASC.  AND   FEM.          NEUT. 

MASC.  AND  FEM. 

NEUT. 

NOM. 

amans 

amans 

amantes 

amantia 

Gen. 

amantis       amantis 

amantium 

amantium 

Dat. 

amanti 

amanti 

amantibus 

amantibus 

Ace. 

amantem     amans 

amantis,  es 

arnantia 

Abl. 

amante 

,  i    amante,  i 

amantibus 

amantibus 

NOM. 

iens 

iens 

euntes 

euntia 

Gen. 

euntis 

euntis 

euntium 

euntium 

Dat. 

eunti 

eunti 

euntibus 

euntibus 

Ace. 

euntem 

iens 

euntis,  es 

euntia 

Abl. 

eunte,  3 

[       eunte,  i 

euntibus 

euntibus 

505. 

Irregular 

.  Adjectives 

Singular 

Plural 

MASC. 

FEM.            NEUT. 

MASC.                 FEM. 

NEUT. 

NOM. 

alius 

alia       aliud 

alii            aliae 

alia 

Gen. 

alius 

alius      alius 

aliorum     aliarum     aliorum 

Dat. 

alii 

alii        alii 

aliis          aliis 

aliis 

Ace. 

alium 

aliam     aliud 

alios          alias 

alia 

Abl. 

alio 

alia       alio 

aliis           aliis 

aliis 

MASC. 

FEM. 

NEUT.              MASC.  AND 

FEM.     NEUT. 

NOM. 

Onus 

una 

unum           tres 

tria 

Gen. 

unius 

unius 

unius            trium 

trium 

Dat. 

uni 

uni 

uni                tribus 

tribus 

Ace. 

unum 

unam 

unum            tris,  tres    tria 

Abl. 

uno 

una 

uno               tribus 

tribus 

ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 
Irregular  Adjectives  {Continued) 


255 


MASC. 

FEM. 

NEUT. 

SING. 

PLUR. 

NOM. 

duo 

duae 

duo 

mlUe 

mlUia 

Gen. 

duorum 

duarum 

duorum 

mlUe 

millium 

Dat. 

duobus 

duabus 

duobus 

miUe 

millibus 

Ace. 

duos,  duo 

duas 

duo 

mlUe 

mlllia 

Abl. 

duobus 

duabus 

duobus 

miUe 

millibus 

506. 

Comparison 

OF  Adjectives 

Positive 

Comparative 

Superlative 

latus  (lat-)  latior,  latius  latissimus,  a,  um 

fortis  (fort-)  f ortior,  fortius  fortissimus,  a,  um 

velox  (veloc-)         velocior,  velocius       velocissimus,  a,  um 
pulcher  (pulchr-)  pulchrior,  pulchrius  pulcherrimus,  a,  um 
similis  (simil-)       similior,  similius         simillimus,  a,  um 


507.     •  Declension  of  Comparatives 

Singular  Plural 


NOM. 

Gen. 
Dat. 
Ace. 
Abl. 

NOM. 

Gen. 
Dat. 
Ace. 
Abl. 


latior 
latioris 
latiori 
latiorem 
latiore,  i 


n. 

latius 
latiaris 
latiori 
latius 
latiore,  i 


M.  and  f. 

latiores 
latiorum 
latioribus 
latiores,  is 
latioribus 

plures 
plurium 
pluribus 
plures,  is 
pluribus 


lati5ra 

latiorum 

latioribus 

latiora 

latioribus 

plura 

plurium 

pluribus 

plura 

pluribus 


2S6 


ESSENTIALS  OF   LATIN 


508. 

Irregular  Comparisoi 

^ 

Positive 

Comparative 

Superlative 

bonus,  a,  um 

melior 

,  melius 

optimus,  a,  um 

malus,  a,  um 

peior, 

peius 

pessimus,  a,  um 

magnus,  a,  um 

maior, 

maius 

maximus,  a,  um 

parvus,  a,  um 

minor. 

minus 

minimus,  a,  um 

multus,  a,  um 

> 

plus 

plurimus,  a,  um 

multi,  ae,  a 

plures 

,  plura 

plurinii,  ae,  a 

vetus,  veteris 

vetustior,  vetustius 

veterrimus,  a,  um 

senex,  senis 

senior 

(maior  natu) 

maximus  natu 

iuvenis,  e 

iunior 

(minor  natu) 

minimus  natu 

exterus 

exterior 

extremus,  extimus 

inferus 

inferior 

infimus,  imus 

posterus 

posterior 

postremus 

postumus 

superus 

superior 

supremus 

(Lacking  positive  su 

pplied 

summus 

by  adverb  or  preposition) 

Positive 

Comparative 

Superlative 

[cis,  citra,  this  . 

side] 

citerior 

citimus 

[in,  intra,  within] 

interior 

intimus 

[prae,  pro,  before'] 

prior 

primus 

[prope,  7tear] 

propior 

proximus 

[ultra,  beyond'] 

ulterior 

ultimus 

509- 

Comparison  of  Adverbs 

Positive 

Comparative 

Superlative 

care  (carus) 

carius 

carissime 

pulchre  (pulcher) 

pulchrius 

pulcherrime 

fortiter  (fortis) 

fortius 

fortissime 

facile  (facilis) 

facilius 

facillime 

bene  (bonus) 

melius 

optime 

male  (malus) 

peius 

pessime 

ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


257 


Comparison  of  Adverbs  (^Continued) 


Positive 

Comparative                  Superlative 

multum  ( 

'multus) 

plus 

plurimum 

parum,  little 

minus 

minime 

diu,  long,  for  a  long  time 

diutius                  diutissime 

saepe,  often 

saepius                saepissime 

510. 

Cardinals 

Numerals 

Ordinals 

I. 

unus,  a,  um 

primus,  a,  um 

2. 

duo,  duae,  duo 

secundus  {or  alter) 

3. 

tres,  tria 

tertius 

4. 

quattuor 

quartus 

5. 

quTnque 

qulntus 

6. 

sex 

sextus 

7. 

septem 

Septimus 

8. 

oct5 

octavus 

9. 

novem 

nonus 

10. 

decern 

decimus 

II. 

undecim 

undecimus 

12. 

duodecim 

duodecimus 

13. 

tredecim 

tertius  decimus 

14. 

quattuordecim 

quartus  decimus 

15. 

quindecim 

qulntus  decimus 

16. 

sedecim 

sextus  decimus 

17. 

septendecim 

Septimus  decimus 

18. 

duodeviginti 

duodevTcesimus 

19. 

undevlgintl 

undevlcesimus 

20. 

vigintT 

vicesimus 

fvTgintI  unus  ^r 

Jvlcesimus  primus  or 

*' 

.  unus  et  vTginti 

unus  et  vicesimus 

22. 

vTginti  duo  or 
duo  et  viginti 

vicesimus  secundus  of 
^  alter  et  vicesimus 

258 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


Cardinals 

Ordinals 

28.    duodetrlginta 

duodetrlcesimus 

29.    undetriginta 

undetrlcesimus 

30.    triginta 

tricesimus 

40.    quadraginta 

quadragesimus 

50.    quinquaginta 

quinquagesimus 

60.    sexaginta 

sexagesimus 

70.    septuaginta 

septuagesimus 

80.    octoginta 

octogesimus 

90/  n5naginta 

nonagesimus 

100.    centum 

\ 

centesimus 

centum  unus  or 

loi. 

centum  et  unus 

centesimus  primus  or 
centesimus  et  primus 

200.    ducenti,  ae,  a 

ducentesimus 

300.    trecenti 

trecentesimus 

400.   quadringenti 

quadringentesimus 

500.    quTngenti 

quingentesimus 

600.    sescentl 

sescentesimus 

700.    septingenti 

septingentesimus 

800.    octingenti 

octingentesimus 

900.    n5ngenti 

nongentesimus 

1 ,000.    mille 

mlllesimus 

2,000.    duo  millia 

bis  mlllesimus 

100,000.    centum  millia 

centies  mlllesimus 

PRONOUNS 

511.  Personal  (and  Reflexive) 

Reflexive  (3D  Pers.) 

Sing.           Plur. 

Sing. 

Plu 

R.            Sing.            Plur. 

NoM.    ego     nos 

tu 

vos 

Gen.    mei 

'  nostrum, 
nostrl 

tul 

vestrui 
vestrl 

SUl                    SUl 

Dat.    mihi    n5bTs 

tibi 

vobTs 

.   sibi             sibi 

Ace.    me      nos 

te 

vos 

se(sese)    se(sese) 

Abl.    me 

nobis 

te 

vobls 

se(sese)    se(sese) 

ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


259 


512. 


NoM.  hlc 

Gen.  huiu! 

Dat.  huic 

Ace.  hunc 

Abl.  hoc 


NoM.  iste  ista  istud 

Gen.  istlus  istlus  istlus 

Dat.  istl  isti  isti 

Ace.  istum  istam  istud 

Abl.  isto  ista  isto 


Demonstrative 

X 

Singular 

Plural 

haec 

hoc 

hi 

hae 

haec 

huius 

huius 

h5rum 

harum 

horum 

huic 

huic 

his 

his 

his 

hanc 

hoc 

h5s 

has 

haec 

hac 

hoc 

his 

his 

his 

Singular 

Plural 

isti  istae  ista 

istorum  istarum  istorum 

istis  istis  istis 

ist5s  istas  ista 

istis  istis  istis 


Singular 


Plural 


NOM. 

ille 

ilia 

illud 

illl 

illae 

ilia 

Gen. 

illlus 

illlus 

illlus 

illorum 

illarum 

illorum 

Dat. 

illl 

illl 

illl 

illls 

illls 

illls 

Ace. 

ilium 

illam 

illud 

illos 

illas 

ilia 

Abl. 

ill5 

ilia 
Singular 

illo 

illls 

illls 
Plural 

illls 

NOM. 

is 

ea 

id 

el, 

il 

eae 

ea 

Gen. 

eius 

eius 

eius 

eorum 

earum 

e5rum 

Dat. 

el 

el 

el 

els, 

ils 

els,  ils 

els,  ils 

Ace. 

eum 

earn 

id 

eos 

eas 

ea 

Abl. 

e5 

ea 

eo 

els, 

ils 

els,  ils 

els,  ils 

26o 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


NoM.  Idem 


Singular 
eadem     idem 


Gen.  eiusdem  eiusdem  eiusdem 

Dat.  eldem      eldem      eidem 
Ace.   eundem  eandem  idem 
Abl.  eodem     eadem     eodem 


Plural 

f  eidem 

\  _ ,           eaedem  eadem 

[  idem 

eorun-  earun-  eorun- 

dem       dem  dem 

Jelsdem  elsdem  elsdem 

[isdem    isdem  Isderr 

eosdem  easdem  eadem 

I  elsdem  elsdem  elsdem 

[isdem    isdem  isdem 


Singular 

Plural 

NoM.  ipse 

ipsa 

ipsum 

ipsi 

ipsae 

ipsa 

Gen.  ipsius 

ipsius 

ipsius 

ipsorum  ipsarum  ipsorum 

Dat.  ipsi 

ipsi 

ipsi 

ipsis 

ipsis 

ipsis 

Ace.   ipsum 

ipsam 

ipsum 

ips5s 

ipsas 

ipsa 

Abl.  ips5 

ipsa 

ipso 

ipsis 

ipsis 

ipsis 

513. 

Relative 

Singular 

Plural 

MASC. 

FEM.            NEUT. 

MASC. 

FEM. 

NEUT. 

MASC.  FEM.  NEUT. 

NoM.  qui  quae  quod 

Gen.  cuius  cuius  cuius 

Dat.  cui  cui  cui 

Ace.   quem  quam  quod 

Abl.  qu5  qua  qu5 


qui  quae  quae 

qu5rum  quarum  qu5rum 

quibus  quibus  quibus 

quos  quas  quae   ' 

quibus  quibus  quibus 


514. 


Interrogative 


Singular 

FEM. 


Plural 

MASC.  FEM. 


NoM.  quis  (qui)  quae    quid  (quod)  qui  quae       quae 

Gen.  cuius         cuius  cuius  quorum  quarum  quorum 

Dat,  cui  cui       cui  quibus    quibus    quibus 

Aec.   quem         quam  quid  (quod)  quos        quas        quae 

Abl.   quo  qua     quo  quibus    quibus    quibus 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN                            261 

515. 

Indefinite 
Singular 

MASC. 

FEM. 

NEUT. 

NOM. 

Gen. 

aliquis,  aliqui 
alicuius 

aliqua 
alicuius 

aliquid,  aliquod 
alicuius 

Dat. 

alicui 

alicui 

alicui 

Ace. 
Abl. 

aliquem 
aliquo 

aliquam 
aliqua 

Plural 

aliquid,  aliquod 
aliquo 

NOM. 

Gen. 
Dat. 

Ace. 
Abl. 

aliqui 

aliquorum 

aliquibus 

aliquos 

aliquibus 

aliquae 

aliquarum 

aliquibus 

aliquas 

aliquibus 

Singular 

aliqua 

aliqu5rum 

aliquibus 

aliqua 

aliquibus 

MASC. 

FEM. 

NEUT. 

NOM. 

Gen. 

quidam 
cuiusdam 

quaedam 
cuiusdam 

quiddam,  quoddam 
cuiusdam 

Dat. 

cuidam 

cuidam 

cuidam 

Ace. 
Abl. 

quendam 
quodam 

quandam 
quadam 

Plural 

quiddam,  quoddam 
quodam 

NOM. 

Gen. 
Dat. 
Ace. 
Abl. 

quidam 

quorundam 

quibusdam 

quosdam 

quibusdam 

quaedam 

quarundam 

quibusdam 

quasdam 

quibusdam 

quaedam 

quorundam 

quibusdam 

quaedam 

quibusdam 

262 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


REGULAR  VERBS 

516.  First  Conjugation.     Verbs  in  a 

Prin.  Parts:  amo,  amare,  amavi,  amatus — love 

INDICATIVE 

Passive 

PRESENT      /  am  loved,  am  being  loved 

Singular  Plural 

amor  amamur 

amaris,  re  amamini 

amatur  amantur 


Active 
/  love^  am  loving^  do  love 
Singular  Plural 

amo  amamus 

amas  amatis 

amat  amant 


I  was  loving^  lovedy  did  love   imperfect   /  was  loved,  was  being  loved 
amabam  amabamus 

amabas  amabatis 

amabat  amabant 

/  shall  love 
amabo  amabimus 

amabis  amabitis 

amabit  amabunt 

/  have  loved,  loved 
amavi  amavimus 

amavisti  amavistis 

amavit  amaverunt 

/  had  loved 
amaveram         amaveramus 
amaveras  amaveratis 

amaverat  amaverant 

I  shall  have  loved        future  perfect 


amabar  amabamur 

amabaris,  re  amabamini 

amabatur  amabantur 

FUTURE  /  shall  be  loved 

amabor  amabimur 

amaberis,  re  amabimini 

amabitur  amabuntur 

PERFECT     /  have  been  loved,  was  loved 
amatus  sum  amati    sumus 

(a,  urn)  es  (ae,  a)  estis 

est  sunt 

PLUPERFECT       /  had  been  loved 

amatus  eram  amati    eramus 

(a,  um)  eras  (ae,  a)  eratis 

erat  erant 

/  shall  have  been  loved 


amavero 
amaveris 
amaverit 


amem 

ames 

amet 


amaverimus 

amaveritis 

amaverint 


amemus 

ametis 

ament 


amatus  ero 

(a,  um)  eris 

erit 

SUBJUNCTIVE 

PRESENT 

amer 

ameris,  re 
ametur 


amati    erimus 
(ae,  a)  eritis 
erunt 


amemur 
amemini 
amentur 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


263 


Singular 
amarem 
amares 
arnaret 

amaverim 

amaveris 

amaverit 

amavissem 

amavisses 

amavisset 


2.  ama,  love 
thou 


Plural 
amaremur 
amaremini 
amarentur 

amati    simus 
(ae,  a)  sltis 
sint 

amati    essemus 
(ae,  a)  essetis 
essent 


Active  Passive 

imperfect 

Plural  Singular 

amaremus  amarer 

amaretis  amareris,  re 

amarent  amaretur 

PERFECT 

amaverimus  amatus  sim 

amaveritis  (a,  um)  sis 

amaverint  sit 

PLUPERFECT 

amavissemus  amatus  essem 

amavissetis  (a,  um)  esses 

amavissent  esset 

IMPERATIVE 

PRESENT 

2.  amate,  love        2.  amare,^^M^^    2.  amamini,  be 
ye  loved  ye  loved 

FUTURE 

2.  amato,  thou  2.  amatote,  you  2.  amator,  thou  2.      

shall  love  shall  love  shall  be  loved  3.  amantor, /-^4K 

3.  amato,  he  3.  amanto,  they  3.  amator,  he  shall  be  loved 
shall  love                shall  love                shall  be  loved 

INFINITIVE 
amare,  to  love  present    amari,  to  be  loved 

amaturus  (a,  um)  esse,  to  be      future     amatum  In,  to  be  about  to  be 

about  to  love  loved 

amavisse,  to  have  loved  perfect    amatus  (a,  um)  esse,  to  have 

been  loved 
PARTICIPLES 

amans,  antis,  loving  present  

amaturus,   a,  um,   about   to      future      Ger.  amandus,  a,  um,  to  be 
love  loved 

perfect     amatus,  a,  um,  having  been 

loved,  loved 

.    GERUND 

Gen.   dimzxi^%  of  loving  Ace.   amandum, /<!7^/«^ 

DAT.  2im2in<SiO,  for  loving  Abl.  2iTc\2in6J0j  by  loving 

SUPINE 

amatum  amatu 


264 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


517.        Second  Conjugation.     Verbs  in  e 

Prin.  Parts:  moneo,  monere,  monui,  monitus— <3:<^2//j^ 

INDICATIVE 


Active 

I 

I  advise,  am  advising^  do  advise 
Singular  Plural 

moneo  monemus 

mones  monetis 

monet  monent 

/  was  advisingy  advised,  did    imperfect 

advise 
monebam  monebamus 

monebas  monebatis 

monebat  monebant 

I  shall  advise 

monebo  monebimus 

monebis  monebitis 

monebit  monebuHt 

/  have  advised,  advised 


Passive 

;nt 

/  am  advised,  am  being  advised 
Singular  Plural 

moneor  monemur 

moneris,  re  monemini 

monetur  monentur 

/  was  advised,  was  being 
advised 
monebar  monebamur 

monebaris,  re       monebamini 
monebatur  monebantur 


monui  monuimus 

nionuisti  monuistis 

monuit  monuerunt 

/  had  advised 

monueram  monueramus 

monueras  monueratis 

monuerat  monuerant 


FUTURE  /  shall  be  advised 

monebor  monebimur 

moneberis,  re       monebimini 
monebitur  monebuntur 

PERFECT      /  have  been  advised,  I  was 
advised 
monitus  sum         moniti  sumus 
(a,  um)  es  (ae,  a)  estis 

est  sunt 

PLUPERFECT  /  had  been  advised 

monitus  eram        moniti  eramus 
(a,  um)  eras         (ae,  a)  eratis 
erat  erant 


/  shall  have  advised      future  perfect 


monuero 
monueris 
monuerit 


moneam 

moneas 

moneat 


monuerimus 

monueritis 

monuerint 


monitus  ero 

(a,  um)  eris 

erit 


/  shall  have  been  advised 
moniti  erimus 
(ae,  a)  eritis 


SUBJUNCTIVE 


moneamus 

moneatis 

moneant 


PRESENT 

monear 
monearis,  re 
moneatur 


erunt 


moneamur 
moneaminj 
moneantur 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


265 


Singular 

monerem 

moneres 

moneret 

monuerim 

monueris 

monuerit 

monuissem 

monuisses 

monuisset 


2.  mone,  ad- 
vise thou 


Active  Passive 

imperfect 

Plural  Singular  Plural 

moneremus  monerer  moneremur 

moneretis  monereris,  re       moneremini 

monerent  moneretur  monerentur 

PERFECT 

monuerimus  monitus  sim  moniti  sTmus 

monueritis  (a,  um)  sis  (ae,  a)  sitis 

monuerint  sit  sint 

PLUPERFECT 

monuissemus  monitus  essem  moniti  essemus 

monuissetis  (a,  um)  esses  (ae,  a)  essetis 

monuissent  esset  assent 

IMPERATIVE 

PRESENT 

2.  monete,  ad-       2.  monere,  be       2.  monemini, 
vise  ye  thou  advised         be  ye  advised 

FUTURE 

2.  moneto,  M<9/^  2.  monetote,     2 .  &  3 .  monetor,  2. 

shait  advise  you  shall  thou  shall  {he 

3.  moneto,  he  advise  shall)  be  ad-  3.  monentor, 
shall  advise  3.  monento, />^4y           vised  they  shall  be 

shall  advise  advised 

INFINITIVE 
monere,  to  advise  present     moneri,  to  be  advised 

moniturus  (a,  um)  esse,  to  be      future     monitum  iri,  to  be  about  to  be 

about  to  advise  advised 

monuisse,  to  have  advised  perfect     monitus  (a,  um)  esse,  to  have 

been  advised 
PARTICIPLES 

monens,  entis,  advising  present  

moniturus,  a,  um,  about  to     future      Ger.   monendus,  a,  um,  to 
advise  be  advised 

PERFECT    monitus,  a,  um,  having  been 

advised^  advised 
GERUND 
Gen.   monendi,  of  advising  Ace.   monendum,  advising 

Dat    monend6,y^r  advising         Abl.   monendo,  by  advising 

SUPINE 
monitum  monitu 


266 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


518.  Third  Conjugation.     Verbs  in  e 

Prin.  Parts  :  duco,  ducere,  duxi,  ductus  —  lead 
INDICATIVE 


Active 
/  lead^  am  leadings  do  lead 
Singular  Plural 

duco  ducimus 

duels  ducitis 

ducit  ducunt 

/  was  leadings  led,  did  lead 
ducebam  ducebamus 

ducebas  ducebatis 

ducebat  ducebant 

/  shall  lead 
ducam  dOcemus 

duces  ducetis 

ducet  ducent 

/  have  led,  led 
duxi  duximus 

duxisti  duxistis 

duxit  duxerunt 

I  had  led 
duxeram  duxeramus 

duxeras  duxeratis 

duxerat  duxerant 


Passive 
PRESENT    /  am  led,  am  being  led 
Singular  Plural 

ducor  ducimur 

dQceris,  re  ducimini 

ducitur  dQcuntur 

IMPERFECT    /  was  led,  was  being  led 
ducebar  ducebamur 

ducebaris,  re        ducebamini 
ducebatur  ducebantur 

FUTURE  I  shall  be  led 

ducar  ducemur 

duceris,  re  ducemini 

ducetur  ducentur 

PERFECT    I  have  been  led,  was  led 

ductus    sum  ducti     sumus 

(a,  um)  es  (ae,  a)  estis 

est  sunt 

PLUPERFECT  /  had  been  led 

ductus    eram        ducti     eramus 
(a,  um)  eras         (ae,  a)  eratis 


erat  erant 

I  shall  have  led         future  perfect  I  shall  have  been  led 
duxero  duxerimus  ductus   ero  ducti     erimus 

duxeris  duxeritis  (a,  um)  eris  (ae,  a)  eritis 

duxerit  duxerint  erit  erunt 


SUBJUNCTIVE 

PRESENT 

ducam 

ducamus 

ducar 

ducamur 

ducas 

ducatis 

ducaris,  re 

ducamini 

ducat 

ducant 

ducatur 

IMPERFECT 

ducantur 

ducerem 

duceremus              ducerer 

duceremur 

du ceres 

ducergtis 

ducereris,  re 

duceremini 

duceret 

du  Cerent 

duceretur 

ducerentur 

ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  267 

Active  Passive 

PERFECT 
Singular  Plural  Singular  Plural 

duxerim  duxerimus  ductus   sim  ducti     simus 

duxeris  duxeritis  (a,  um)  sTs  (ae,  a)  sitis 

duxerit  duxerint  sit  sint 

PLUPERFECT 

duxissem  duxissemus  ductus  essem       ducti     essemus 

duxisses  duxissetis  (a,  um)  esses        (ae,  a)  essetis 

duxisset  duxissent  esset  assent 

IMPERATIVE 

PRESENT 

2.  duc,^  lead        2.  ducite,  lead        2.  ducere,  be        2.  ducimini, 
thou  ye  thou  led  be  ye  led 

FUTURE 

2.  ducito,  thou  2.  ducit6te,ye  2.  ducitor,  thou  2.      

shall  lead  shall  lead  shall  be  led 

3.  ducito,  ^^  3.  ducunto, />^^/  3.  ducitor,  ^^  3.  ducuntor,  M^^' 
shall  lead              shall  lead                 shall  be  led  shall  be  led 

INFINITIVE 
d\\z^x^,  to  lead  present     d\xc\,  to  be  led 

ducturus  (a,  um)  esse,  to  be       future      ductum  in,  to  be  about  to  he 

about  to  lead  led 

duxisse,  to  have  led  perfect     ductus  (a,  um)  esse,  to  have 

been  led 

PARTICIPLES 

ducens,  entis,  leading  present  

ducturus,  a,  um,  about  to  lead     future      Ger.   ducendus,  a,  um,  to  be 

led 
perfect    ductus,  having  been  led,  led 

GERUND 

Gen.   ducendi,  of  leading  Ace.    ducendum,  leading 

Dat.  ducend6,y2?r  leading         Abl.    ducendo,  by  leading 

SUPINE 
ductum  ductu 

1  dico,  duco,  facio,  fer3,  have  as  present  imperatives  die,  due,  fac,  fer;  the  reg- 
ular form  of  other  verbs  ends  in  -e,  as  gero,  imperative  gere. 


268 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


519.        Fourth  Conjugation.     Verbs  in  i 

Prin.  Parts  :  audio,  ire,  audivi,  auditus  —  hear 
INDICATIVE 


Active 
I  hear ^  am  hearings 

do  hear 

Singular  Plural 

audio  audimus 

audis  auditis 

audit  audiunt 


Passive 
)ENT         /  am  heard,  am  being 
heard 
Singular  Plural 

audior  audimur 

audiris,  re  audimini 

auditur  audiuntur 


/  was  hearing,  heard, 
did  hear 


IMPERFECT 


audiebam 

audiebas 

audiebat 


audiam 

audies 
audiet 


/  was  heard,  was  being 
heard 
audiebar  audiebamur 

audiebaris,  re       audiebamini 
audiebatur  audiebantur 

FUTURE  /  shall  be  heard 

audiar  audiemur 

audieris,  re  audiemini 

audietur  audientur 

/  have  been  heard,  I  was 
heard 
auditus  sum         auditi    sumus 
(a,  um)  es  (ae,  a)  estis 

est  sunt 

/  had  heard  pluperfect  /  had  been  heard 

audiveram  audiveramus  auditus  eram         auditi   eramus 

audlveras  audlveratis  (a,  um)  eras  (ae,  a)  eratis 

audlverat  audlverant  erat  erant 

/  shall  have  heard 


audiebamus 

audiebatis 

audiebant 

I  shall  hear 

audiemus 

audietis 

audient 

/  have  heard,  heard 


perfect 


audivi 

audivisti 

audlvit 


audlvimus 
audlyistis 
audlverunt 


future  perfect      I  shall  have  been  heard 


audivero 
audiveris 
audiverit 


audiam 

audias 

audiat 


audlverimus 

audlveritis 

audlverint 


auditus  ero 

(a,  um)  eris 

erit 


SUBJUNCTIVE 
present 


audiamus 

audiatis 

audiant 


audiar 
audiaris,  re 
audiHtur 


auditi    erimus 
(ae,  a)  eritis 
erunt 


audiamur 
audiamini 
audiantur 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


269 


Singular 

audirem 

audlres 
audlret 

audiverim 

audiveris 

audiverit 

audivissem 

audivisses 

audivisset 


2.   audi,  hear 
thou 


Active  Passive 

imperfect 

Plural  Singular  Plural 

audiremus  audirer  audiremur 

audiretis  audireris,  re         audlremini 

audirent  audlretur  audirentur 

PERFECT 

audiverimus  audltus  sim  auditi   simus 

audiveritis  (a,  um)  sis  (ae,  a)  sitis 

audlverint  sit  sint 

PLUPERFECT 

audivissemus  audltus  essem  auditi    essemus 

audivissetis  (a,  um)  esses  (ae,  a)  essetis 

audivissent  esset  essent 

IMPERATIVE 

PRESENT 

2.  audite,  hear        2.  audlre,  be         2.  audimini,  be 
ye  thou  heard  ye  heard 

FUTURE 

2.  2iud\t6j  thou  2.  2iud\t6te,you  2.  SLuditor,  thou    2.      

shall  hear  shall  hear  shall  be  heard 

3.  audito,  he  3.  audiunto,  they  3.  auditor,  he       3.  audiuntor, 
shall  hear             shall  hear  shall  be  heard       they  shall  be 

heard 
INFINITIVE 

audire,  to  hear  present     audiri,  to  be  heard 

auditurus  (a,  um)  esse,  to  be     future     auditum  iri,  to  be  about  to  be 

about  to  hear  heard 

audivisse,  to  have  heard  perfect     audltus  (a,  um)  esse,  to  have 

been  heard 
PARTICIPLES 

audiens,  ientis,  hearing  present  

auditurus,  a,  um,  about   to     future     Ger.  •  audiendus,   a,  um,  to 
hear  be  heard 

— '• PERFECT     audltus,  having  been  heardy 

heard 
GERUND 
Gen.   audiendi,  of  hearing  Ace.    audiendum,  hearing 

DAT.   audiendo,  for  hearing  Abl.    audiendo,  by  hearing 

SUPINE 
auditum  auditu 


2^o 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


520. 


Third  Conjugation.     Verbs  in  io 

Prin.  Parts  :  capio,  ere,  cepi,  captus 

INDICATIVE 


Passive 
PRESENT    /  am  taken y  am  being  taken 
Singular  Plural 

capior  capimur 

caperis,  re  capimini 

capitur  capiuntur 

IMPERFECT 

/  was  takings  tookj  did  take  I  was  taken,  was  being  taken 


Active 
I  take,  am  taking,  do  take 
Singular  Plural 

capio  capimus 

capis  capitis 

capit  capiunt 


capiebam 

capiebas 

capiebat 


capiam 

capies 

capiet 


capiebamus 

capiebatis 

capiebant 

I  shall  take 

capiemus 

capietis 

capient 


I  have  taken,  took 
cepi  cepimus 

cepisti  cepistis 

cepit  ceperunt 


capiebar  capiebamur 

capiebaris,  re       capiebamini 
capiebatur  capiebantur 

future  /  shall  be  taken 

capiar  capiemur 

capieris,  re  capiemini 

capietur  capientur 

perfect 

/  have  been  taken,  T  was  taken 
captus    sum  capti     sumus 

(a,  um)  es  (ae,  a)  estis 

est  sunt 


Ih 

ad  taken 

pluperfect         /  had  > 

been  taken 

ceperam 

ceperamus 

captus    eram 

capti      eramus 

ceperas 

ceperatis 

(a,  um)  eras 

(ae,  a)  eratis 

ceperat 

ceperant 

erat 

erant 

future  perfect 

I  shall  have  taken 

/  shall  have  been  taken 

cepero 

ceperimus 

captus    ero 

capti      erimus 

ceperis 

ceperitis 

(a,  um)  eris 

(ae,  a)  eritis 

ceperit 

ceperint 

erit     ' 

eruDt 

SUBJUNCTIVE 

present 

capiam 

capiamus 

capiar 

capiamur 

capias 

capiatis 

capiaris,  re 

capiamini 

capiat 

capiant 

capiatur 

capiantur 

ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


271 


Singular 

caperem 

caperes 

caperet 

ceperim 

ceperis 

ceperit 

cepissem 

cepisses 

cepisset 


2.  cape,  take 
thou 


Active  Passive 

imperfect 
Plural  Singular  Plural 

caperemus  caperer  caperemur 

caperetis  capereris,  re         caperemini 

caperent  caperetur  caperentur 

PERFECT 

ceperimus  captus    sim  capti     sTmus 

ceperitis  (a,  um)  sis  (ae,  a)  sit  is 

ceperint  sit  sint 

PLUPERFECT 

cepissemus  captus    essem      capti      essemus 

cepissetis  (a,  um)  esses        (ae,  a)  essetis 

cepissent  esset  essent 

IMPERATIVE 

PRESENT 

2.  capite,  take         2.  capere,  be  thou  2.  capimini,  be 
ye  taken  ye  taken 

FUTURE 

2.  Q,2c^\to^  thou  2.  capitote,/<?  2.  capitor,  M<7^    2.      

shall  take  shall  take  shall  be  taken  3.  capiuntor, 

3.  capito, /^^  3.  capiunto, //^^/  3.  capitor, /^^  they  shall  be 
shall  take              .shall  take                 shall  be  taken       taken 

INFINITIVE 
capere,^ /<?  take  present     capi,  to  be  taken 

capturus  (a,  um)  esse,  to  be     future      captum  iri,  to  be  about  to  be 

about  to  take  taken 

cepisse,  to  have  taken  perfect     captus  (a,  um)  esse,  to  have 

been  taken 
PARTICIPLES 

capiens,  ientis,  taking  present  

capturus,  a,  um,  ^^^«/ /^ /^/^^    future      Ger.   capiendus,  a,  um,  to 

be  taken 

PERFECT     captus,  a,   um,   having  been 

taken,  taken 
GERUND 
Gen.    capiendi,  of  taking  Ace.    capiendum,  taking 

Dat.    capiendo,  for  taking  Abl.    capiendo,  by  taking 

SUPINE 
captum  '    captu 


2J2 


ESSENTIALS    OF   LATIN 


IRREGULAR  VERBS 

521.      Prin.  Parts  :  sum,  esse,  fui,  futurus,  be 


Singular 

sum,  I  am 
es,  you  are 
est  {he,  she,  it)  is 

eram,  /  was 
eras,  you  were 
erat,  he  was 

ero,  I  shall  be 
^ris,  you  will  be 
erit,  he  will  be 


INDICATIVE 


PRESENT 


Plural 

sumus,  we  are 
estis,  you  are 
sunt,  they  are 

IMPERFECT 

eramus,  we  were 
eratis,  you  were 
erant,  they  were 

FUTURE 

erimus,  we  shall  be 
eritis,  you  will  be 
erunt,  they  will  be 


PERFECl' 


fui,  /  have  been,  was 

f  uisti,  you  have  been^  were 

f  uit,  he  has  been^  was 


fuimus,  we  have  been,  were 
f uistis,  you  have  bee^i,  were 
f  uerunt,  they  have  been,  were 


PLUPERFECT 


f  ueram,  /  had  been 
f  ueras,  you  had  been 
fuerat,  he  had  been 


f  ueram  us,  we  had  been 
f ueratis,  you  had  been 
f  uerant,  they  had  been 


FUTURE  PERFECT 


f uero,  /  shall  have  been 
f  ueris,  you  will  have  been 
fuerit,  he  will  haife  been 


f  uerimus,  we  shall  have  been 
f ueritis,  you  zvill  have  been 
f uerint,  they  will  have  been 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


273 


SUBJUNCTIVE 

PRESENT 

IMPERFECT 

Singular 

Plural 

Singular 

Plural 

sim 

simus 

essem 

essemus 

SIS 

sitis 

esses 

essetis 

sit 

sint 

esset 

essent 

PERFECT 

PLUPERFECT 

fuerim 

fuerim  us 

fuissem 

fuissemus 

fuerls 

fuerltis 

fuisses 

fuissetis 

fuerit 

,"■ 

fuerint 

fuisset 

fuissent 

IMPERATIVE 

PRESENT 

FUTURE 

es,  be  thou 

esto,  thou  shalt  be 

este,  be  ye 

esto,  he  shall  be 

INFINITIVE 

Pres.     esse,  to  be 
Perf.     fuisse,  to  have  been 
FuT.      futurus  esse  (fore), 
to  be  about  to  be 


estote,  ye  shall  be 
sunto,  they  shall  be 

PARTICIPLE 


futurus,  about  to  be 


522.     Prin.  Parts  :  possum,  posse,  potui,  am  able,  can 

INDICATIVE 
Singular  Plural 

Pres.  /  am  able,  can 

possum         possumus 

potes  potestis 

potest  possunt 

Impf.  /  was  able,  could 

poteram       poteramus 
FuT.  /  shall  be  able 

poter5  poterimus 


SUBJUNCTIVE 

Singular 

Plural 

possim 

possimus 

possTs 

possltis 

possit 

possint 

possem 

possemus 

274  ESSENTIALS    OF    LATIN 

Perf.  I  have  been  able,  could 

potuT  potuimus  potuerim       potuerimus 

Plup.   /  had  been  able 

potueram     potueramus     potuissem      potuissemus 
F.  P.    /  shall  have  been  able 

potuer5        potuerimus 

INFINITIVE 

Pres.     posse,  to  be  able       Perf.    potuisse,  to  have  been  able 

PARTICIPLE 

Pres.     potens  (used  as  ^6!]qq,\as€),  powerful 

523. 
Prin.  Parts  :   prosum,  prodesse,  profui,  profuturus,  benefit 

INDICATIVE  SUBJUNCTIVE 

Singular  Plural  Singular  Plural 

Pres.  I  benefit 

pr5sum  pr5sumus  prosim  prosimus 

prodes  prodestis  pr5sls  prositis 

pr5dest  prosunt  prosit  prosint 

Impf.      pr5deram  proderamus  prodessem   prodessemus 

FuT.       proder5  proderimus 

Perf.     profui  pr5fuimus  profuerim    pr5fuerimus 

Plup.     pr5fueram  pr5fueramus  profuissem  profuissemus 

F.  P.      profuero  pr5fuerimus 

IMPERATIVE 

Pres.  prodes,  prodeste      Fut.     pr5dest5,  pr5dest5te 

INFINITIVE 

Pres.     pr5desse  Perf.     profuisse 

Fut.     profutiirus  esse 

PARTICIPLE 

Fut.  profuturus 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


275 


524.   Prin.  Parts  : 

Volo,  velle,  volul,  — ,  be  willing,  will,  wish 
N0I5,  nolle,  noluT,  — ,  be  tinwilling,  will  not 
Malo,  malle,  malui,  — ,  be  more  willing,  prefer 


indicative 

Pres. 

volo 

nolo 

mal5 

vis 

non  vis 

mavis 

vult 

non  vult 

mavult 

volumus 

nolumus 

malumus 

vultis 

non  vultis 

mavultis 

volunt 

nolunt 

malunt 

Impf. 

volebam 

nolebam 

malebam 

FUT. 

volam,  es, 

etc.       nolam,  es,  etc. 

malam,  es,  etc 

Perf. 

volui 

nolui 

malui 

Plup. 

volueram 

nolueram 

malueram 

F.  P. 

voluer5 

noluer5 

SUBJUNCTIVE 

maluero 

Pres. 

velim 

nolim 

malim 

veils 

noils 

malls 

velit 

nolit 

malit 

velimus 

nollmus 

malimus 

velltis 

nolltis 

malltis 

velint 

nolint 

malint 

Impf. 

vellem 

ndllem 

mallem 

velles 

nolles 

malles 

vellet 

nollet 

mallet 

vellemus 

nallemus 

mallemus 

velletis 

ndlletis 

malletis 

vellent 

nollent 

mallent 

Perf. 

voluerim 

noluerim 

maluerim 

Plup. 

voluissem 

noluissem 

maluissem 

2/6 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


imperative 

Pres. 

noli 
nollte 

FUT. 

[n5lito,  etc.] 
infinitive 

Pres. 

velle 

nolle 

malle 

Perf. 

voluisse 

n5luisse 
participle 

maluisse 

Pres. 

volens 

nolens 

525. 


Prin.  Parts  :  eo,  ire,  ii,  itum,  go 


INDICATIVE 
Singular  Plural 

Pres.      eo  imus 

Is  itis 

it  eunt 


Impf. 

FUT. 

Perf. 
Plup. 
F.  P. 


ibam,  ibas,  Ibat,  etc. 

ib5,  Ibis,  ibit,  etc. 
il,  isti,  iit,  etc. 
ieram 
ier5 

INFINITIVE 

Pres.     Ire 

Perf.     Isse 

FuT.      iturus  esse 


subjunctive 
earn 

Trem 

ierim 
issem 


Gen. 
Dat. 
Ace. 
Abl. 


gerund 

eundl 

eund5 

eundum 

eundo 


IMPERATIVE 
Singular        Plural 


1 


ita 
lita 


participles 
iens,  euntis 
itum 
iturus 

supine 


itum 


ite 


Tt5te 
eunto 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


277 


526. 
Prin.  Parts  :  fio,  fieri,  factus  sum,  be  made,  become,  happen 

SUBJUNCTIVE 


INDICATIVE 
Singular  Plural 

Pres.     flo  

fis  

fit  fiunt 

Impf.     fiebam 

FuT.       fiam,  fles,  etc. 

Perf.     factus  sum 

Plup.     factus  eram 

F.  P.      factus  er5 

INFINITIVE 

Pres.     fieri 
Perf.     factus  esse 
FuT.      factum  Iri 


flam 


fierem 


imperative 

Singular      Plural 

fl         fite 


factus  sim 
factus  essem 


participles 
Ger.      faciendus 
Perf.    factus 


527.     Prin.  Parts  :  fero,  ferre,  tuli,  latus,  bear,  carry 

INDICATIVE 

Passive 
Singular  Plural 

feror  ferimur 

ferris,  re        ferimini 
fertur  feruntur 

Passive 
Singular 

ferebar 

ferar,  eris,  etc. 
latus  sum 
latus  eram 
latus  ero 


Singular 

Plural 

Pres. 

fero 

ferimus 

fers 

fertis 

fert 

ferunt 

Active 

Singular 

Impf. 

ferebam 

FUT. 

feram,  es 

1,  etc. 

Perf. 

tuli 

Plup. 

tuleram 

F  P. 

tulero 

278 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


SUBJUNCTIVE 

Pres. 

feram 

ferar 

Impf. 

ferrem 

ferrer 

Perf. 

tulerim 

latus  sim 

Plup. 

tulissem 

latus  essem 

imperative 

Pres. 

fer 

ferte 

ferre              ferimim 

FUT. 

ferta 

fert5te 

f  ertor 

ferto 

ferunto 

fertor            feruntor 

infinitive 

Pres. 

ferre 

ferri 

Perf. 

tulisse 

latus  esse 

FUT. 

laturus  esse 

latum  iri 

participles 

Pres. 

FUT. 

ferens 
laturus 

Ger. 

ferendus 

Perf 

.     latus 

gerund 

supine 

Gen. 

ferendl 

DAT. 

Acc. 

ferenda 
ferendum 

latum 

Abl. 

ferendo 

lata 

521 

8. 

Deponent  Verbs 

Prin.  Parts  :  hortor,  hortari,  hortatus  sum,  urge,  entreat 
vereor,  vereri,  veritus  sum,/^^r 
sequor,  sequi,  secutus  sum,  follow 
potior,  potiri,  potitus  sum,  get  possession  of 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


279 


INDICATIVE 


Pres.  hortor 

hortaris,  re 
hortatur 
hortamur  , 
hortamini 
hortantur 
Impf.   hortabar 
FuT.    h  or  tabor 
Perf.  hortatus  sum 
Plup.  hortatus  eram 
F.  P.    hortatus  ero 


vereor 

vereris,  re 

veretur 

veremur 

veremini 

verentur 

verebar 

verebor 

veritus  sum 

veritus  eram 

veritus  ero 


sequor 

sequeris,  re 

sequitur 

sequimur 

sequimini 

sequuntur 

sequebar 

sequar 

secutus  sum 

secutus  eram 

secutus  ero 


potior 

potiris,  re 

potitur 

potimur 

potimini 

potiuntur 

potiebar 

potiar 

potitus  sum 

potitus  eram 

potitus  ero 


SUBJUNCTIVE^ 

Pres.  horter  verear  sequar  potiar 

Impf.  hortarer  vererer  sequerer  potirer 

Perf.  hortatus  sim  veritus  sim       secutus  sim       potitus  sim 

Plup.  hortatus  essem  veritus  essem  secutus  essem  potitus  essem 


IMPERATIVE 


Pres.  hortare 
FuT.    hortator 


verere 
veretor 


sequere 
sequitor 


potire 
potitor 


INFINITIVE 

Pres.  hortari  vereri  sequi  potiri 

Perf.  hortatus  esse      veritus  esse      secutus  esse      potitus  esse 
FuT.    hortaturus  esse  veriturus  esse  secuturus  esse  potiturus  esse 


PARTICIPLES 

Pres. 

hortans 

verens 

sequens 

potiens 

Fur. 

hortaturus 

veritiirus 

secuturus 

potiturus 

Perf. 

hortatus 

veritus 

secutus 

potitus 

Ger. 

hortandus 

verendus 

sequendus 

potiendus 

GERUND 

hortandi,  etc.      verendi,  etc.     sequendi,  etc.   potiendi,  etc. 


28o 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


SUPINE 
hortatum  veritum  secutum  potitum 

hortatu  veritu  secutu  potitu 

529.  First  or  Active  Periphrastic  Conjugation 

INDICATIVE 

Pres.  amaturus  sum,  /  am  aboiit  to  love 

Impf.  amaturus  eram,  /  was  about  to  love 

FuT.  amaturus  ero,  /  shall  be  about  to  love 

Perf.  amaturus  f  ul,  /  have  been  or  was  about  to  love 

Plup.  amaturus  f  ueram,  /  had  been  about  to  love 

F.  P.  amaturus  f  uero,  /  shall  have  been  about  to  love 

SUBJUNCTIVE 

Pres.  amaturus  sim 

Impf.  amaturus  essem 

Perf.  amaturus  fuerim 

Plup.  amaturus  fuissem 

INFINITIVE 

Pres.     amaturus  esse 
Perf.     amaturus  fuisse 

For  the  Other  Conjugations 
Pres.     moniturus  sum,  /  am  about  to  advise 
ducturus  sum,  /  am  about  to  lead 
capturus  sum,  /  am  about  to  take 
auditurus  sum,  /  am  about  to  hear,  etc. 

530.  Second  or  Passive  Periphrastic  Conjugation 

INDICATIVE 

amandus  sum,  /  am  to  be,  must  be,  loved 


Pres. 
Impf. 

FUT. 


amandus  eram,  /  was  to  be,  had  to  be,  loved 
amandus  er5,  /  sJiall  have  to  be  loved 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  28 1 

INDICATIVE—  Continued 

Perf.     amandus  f  ul,  /  was  to  be,  had  to  be,  loved 

Plup.     amandus  f  ueram,  /  had  had  to  be  loved 

F.  P.      amandus  f  uer5,  /  shall  have  had  to  be  loved 

SUBJUNCTIVE 

Pres.  amandus  sim 

Impf.  amandus  essem 

Perf.  amandus  fuerim 

Plup.  amandus  fuissem 

INFINITIVE 

Pres.     amandus  esse,  to  have  to  be  loved 
Perf.     amandus  f  uisse,  to  have  had  to  be  loved 

For  the  Other  Conjugations 

Pres.     monendus  sum,  /  am  to  be,  must  be,  advised 
ducendus  sum,  /  am  to  be,  must  be,  led 
capiendus  sum,  /  am  to  be,  must  be,  taken 
audiendus  sum,  /  am  to  be,  must  be,  heard,  eta 


SUMMARY  OF   RULES   OF   SYNTAX 

Nominative  Case.  —  The  subject  of  a  finite  verb  is  always 
in  the  nominative  case.     [34,  i.] 

A  predicate  adjective  agrees  in  number,  gender,  and  case 
with  the  word  to  which  it  refers.  —  A  predicate  noun  agrees 
in  case  (only)  with  the  word  to  which  it  refers.      [34,  2.] 

Genitive  Case. — The  genitive  is  used  to  limit  or  define 
the  meaning  of  a  noun.     [38.] 

The  genitive  of  the  whole  (partitive  genitive),  denoting 
the  whole  from  which  a  part  is  (or  is  not)  taken  is  used 
with  nouns,  pronouns,  adjectives  (except  numerals),  and 
adverbs.  The  part  taken  is  denoted  by  the  noun,  pronoun, 
etc.,  on  which  the  genitive  depends.     [251.] 

The  ablative  or  the  genitive'  of  a  noun,  if  itself  modified 
by  an  adjective  orgenitive^  may  be  used  to  describe  a  person 
or  object.  The  genitive  is  less  common  in  this  use  than 
the  ablative ;  it  occurs  chiefly  in  expressions  of  measure  or 
number,  and  in  phrases  consisting  of  nouns  modified  by 
magmiSy  maximuSy  siimmiiSy  tantns.     [303.] 

Dative  Case.  —  The  indirect  object  of  a  verb  is  in  the 
dative  case.     [58,  2.] 

The  dative  is  used  with  adjectives  denoting  Likeness, 
Fitness,  Nearness,  Service,  Inclination,  and  the  like,  and 
also  with  their  opposites.     [163.] 

The  dative  is  used  with  est^  sunty  etc.,  to  denote  the  pos- 
sessor, the  thing  possessed  being  the  subject.     [231.] 

282 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  283 

The  dative  is  used  with  sum  and  a  few  other  verbs  to 
denote  the  purpose  or  end  of  the  act  or  state  expressed  by 
the  verb.  Commonly  there  is  combined  with  the  dative  of 
purpose  another  dative  denoting  the  person  interested  in 
the  purpose  or  end,  or  affected  by  it.     [295.] 

Most  verbs  signifying  to  favor,  help,  please,  trust,  and 
their  contraries ;  also  to  believe,  persuade,  command,  obey, 
serve,  resist,  envy,  threaten,  pardon,  and  spare,  take  the 
dative  case.     [343-] 

Many  verbs  compounded  with  ad^  ante^  con^  in^  inter^  ob^ 
post,  prae,  pro,  sub,  and  super,  often  govern  the  dative.    [394.] 

Accusative  Case.  —  The  direct  object  of  a  transitive  verb 
is  in  the  accusative  case.     [46,  2.] 

The  subject  of  the  infinitive  is  in  the  accusative. 
[184,  I.] 

Place  to  which  is  expressed  by  the  accusative  with  ad 
or  in;  with  names  of  towns,  domus,  humus,  and  rus,  by  the 
accusative  without  a  preposition.     [237,  2.] 

Extent  of  time  or  space  is  expressed  by  the  accusative. 
[245.] 

Ablative  Case.  —  The  means  or  instrument  of  an  action 
is  expressed  by  the  ablative  without  a  preposition.      [94.] 

Cause  is  expressed  by  the  ablative,  usually  without  a 
preposition.     [118.] 

Time  when  or  within  which  is  expressed  by  the  ablative 
without  a  preposition.     [131.] 

The  personal  agent  with  a  passive  verb  is  expressed  by 
the  ablative  with  a  or  ab,     [142.] 

Manner  is  expressed  by  the  ablative  with  the  preposition 
cum,  but  aim  may  be  omitted  if  an  adjective  is  used  with 
the  ablative.     [148.]  ^ 


284  ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 

The  ablative  of  specification  tells  in  what  respect  the 
meaning  of  a  verb,  noun,  or  adjective  applies.  No  prepo- 
sition is  used.     [i57-] 

Verbs  meaning  to  separate,  remove,  set  free,  deprive, 
lack,  etc.,  are  often  followed  by  the  ablative  of  the  thing 
from  which  separation  takes  place.  Ab  or  ex  with  the 
ablative  is,  however,  often  used  with  these  verbs,  regularly 
when  the  separation  is  literal  and  physical  (not  figurative) 
and  the  ablative  denotes  a  person.  But  with  ^^r^^  a  prepo- 
sition is  never  used.     [211.] 

Place  where  is  expressed  by  the  ablative  with  in ;  but 
with  names  of  towns,  domus^  humus,  and  rus,  by  the  loca- 
tive.    [237,  I.] 

Place  from  which  is  expressed  by  the  ablative  with  ab, 
diy  or  ex;  with  names  of  towns,  domus,  Jmmus,  and  rus,  by 
the  ablative  without  a  preposition.     [237,  3.] 

In  expressions  involving  a  comparative  with  quam  the 
same  case  is  used  after  quam  as  before  it.  After  compara- 
tives without  quam  the  ablative  is  used.     [260.] 

The  measure  of  difference  is  expressed  in  connection 
with  the  comparative  degree  by  the  ablative  without  a  prep- 
osition.    [267.] 

The  ablative  or  the  genitive  of  a  noun,  if  itself  modified 
by  an  adjective  or  genitive,  may  be  used  to  describe  a  per- 
son or  object.  The  genitive  is  less  common  in  this  use  than 
the  ablative ;  it  occurs  chiefly  in  expressions  of  measure  or 
number,  and  in  phrases  consisting  of  nouns  modified  by 
magnuSy  maximus,  summits,  tantus,     [303-] 

The  ablative  is  used  with  the  deponent  verbs  iitor,  fruor, 
fungor,  potior,  and  vescor,  and  their  compounds.     [337-] 

Locative  Case.  —  Place  where  is  expressed  by  the  locative 
with  names  of  towns,  domus,  humus,  and  rus.     [237,  i.] 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN  285 

Agreement.  —  A  predicate  noun  agrees  in  case  with  the 
word  to  which  it  refers,  a  predicate  adjective  agrees  in 
number,  geicder,  and  case.     [34,  2.] 

A  verb  agrees  with  its  subject  in  number  and  person. 

[46, 1.] 

An  appositive  agrees  in  case  with  the  noun  which  it 
limits  or  explains.     [58,  i.] 

Adjectives  agree  with  their  nouns  in  gender,  number, 
and  case.     [65.] 

A  predicate  adjective  with  a  complementary  infinitive 
agrees  with  the  subject  of  the  main  verb.     [184,  3.] 

A  relative  pronoun  agrees  with  its  antecedent  in  gender 
and  number,  but  its  case  depends  upon  the  construction  of 
the  clause  in  which  it  stands,  not  upon  the  case  of  its  ante- 
cedent.    [197.] 

The  Subjunctive.  —  Purpose  may  be  expressed  by  the 
present  or  imperfect  subjunctive  with  tit  if  the  clause  is 
affirmative,  and  by  the  subjunctive  with  ne  if  the  purpose 
clause  is  negative.     [351.] 

Result  is  usually  expressed  by  the  subjunctive  with  ut  if 
the  result  clause  is  affirmative,  and  by  the  subjunctive  with 
ut  ndn  if  the  result  clause  is  negative.     [358.] 

Purpose  may  be  expressed  by  a  relative  clause  in  the 
subjunctive,  especially  after  verbs  of  motion.     [364.] 

The  verb  of  an  indirect  question  is  in  the  subjunctive.  [370.] 

A  primary  tense  in  the  main  clause  is  followed  by  a 
primary  tense  in  the  dependent  subjunctive  clause;  a 
secondary  tense  in  the  main  clause  is  followed  by  a  sec- 
ondary tense  in  the  dependent  subjunctive  clause.     [374.] 

The  subjunctive  with  niy  that,  or  tit^  that  not,  is  used  as 
the  object  of  verbs  or  expressions  of  fearing.     [385.] 

In  a  cum  clause  expressing  time,  the  verb  is  usually  sub- 


286  ESSENTIALS    OF   LATIN 

junctive  if  the  tense  used  is  imperfect  or  pluperfect;  other- 
wise, the  indicative  is  used.      [387,  i.] 

In  a  cum  clause  expressing  cause  or  concession,  the  verb 
is  subjunctive.     [387,  2.] 

Wishes  relating  to  the  future  are  expressed  by  the  pres- 
ent (or  perfect)  subjunctive,  with  or  without  utinam ; 
wishes  hopeless  in  present  time  by  uthiam  with  the  imper- 
fect subjunctive ;  wishes  hopeless  in  past  time  by  utinam 
with  the  pluperfect  subjunctive.  In  wishes  the  negative 
is  ne.     [425.] 

Indirect  Discourse.  —  Simple  statements,  when  quoted  in- 
directly after  verbs  of  saying,  knowing,  thinking,  and  per- 
ceiving, are  expressed  by  the  infinitive  with  its  subject  in 
the  accusative.     [329.] 

.The  verb  of  an  indirect  question  is  in  the  subjunctive. 
[370.] 

In  indirect  discourse  the  main  verbs,  if  the  clauses  in 
which  they  stand  make  statements,  are  in  the  infinitive 
with  subject  accusative,  and  the  subordinate  (or  dependent) 
verbs  are  in  the  subjunctive.     [430.] 

Supine.  —  The  supine  in  -urn  is  used  to  express  purpose 
after  verbs  of  motion.     [435-] 

Sequence  of  Tenses.  —  A  primary  tense  in  the  main  clause 
is  followed  by  a  primary  tense  in  the  dependent  subjunctive 
clause ;  a  secondary  tense  in  the  main  clause  is  followed  by  a 
secondary  tense  in  the  dependent  subjunctive  clause.   [374.] 


VOCABULARIES 


28r 


ABBREVIATIONS 


abl,     o    .    •    .     .  ablative. 

ace accusative. 

adj adjective. 

adv,    .....  adverb. 

comp comparative. 

conj, conjunction. 

dat,     .    o    .     .    .  dative. 

def, defective. 

dem demonstrative. 

dep deponent. 

deter  m determinative. 

dim diminutive. 

f. feminine. 

fut future. 

gen genitive. 

impers,    ....  impersonal. 

indecL     ....  indeclinable. 

indef,      ....  indefinite. 

interrog,.     •     .    .  interrogative. 

intr intransitive. 

irr,     .    .    •    .    .  irregular. 


loc locative. 

m masculine. 

«.,  neut,       .     .     .  neuter. 

neg. negative. 

nom nominative. 

num numeral. 

part participle. 

pass passive. 

perf. perfect. 

pl.yplur.      .     .     .  plural. 

pr proper. 

prep.  , preposition. 

pres present. 

Pron pronoun. 

re^. reflexive. 

re/, relative. 

sing, singular. 

sufy'v subjunctive. 

sudst substantive. 

sup superlative. 

tr transitive. 


288 


VOCABULARY 


LATIN  — ENGLISH 


[Numbers  refer  to  Sections.] 


a,  ab,  prep.  w.  abl.^  from,  by,  with,  at, 

on,  in. 
abditus.    See  abdo. 
abdo,  abdere,  abdidi,  abditus  (ab  + 

do,  place),  tr.y  put  away,  conceal, 
abicio,  ere,  abieci,  abiectus,  tr.,  throw, 

hurl. 
ablatus.     See  auf  ero. 
absum,  abesse,  afui,  afuturus,  intr.^ 

be  away,  be  distant,  be  absent. 
ac.     See  atque. 
Acca,  ae,  /,  pr.  name,  Acca  Laren- 

tia,  foster  mother  of  Romulus  and 

Remus, 
accedo,  ere,  access!,  accessurus  (ad 

+  C§do),  intr.,  go  near,  come  near, 

approach;   w.  ad  and  ace. 
accendo,  ere,  accendi,  accensus  (ad 

+  candeo,  glow),  tr.,  set  on  fire  ; 

accensus,  burning. 
accido,  ere,  accidi,  —  (ad  +  cado), 

intr.,  happen, 
accio,  ire,  accivi,  accitus  (ad  +  cie5, 

set   in   motion),   tr.,    summon,   in- 
vite. 
accipio,  ere,  accepi,  acceptus  (ad  + 

capio),  tr.,  receive  ;  suffer,  undergo. 
acclamo,  are,  avi,  atus  (ad  +  clamo, 

cry),  /r.,  shout,  cry  out. 
acclivis,  e  (ad  +  clivus,  slope),  rising. 

289 


acclivitas,  atis  (acclivis),  /,  ascent, 

slope. 
accurro,  ere,  accurri,  accursum  (ad 

+  CUrro,  run),  intr.,  run  up,  hasten 

to. 
accuso,  are,  avi,  atus  (ad  4- causa), 

/r.,  accuse,  reproach. 
acer,  acris,  acre,  sharp,  keen,  eager, 

fierce. 
acerrime.    See  acriter. 
acies,  aciei,/,  edge  ;  line  of  battle, 
acriter  (acer),  adv.,  sharply,  eagerly, 

fiercely ;  comp.  acrius ;  sup.  acerrime. 
actus.     See  ago. 
ad,  prep.  w.  ace.,  to,  toward,  at,  near, 

against ;   according  to  ;  w.  nu7ner- 

als,  about. 
addo,  addere,  addidi,  additus  (ad  + 

do,  place),  tr.^  add. 
addiico,  ere,  adduxi,  adductus  (ad  + 

diico),    tr.,    lead    to,    lead,    influ- 
ence. 
adeo,  adire,  adii,  aditum  (ad  +  eo), 

intr.,  go  to,  approach. 
adficid,  ere,  adfeci,  adfectus  (ad  + 

facio),  tr.,  affect ;  poena  — ,  punish. 
adhibeo,  ere,  adhibui,  adhibitus  (ad 

+  habeo),  tr.,  call  in,  use. 
aditus,    iis    (adeo),    m.,    approach, 

access. 


290 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


administro,   are,    avi,    atus    (ad  + 

ministro,    manage),    /r.,    manage, 

direct,  administer. 
adolescd,  ere,  adolevi,  adultus  (ad  + 

olesco,  grow),  intr.^  grow  up. 
adorior,  iri,  adortus  sum  (ad+orior), 

intr.^  attack. 
adorn5,  are,   avi,   atus   (ad  +  orno, 

equip),  /r.,  equip,  adorn. 
adsum,  adesse,  adfui,  adfuturus  (ad 

+  sum),  intr.^  be  present,  aid. 
Aduatuci,  orum,  m.y  a  tribe  of  Belgic 

Gaul, 
adulescens,  entis  (adolesco) ,  young ; 

as  subst.y  young  man,  youth. 
advenio,  ire,  adveni,  adventum  (ad 

+  venio),    intr.,   come    to,    arrive, 

reach. 
adventus,  us  (advenio),  m.^  arrival, 

approach, 
adversus,  a,  um  (adverto,  turn  to), 

in  front,  opposite ;    adverse  coUe, 

up  the  hill. 
adversus  (adversus),  prep.  w.  ace, 

opposite,  against,  facing. 
aedificium,  i  (aedifico),  «.,  building. 
aedifico,  are,  avi,  atus  (aedis+facio), 

/r.,  build,  construct. 
aedis   or  aedes,  is,  /,  temple ;  //., 

aedes  regiae,  palace, 
aeger,  aegra,  aegrum,  sick. 
aegre    (aeger),   adv.,   scarcely,   with 

difficulty. 
aegritudo,  inis  (aeger),  /,  sickness, 

vexation,  mortification. 
aequaliter    (aequalis,    equal),  adv., 

uniformly,  equally. 
aequus,  a,  um,  equal,  favorable, 
aestas,  atis,/,  summer. 
aetas,  atis,/,  age. 
ager,  agri,  m.,  field,  land,  territory. 


agger,     aggeris     (ad  +  gero),     m.^ 

mound,  agger. 
aggredior,  aggredi,  aggressus  sum 

(ad  +  gradior,  go) ,  tr.,  go  against, 

attack. 
agmen,  agminis  (ago),  «.,  army  on- 

the  march ;  primum  agmen,  van  ; 

novissimum  agmen,  rear. 
agnosco,  ere,  agnovi,  agnitus  (ad  + 

[gjnosco,  know),  tr.,  recognize. 
ago,  ere,  egi,  actus,  tr.,  drive,  lead, 

move   forward,  do,   treat ;    trium- 

phum  agere,  celebrate  a  triumph. 
agricola,  ae  (ager+colo),  m.,  farmer, 
aio,  ais,  ait,  aiunt,  def.,  say. 
Alba   or    Alba    Longa,    ae,  /,    an 

ancient  Latin  town. 
Albanus,  a,  um  (Alba),  Alban;    as 

subst.,  Albanus,  i,  m.,  an  Alban. 
albus,  a,  um,  white. 
alienus,  a,  um  (alius),  another's,  un- 
favorable, strange. 
aliquis  and  aliqui,  aliqua,  aliquid 

and  aliquod,  indef.pron.,  some  one, 

any  one. 
alius,    alia,    aliud,    other,    another; 

alius  .  .  .  alius,  one  .  .  .  another; 

alii . . .  alii,  some  . . .  some,  some  . . . 

others;  alii  aliam  in  partem,  some 

in  one  direction,  some  in  another. 
Allobroges,  um,  m.,  a  Celtic  tribe  of 

Gaul. 
al6,  ere,   alui,    altus,    tr.,    nourish, 

strengthen. 
altaria,  ium,  n.  pi.,  altar. 
alter,  altera,  alterum,  the  other  {of 

two),  another,  second. 
altitudo,    inis    (altus),   /,    height, 

depth. 
altus,  a,  um  (alo),  high,  deep. 
i  alveus,  i,  m.,  basket,  trough. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


291 


Ambiani,  5rum,  m,  pi,  a  Belgian  tribe. 

amicitia,  ae  (amicus),/,  friendship, 
alliance. 

amicus,  i  (amo),  m.,  friend,  ally. 

amitto,  ere,  amisi.  amissus  (a  + 
mitto),  /n,  lose. 

amo,  are,  avi,  atus,  /r.,  love,  like. 

amoveo,  ere,  amovi,  amotus  (a  + 
moveo),  tr.^  take  away,  remove. 

amplifico,  are,  avi,  atus  (amplus  + 
facio),  tr,,  increase,  extend. 

amplus,  a,  um,  large,  extensive,  ample. 

Amiilius,  \,  m.,  king  of  Alba  Loiiga. 

ancile,  is,  n.^  a  small  oval  shield. 

angustiae,  arum  (angustus),  /.  //., 
narrowness,  narrow  pass.        [steep. 

angustus,  a,  um,  narrow,  contracted; 

animadverto,  ere,  animadverti,  ani- 
madversus  (animum  +  adverto, 
turn  toward),  /r.,  turn  one's  mind 
to,  notice;  animadvertere  in,  pun- 
ish. 

animal,  alis  (anima,  life),  «.,  animal. 

animus,  i,  w.,  mind,  disposition,  cour- 
age, spirit ;  in  animo  esse,  in  anim5 
habere,  have  in  mind,  intend. 

annus,  i,  m.^  year. 

ante,  adv,  a^id prep.  w.  acc.^  before. 

antepono,  ere,anteposui,  antepoeitus 
(ante  -I-  pon5),  tr.,  put  before. 

antequam,  conj.^  before,  until. 

antiquitus  (antiq^us),  adv.,  in  for- 
mer times,  anciently. 

antiquus,  a,  um,  old,  ancient. 

anulus,  i,  m.,  ring. 

anxius,  a,  um  (ango,  vex),  troubled, 
anxious. 

aperio,  ire,  aperui,  apertus,  tr.,  open. 

apertus,  a,  um  (aperio),  open. 

appello,  are,  avi,  atus,  tr.,  call,  name. 

Appius,  i,  m.i  a  Roman  surname. 


apprehendo,  ere,  apprehendi,  appre- 
hensus  (ad  +  prehendo,  seize),  //-., 
lay  hold  of,  seize. 

appropinquo,  are,  avi,  atum  (ad  -f- 
propinquus),  intr.,  w.  dat.,  ap- 
proach, come  near. 

apud,  prep.  w.  ace,  among,  in  the 
presence  of,  near. 

aqua,  ae,/,  water.  [Gaul. 

Aquileia,  ae,  f.,  a  town  of  Cisalpine 

aquilo,  onis,  m.,  the  north  wind. 

Aquitania,  ae,/,  a  division  of  south- 
ern Gaul. 

Aquitanus,  i,   m.,  an  Aquitanian. 

ara,  ae,  /,  altar. 

Arar,  Araris,  w.,  a  river  of  Gaul,  the 
modern  Saone. 

arbiter,  arbitri,  /;z.,  witness. 

arbitror,  ari,  atus  sum  (arbiter), 
intr.,  think,  consider,  suppose. 

arced,  ere,  arcui,  — ,  tr.,  shut  up,  hin- 
der, prevent. 

Ariovistus,  i,  m.,  a  German  king. 

arma,  orum,  n.  pL,  arms,  weapons. 

armilla,  ae,/,  bracelet. 

armo,  are,  avi,  atus  (arma),  tr.,  arm, 
equip. 

aro,  are,  avi,  atus,  tr.,  plow. 

ars,  artis,  /,  art. 

artus,  artuum,  m.pl.,  joints. 

arx,  arcis  (arceo),  /,  stronghold, 
citadel. 

asper,  aspera,  asperum,  rough,  fierce. 

astiitia,  ae  (astutus,  cunning),  /, 
shrewdness,  cunning. 

asylum,  i,  w.,  asylum,  place  of  refuge. 

at,  conj.y  but,  yet. 

Athenae,  arum,/,  Athens. 

atque,  ac,  conj.,  and. 

Atrebas,  atis,  m.,  one  of  the  Atrebates, 
a  Belgic  tribe. 


292 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


attingo,  ere,  attigi,  attactus  (ad  + 

tange,     touch),    tr,,    touch,    join, 

border  on.  [astounded. 

attonitus,     a,      um,      thunderstruck, 
auctoritas,  atis  (augeo),/,  authority, 

influence,  reputation. 
audacter     (audax),     adv.^     boldly, 

courageously;  ^^/w/.  audacius;  sup, 

audacissime. 
audax,  adj.^  bold. 
Audecumborius,  T,  /«.,  an  ambassador 

of  the  Remi. 
audeo,  ere,'  ausus  sum,  intr.,  dare. 
audio,  ire,  audivi,  auditus,  /r.,  hear, 
aufero,  auferre,  abstuli,  ablatus  (ab 

+  fero),  tr.,  take  away,  carry  off. 
augeo,  ere,  auxi,  auctus,  tr.,  increase. 
augurium,  i  (augur,  soothsayer),  n., 

divination,  augury. 
aureus,  a,  um  (aurum,  gold),  golden. 
auspicium,  i  (avis  +  specio,  look), 

w.,  divination  by  noting  the  cries  or 

flight  of  birds, 
ausus.     See  audeo. 
autem,  conj.^  but,  moreover,  however, 
auxilium,  i,  «.,  help,  aid. 
Aventinus,  a,  um,   of  the  Aventine, 

one  of  the  seven  hills  of  Rome, 
averto,  ere,  averti,  aversus  (ab  + 

verto),  tr.y  turn  away,  remove, 
avis,  is,/,  bird. 

avus,  i,  w.,  grandfather,  ancestor. 
Axona,  ae,/.,  a  river  of  Gaul,  the  mod- 
ern Aisne. 

B 

Balearis,  e,  Balearic. 

Belgae,  '  arum,   m,  pL,    Belgians,    a 

tribe  of  northern   Gaul. 
bellicosus,  a,  um  (bellum),  warlike. 
Bellovaci,  5rum,  m,^  a  Belgic   tribe 

of  Gaul. 


bellum,  i, «.,  war ;  bellum  inf erre,  make 

war;  bellum  gerere,  wage  war. 
bene     (bonus),    adv.,    well;     comp, 

melius,  sup.  optime. 
beneficium,    i     (bene  +  facio),    «., 

favor,  service, 
benigne  (benignus,  kind),  adv.^  kindly. 
bibo,  ere,  bibi,  — ,  ir.,  drink. 
Bibrax,  Bibractis,  «.,  a  town  of  the 

Remi. 
Boil,  orum,  m.  pi.,  a  tribe  associated 

with  the  HelvetiT. 
bonus,  a,  um,  good. 
Bratuspantium,  i,  «.,  a  town  of  the 

Bellovaci. 
brevis,  e,  short,  brief, 
brevitas,  atis  (brevis),/,  shortness. 
Britannia,  ae,/,  Britain. 


cado,  ere,  cecidi,  casiirus,  ir,,  fall,  die, 
perish. 

caedes,  is  (caedo),/,  slaughter. 

caed5,  ere,  cecidi,  caesus,  /r.,  cut  to 
pieces,  slay. 

caelum,  i,  n.,  sky,  heavens. 

Caesar,  aris,  m.,  a  family  name  of  the 
Julian  gens ;  Gains  lulius  Caesar, 
100-44  B.C.,  the  conqueror  of  Gaul. 

calamitas,  atis,/,  disaster,  defeat. 

campus,  i,  m.,  plain. 

capio,  ere,  cepi,  captus,  tr.,  take,  cap- 
ture, seize  ;   form  (a  plan). 

Capitolium,  i,  ^.,  the  Capitol,  a  great 
temple  of  Jupiter  at  Rome,  and  the 
hill  on  which  it  stood. 

captivus,  i  (capio),  m.,  captive. 

caput,  capitis,  «.,  head. 

care  (cams),  adv.,  dearly. 

care5,  ere,  carui,  caritiirus,  intr.  w. 
ahl.,  be  without,  be  in  need  of,  lack. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


293 


carpentum,!; «.,  two-wheeled  carriage. 
carrus,  i,  w.,  wagon,  cart. 
Carthagd,  inis,  /.,  a  great  Phoenician 

city  on  the  northern  coast  of  Africa. 
cams,  a,  um,  dear. 
casa,  ae,/,  hut. 
Cassius,  i,  w.,  a  Roman  name, 
castellum,  i  {^dim.  of  castrum),  «., 

fort,  redoubt. 
CasticuSf  1,  w.,  a  Sequanian  chief, 
castra,  omm,  ft.pl..,  camp, 
casus,  us  (cado),  /«.,  falling,  chance, 

misfortune. 
catulus,  i,  w.,  cub. 
causa,  ae,  yC,  reason,  cause,  case ;  qua 

de    causa,    why,    for    this    reason; 

causa,  7v.  gen.,  for  the  sake  of,  for, 

on    account   of;    causam   dicere, 

plead  a  case. 
cavea,  ae  (cavus,  hollow),/,  cage, 
cecidi.     See  cado. 
cedo,  ere,  cessi,  cessum,   intr.^  go, 

yield,  retire,  retreat. 
celer,  celeris,  celere,  swift,  quick. 
celeritas,    atis    (celer),   /,    speed, 

quickness. 
celeriter  (celer),  adv.., quickly,  swiftly; 

cojnp.  celerius;  sup.  celerrime. 
Celtae,  arum,  w.,  Celts,  one  of  the 

three  great  peoples  of  Gaul. 
cena,  ae,/".,  meal,  dinner. 
centum,  indecl.,  hundred. 
centuria,  ae  (centum),  /,  a  division 

of  the  people,  or  army,  containing 

one  hundred ;   century. 
centurio,  onis  (centuria),  m.,  centu- 
rion, commander  of  a  century. 
certamen,  inis  (certo,  contend),  «., 

contest.  % 

certus,  a,  um  (cerno,  perceive),  certain, 

appointed;  certioremfacere, inform. 


ceteri,  ae,  a,  //.,  the  rest,  the  others, 
cibus,  i,  m.y  food. 

Cimbri,  orum,  w.,  a  Germanic  tribe, 
circa,  prep.  w.  ace,  around,  about. 
circiter,  prep,  w,  ace,  about,  nearly. 
circum,  adv,  and  prep.  w.  ace,  about,. 

around. 
circumdo,    circumdare,   circumdedi,. 

circumdatus    (circum  +  do),    tr.^ 

surround. 
circumicio,  ere,  circumieci,  circum- 

iectus  (circum  +  iacio),  tr.,  thrown 

about,  place  around. 
circumvenio,  ire,circumveni,  circum- 

ventus  (circum  -f  venio),  tr.,coxn& 

around,  surround, 
cis,  prep.  w.  ace,  on  this  side  of. 
eiterior,  citerius,  hither. 
citra,  prep.  w.  ace,  on  this  side  of. 
civicus,  a,  um  (civis),  civic, 
civis,  is,  m.  andf,  citizen.         [state. 
civitas,  atis   (civis),  /.,  citizenship, 
clades,  is,/,  disaster,  destruction. 
clamito,  are,  avi,  atus  (clamo,  cry 

out),  ir.,  cry  out,  shout, 
clamor,  oris    (clamo,   cry  out),  m.y 

shouting,  cry. 
classis,  is,/,  fleet. 
Claudia,    ae,  /,    sister    of    Appiu& 

Claudius  Pulcher. 
Claudius,  i,  m.,  a  Roman  family  name; 

Appius  Claudius  Pulcher,  consul 

249  B.C. 

claudd,  ere,  clausi,  clausus,  tr.,  shut> 

close. 
dementia,  ae   (Clemens,  mild),  /,. 

kindness,  mildness. 
cliens,  clientis,  m.  and f,  dependent, 

vassal. 
coepi,  coepisse,  coeptiirus  sum,  def^ 

began. 


294 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


cognosco,  ere,  cognovi,  cognitus 
(con  +  [gjnosco,  know),  tr.,  rec- 
ognize, learn,  discover,  ascertain. 

cogo,  ere,  coegi,  coactus  (con  +  ago), 
drive  together,  collect,  force,  com- 
pel. 

cohors,  cohortis,  /,  cohort  (the  tenth 
part  of  a  legion). 

cohortor,  ari,  atus  sum  (con  + 
hortor),  tr,,  exhort,  encourage. 

collis,  is,  m.,  hill. 

colo,  ere,  colui,  cultus,  tr.^  cultivate, 
worship. 

commeatus,  us,  /«.,  provisions,  sup- 
plies. 

comminus  (con  +  manus),  adv., 
hand  to  hand. 

committo,  ere,  commisi,  commissus 
(con  +  mitto),/r.,  commit,  intrust ; 
join,  begin  (battle). 

commode  (commodus,  useful),  adv., 
advantageously,  easily. 

commoveo,  ere,  commovi,  commotus 
(con  -f  moveo),  tr.,  to  move,  in- 
fluence, disturb. 

compar,  comparis  (con  +  par),  fit- 
ting, suitable. 

comparo,  are,  avi,  atus  (con  +  paro), 
tr.,  prepare,  provide. 

•compleo,  complere,  complevi,  com- 
pletus  (con  -^  pleo,  fill),  tr.^  fill  up, 
complete. 

complures,  a,  many,  very  many,  a 
great  many. 

comprehendo,  ere,  comprehend!, 
comprehensus  (con  +  prehendS, 
seize),  tr.,  seize,  arrest. 

con.     See  cum. 

concede,  ere,  concessi,  concessum 
(con  +  cedo),  intr.,  yield,  grant, 
allow,  permit. 


concido,      ere,      concidi,  —  (con  + 

cado),  intr.,  fall,  be  killed. 
concido,  ere,  concidij  concisus  (con-f 

caedo,  slay),  tr.,  cut  down,  kill. 
concilio,  are,  avi,  atus,  tr.,  gain,  win, 

procure. 
concilium,  i,  «.,  assembly,  council. 
condemn©,    are,    avi,  atus    (con  + 

damno),  /r.,  condemn. 
condicio,   onis   (condico,  agree),  /, 

agreement,  proposal,  terms. 
condo,  ere,  condidi,  conditus  (con  + 

do,  put),/r.,  found,  establish. 
conduco,    ere,    condiixi,    conductus 

(con  +  duc5),  /r.,   bring  together, 

hire. 
confero,  conferre,  contuli,  conlatus 

(con  4-  fero),    tr.,  bring  together, 

gather;    se   conferre,  betake  one's 

self,  go. 
confertus,  a,  um  (confercio,  crowd), 

crowded,  dense, 
conficio,     ere,     confeci,     confectus 

(con  +  facio),  tr.,  accomplish,  fin- 
ish, complete,  furnish,  wear  out. 
confirm©,    are,    avi,   atus    (con  + 

firmo,  strengthen),  /n,  strengthen, 

establish,  assure,  declare,  encourage. 
confligo,     ere,   conflixi,   conflictum, 

intr.,  contend,  fight. 
c5nfugio,  ere,  confugi,  — ,  intr.,  flee, 
congressus,   us    (congredior,   meet), 

m.,  meeting. 
congruo,  ere,  congrui,  — ,  intr.,  agree, 

tally, 
conicio,  ere,  conieci,  coniectus  (con  4- 

iacio),  tr.,  throw,  hurl. 
coniung5,  ere,  coniunxi,  coniunctus 

(con  +  iungo),  tr.,  join. 
coniiinx,    coniugis   (coniungo),   /, 

wife. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


295 


coniuratio,  onis  (coniuro),  /,  con- 
spiracy. 

coniuratus,  i  (coniuro),  w.,  con- 
spirator. 

coniuro,  are,  avi,  atus  (con  +  iuro, 
swear),  intr.,  conspire,  plot. 

conlatus.     See  conf  ero. 

conloco,  are,  avi,  atus  (con  +  loco, 
place),  ^r.,  place,  put,  station. 

conloquium,  i  (conloquor),  «.,  in- 
terview, conference. 

conloquor,  conloqui,  conlocutus  sum 
(con  -f  loquor,  speak),  in^r.,  speak 
together,  confer. 

Conor,  ari,  atus  sum,  /r.,  attempt,  try. 

consanguineus,  i  (con  +  sanguis, 
blood),  m.f  relative,  kinsman. 

conscribo,  ere,  conscripsi,  conscrip- 
tus  (con  +  scribo),  /r.,  levy,  enroll. 

consecro,  are,  avi,  atus  (con  + 
sacro,  set  apart),  tr.y  consecrate. 

c6nsenti5,  ire,  c5nsensi,  consensum 
(con  +  sentio,  feel),  in^r.,  agree, 
conspire. 

ronsequor,  consequi,  consecutus  sum 
(con  +  sequor),  /r.,  pursue,  over- 
take, obtain. 

<:6nsero,  ere,  conserui,  consertus  (con 
-f  ser5,  bind),  /r.,  join  (battle). 

conservo,  are,  avi,  atus  (con  + 
servo),  /r.,  keep  safe,  preserve. 

considers,  are,  avi,  atus,  fr.,  consider, 
examine,  look  at  closely. 

consido,  ere,  consedi,  consessum 
(con  +  sido,  seat),  in^r.,  settle, 
take  up  an  abode. 

consilium,  i  (consulo),  n.,  plan,  ad- 
vice, prudence. 

consimilis,  e  (con  -f  similis),  very 
like. 

consist©,    ere,    constiti,    —  (con  + 


sisto,  place),  in^r.^  take  a  stand, 
hold  a  position,  stop. 

conspectus,  us  (conspicio),  w.,  sight, 
view. 

conspicio,  ere,  conspexi,  conspectus 
(con  -f  specio,  look),  /r.,  see,  per- 
ceive. 

constantia,  ae  (consto,  stand),  /, 
firmness. 

constituo,  ere,  c5nstitui,  constitiitus 
(con  +  statu5),  /r.,  place,  erect, 
construct,  station,  determine,  ap- 
point. 

consuesco,  ere,  consuevi,  consuetus 
(con  +  suesco,  be  accustomed),  /r., 
accustom  ;   in/r.,  be  accustomed. 

consuetiido,  inis  (consuesco),/,  cus- 
tom, habit. 

consul,  consulis,  m.,  consul. 

consulo,  ere,  consului,  consultus,  /r., 
ask  advice,  consult. 

contendo,  ere,  contendi,  contentum 
(con  +  tendo),  in/r.,  strive,  strug-" 
gle;   hasten,  hurry ;  march. 

contentio,  onis  (contendo),  /,  con- 
test, controversy. 

continenter  (contineo),  adv.,  con- 
tinually, constantly. 

contineo,  ere,  continui,  contentus 
(con  +  teneo),  tr.,  hold  in,  hold 
together,  restrain,  hem  in,  keep. 

contio,  onis  (con venio),/,  meeting. 

contra,  ac/-v.  and  prep,  w,  ace,  against, 
opposite. 

contuli.     See  confero. 

coniibium,  i  (con  +  niibo,  marry),  /, 
marriage. 

convenio,  ire,  conveni,  conventum 
(con  +  venio),  intr.y  come  to- 
gether, assemble ;  impers.  COnvenit, 
it  is  fit,  agreed. 


296 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


converts,  ere,  convert!,  con  versus  (con 

+  verto) ,  /r.,  turn  (about) ,  change ; 

signa  convertere,  face  about. 
convoco,  are,  avi,  atus  (con  +  voco), 

tr.y  call  together,  summon. 
coorior,   iri,   coortus    sum    (con  + 

orior),  intr.,  rise,  break  out. 
copia,  ae,  /,  supply,  abundance;  //., 

forces,  troops. 
Corinthus,  1,/,  Corinth. 
Cornelius,  i,  m.,  the  name  of  a  Roman 

family.     See  Cossus. 
cornu,  us,  n.,  horn,  flank,  wing. 
corona,  ae,/,  crown. 
corpus,  corporis,  w.,  body. 
corruo,  ere,  corrui, —  (conH-ru5,  fall), 

intr.,  fall,  be  slain. 
Cossus,  i,  m.,  Aulus  Cornelius  Cossus, 

consul  343  B.C. 
cottidianus,  a,  um  (cottidie),  daily. 
cottidie,  adv.y  daily. 
credo,  ere,  credidi,  creditum,  tr.  and 

intr.,  w.  dai.y  believe,  trust. 
ere  mo,  are,  avi,  atus,  /r.,  burn. 
creo,    are,    avi,    atus,    /r.,  appoint, 

choose. 
Cretes,  Cretum,  m,  pL,  Cretans. 
crux,  crucis,/.,  cross,  gallows. 
culpo,  are,  avi,  atus  (culpa,  fault), 

/r.,  blame, 
■cultus,  see  colo. 

-cum,  prep.  %v,  abl.,  with  ;    in  compo- 
sition, con-,  CO-  ;   conj.,  when,  since, 

although,  because. 
cupidus,a,um  (cupio),  desirous,  eager. 
cupio,  ere,  cupivi  or  cupij[,  cupitus, 

tr.y  wish,  desire,  be  eager  for. 
<;ur,  adv.,  why. 
cura,  ae,/,  care. 

Cures,  Curium,  /  //.,  a  Sabine  town, 
curia,  ae,  /,  senate. 


cursus,  us  (curro,  run),  m.,  course. 
curiilis,e  (currus,  chariot),  curule. 
custodia,  ae  (custos,  guard),/,  guard. 
ciistodio,  ire,    ciistodivi,  custoditus 
(custos,  guard),  tr.,  watch,  guard. 

D 

damnatio,  onis  (damno),/,  condem- 
nation. 

damno,  are,  avi,  atus,  tr.,  condemn, 
sentence. 

de,  prep.  w.  abl.,  from,  down  from; 
concerning,  in  regard  to,  for;  about. 

dea,  ae,/,  goddess. 

debeo,  ere,  debui,  debitus  (de  -|- 
habeo),  tr.,  owe;   with  inf.,  ought. 

decem,  indecl.,  ten. 

decerno,  ere,  decrevi,  decretus  (de  -H 
cerno,  separate),  tr.,  decide,  decree. 

decerto,  are,  avi,  atum  (de  -f-  certo, 
contend),  intr.,  fight,  contend. 

Decius,  \,  m.,  Publius  Decius  Mus, 
consul  340  B.C. 

declivis,  e  (de  +  clivus,  slope) ,  sloping. 

decrevi.     See  decerno. 

decurro,  ere,  de(cu)curri,  decursum 
(de  -h  curro,  run),  intr.,  run  down, 
hasten  down. 

deditio,  onis  (dedo),  /,  surrender. 

dedo,  dedere,  dedidi,  deditus  (de  + 
do),  tr.,  give  up,  surrender. 

defendo,  ere,  defendi,  defensus,  tr.^ 
defend,  protect. 

defensor,  oris  (defendo),  m.,  de- 
fender. 

defero,  deferre,  detuli,  delatus  (de  + 
fer5),  tr.,  carry  off ;  bestow,  confer. 

deficio,  ere,  defeci,  defectus  (de  + 
f  acio) ,  tr.  and  intr.,  fail,  be  lacking, 
revolt.  [thereafter. 

deinceps,    adv.,    successively,    next. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


297 


deinde  (de  ■{■  inde),  adv.f  afterwards, 

next, 
delabor,  delabi,  delapsus  sum  (de  + 

labor,  slip),  in/r.^  gWde  or  fall  down. 
delecto,  are,  avi,   atus,  tr.,  please, 

delight. 
deligo,  ere,  delegi,  delectus   (de  + 

lego,  collect),  /r.,  select,  choose. 
Delphi,  drum,  w.,  Delphi. 
demitto,  ere,  demisi,  demissus  (de  + 

mitto),  tr.^  send  down,  let  down  ; 

se  demittere,  jump. 
demonstro,  are,  avi,  atus  (de  +  mons- 

tro,   show),   tr,y   point    out,    show, 

mention. 
denique,  adv.^  at  last,  finally. 
depono,  ere,  deposui,  depositus  (de 

+  pono),  tr.y  lay  down,  give  up. 
depopulor,    ari,    atus    sum    (de  + 

populor),  /r.,  lay  waste,  ravage. 
deprecator,  oris  (deprecor,  mediate), 

m.,   intercessor ;    eo    deprecatore, 

through  his  mediation. 
descendo,  ere,  descendi,  descensum 

(de  H-  scand5,  climb),  intr.^  descend. 
describe,  ere,  descripsi,  descriptus 

(de  +  scribo),  /r.,  describe. 
desisto,  ere,  destiti,  —  (de  +  sisto, 

stand),  intr.,  cease,  leave  off. 
desum,  deesse,  defui,  defutiirus  (de 

+  sum),  intr.^  be  lacking,  fail. 
deus,  i,  w.,  god. 
devincd,  ere,  devici,  devictus  (de  + 

vincd),  /r.,  subdue,  conquer. 
devoved,  ere,  dev5vi,  devotus  (de  + 

voveo),  tr.y  vow,  devote. 
dexter,  dextra,  dextrum,  right ;  dex- 

tra,  ae,  /,  right  hand. 
di-.     See  dis-. 
dico,  ere,  dixi,  dictus,  /r.,  say,  tell, 

speak ;   impose  (a  fine) ;   plead. 


dies,  ei,  m,  and f.^  day. 

difficilis,  e  (dis  +  facilis),  difficult, 

hard. 
difficultas,  atis  (difficilis),  /,  diffi- 
culty. 
diligenter    Xdiligo,    esteem)-    adv.y 

carefully,  attentively. 
diligentia,  ae    (diligo,   esteem),  /, 

carefulness,  diligence,  industry, 
dimetior,    iri,    dimensus    sum,   tr,y 

measure. 
dimico,  are,  avi,  atum,  m/r.,  fight, 

contend. 
dimitto,  ere,  dimisi,  dimissus  (dis  + 

mitto),  tr.,  send  off,  dismiss,  let  go. 
diripio,  ere,  diripui,  direptus  (dis  + 

rapio),  /r.,  lay  waste,  pillage,  ravage. 
dis-,  di-,  inseparable  neg.  prefix^  apart, 

not,  un-. 
discedo,  ere,  discessi,  discessum  (dis 

+  cedo),    intr,y    depart,   withdraw, 

leave, 
discipulus,  i  (disco),  w.,  pupil, 
disco,  ere,  didici,  — ,  tr.,  learn, 
discurro,  ere,  dis(cu)curri,  discursum 

(dis  -f  curro,  run),  zWr.,  run  in  dif- 
ferent directions. 
dissimilis,  e  (dis  +  similis),  unlike, 

dissimilar. 
dissimulo,  are,  avi,  atus  (dissimilis),. 

tr.,  conceal,  disguise. 
distineo,    ere,    distinui,    distentus 

(dis  +  tene6),/r.,  keep  apart. 
distribuo,  ere,  distribui,  distributus 

(dis+tribuo,  assign),  tr.^  distribute, 

divide. 
diu,  adv.^  long,  for  a  long  time  ;  comp, 

diiitius,  sup.  diutissime. 
Diviciacus,  i,  w.,  a  chief  of  the  Haedui. 
divido,  ere,  divisi,  divisus,  tr,^  divide^ 

separate. 


298 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


do,  dare,  dedi,  datus,  tr.^  give ;  poenas 
dare,  suffer  punishment. 

doceo,  ere,  docui,  doctus,  /r.,  teach, 
inform.  [by  trickery. 

dolose    (dolus,  trick),  adv,^   craftily, 

domesticus,  a,  um  (domus),  domes- 
tic ;   from  their  own  country. 

dominus,  i,  m.^  master,  lord. 

domus,  us  or  i,  /,  house,  home; 
domi,  at  home;  domum,  (to) 
home,  homeward. 

dono,  are,  avi,  atus  (donum),  /r., 
present,  give. 

donum,  i  (do),  n.^  gift. 

dubius,  a,  um,  doubtful. 

ducenti,  ae,  a  (duo  +  centum),  two 
hundred.  [bring. 

diico,    ere,    diixi,    ductus,   tr.^   lead, 

Duiliusyi,  w..  Gains  Duilius,  a  Roman 
general,  victor  over  the  Carthagin- 
ians in  a  naval  battle,  260  B.C. 

dum,  conj.^  while,  until. 

Dumnorix,  igis,  w.,  brother  of  the 
Haeduan  Diviciacus. 

duo,  duae,  duo,  two. 

duodecim,  indecl.^  twelve. 

duodeviginti,  inded.^  eighteen. 

dux,  duels  (duco),  w.,  guide,  leader, 
general. 

E 

e.     See  ex. 

editus,  a,  um  (edo),  high,  elevated. 

edo,  edere,  edidi,  editus  (ex  +  do), 

tr.^  give  out,  give  birth  to,  bear. 
edo,  edere  or  esse,  edi,  esus,  tr.,  eat. 
educo,    ere,    eduxi,    eductus    (ex  -f 

duco),  tr.^  lead  out,  lead. 
effero,  efferre,  extuli,  elatus   (ex  + 

fero),  /r.,  carry  out. 
effugio,  ere,  effugi,  —  (ex  +  fugio), 

tr.  and  intr.,  escape. 


effundo,  ere,  effudi,  effusus    (ex  + 

fundo,  pour),  /r.,  pour  forth,  spread 

out,  overflow. 
Egeria,   ae,  f.,  a  nymph   reputed  to 

give  revelations  to  Numa. 
egi.     See  ago. 
ego,  mei,  pers.  pron.^  I. 
egredior,  egredi,  egressus  sum,  intr.^ 

go  out,  come  forth, 
eius.     See  is. 
elicio,    ere,    elicui,    elicitus    (ex  + 

lacio,  allure),  /r.,  lure  forth,  bring 

out,  call  down, 
eligo,  ere,  elegi,  electus  (ex  +  lego, 

choose),/;-., select, pick  out,  choose, 
emigro,  are,  avi,  atum  (ex  +  migro, 

migrate),  m/r.,  emigrate,  remove, 
enim,  conj.^  for. 
eniintio,  are,  avi,  atus  (ex  +  nuntio), 

/r.,  announce,  reveal, 
eo,  ire,  ii,  itum,  intr.,  go. 
eo   (is),   adv.y  there,   to  that   place, 

thither. 
eques,  equitis   (equus),   m.,   horse- 
man ;  //.,  cavalry,  cavalrymen, 
equester,  equestris,  equestre  (eques), 

of  the  cavalry,  equestrian, 
equitatus,  iis  (eques),  w.,  cavalry, 
equus,  i,  m.,  horse. 
eripio,  ere,  eripui,   ereptus   (ex  -f 

rapio),  tr.,  snatch  away,  save, 
ero,  eris,  etc.    See  sum. 
eruptio,  onis  (erumpo,  break  forth), 

/,  breaking  out,  sally, 
esse.     See  sum. 
esse.     See  edo. 

et,  conj.,  and  ;  et . . .  et,  both  . . .  and. 
etiam  (et  +  iam) ,  conj.^  besides,  still, 
Europa,  ae, /,  Europe.  [even, 

evado,  ere,  evasi,  evasum  (ex  -f  vadd, 

go),  intr.,  go  out,  escape. 


ESSENTIALS  OF   LATIN 


299 


ex  or  e,  prgp,  w,  ahl.y  out  of,  from,  of ; 

una  ex  parte,   on  one  side ;    ex 

itinere,  on  the  march, 
excogito,  are,  avi,  atus  (ex  +  cogito, 

think),  tr,,  think  out,  contrive, 
exeo,  exire,  exii,  exiturus  (ex  +  eo), 

intr.,  go  out,  depart,  leave, 
exercito,    are,    avi,    atus    (exerceo, 

train),  /r.,  exercise,  train. 
exercitus,us  (exerceo,  train),  w.,  army, 
existimo,  are,  Svi,  atus  (ex  +  aes- 

timo,  consider), /r.,  think,  suppose, 

believe. 
expeditus,  a,  um  (expedio,  free),  un- 
incumbered, without  baggage, 
expello,  ere,  expuli,  expulsus  (ex  + 

pell5)  tr.,  drive  out,  expel. 
explorator,  oris  (explore),  »/.,  scout. 
exploro,   are,  avi,  atus,  tr.,  search, 

ascertain,  reconnoiter. 
expono,  ere,  exposui,  expositus  (ex 

+  pono),  tr.^  expose,  abandon. 
expositio,  onis  (expono),/,  exposure, 

abandonment. 
expugno,  are,  avi,  atus  (ex  +  pugno), 

tr.y  capture,  take  by  stoim,  storm. 
exspecto,  are,  avi,  atus  (ex  +  specto), 

tr,y  look,  wait   for,  await,   expect, 

wait  to  see. 
exstinguo,  ere,  exstinxi,  exstinctus 

(ex  4-  stinguo,    put    out),   /r.,   ex- 
tinguish, destroy,  kill, 
exterus,    extera,    exterum,    outer ; 

comp.  exterior,  sup,  extremus,  last, 

end  of. 
extra,  prep,  w.  accy  outside  of,  beyond. 
extremus.    See  exterus. 


faber,  fabri,  w.,  mechanic,  workman, 
artisan. 


fabrico,  are,  avi,  atus  (faber),  /r., 

make,  construct,  build. 

f abula,  ae  (for,  speak) ,  /,  story. 

facile  (facilis),  adv.,  easily ;  comp, 
facilius,  sup.  facillime. 

facilis,  e  (facio),  easy. 

facio,  ere,  feci,  factus,  tr.y  make,  do, 
form,  build  ;  verba  facere,  speak  ; 
proelium  facere,  fight  a  battle. 

factum,  i  (facio),  «.,  deed. 

fallo,  ere,  f efelli,  f alsus,  tr.y  deceive ; 
spem  se  fefellisse,  that  they  were 
disappointed  in  their  hope. 

familia,  ae  (famulus,  slave),  /, 
household,  vassals. 

f  astus,  a,  um(fas,  right),  legal,  court — . 

Faustulus,  i,  tn.y  the  shepherd  who 
brought  up  Romulus  and  RemuSo 

fefelli.     See  fallo. 

f emina,  ae,  /,  woman. 

ferax,  feracis  (fero),  fertile,  pro- 
ductive. 

fere,  adv.y  nearly,  about,  almost. 

fero,  ferre,  tuli,  latus,  tr.y  bear,  carry; 
legem  ferre,  propose,  institute  a  law. 

ferreus,  a,  um  (ferrum,  iron),  (of)  iron; 
ferreae  maniis,  grappling-irons. 

fertilitas,  atis  (fertilis,  fertile),  /, 
fertility. 

ferus,  a,  um,  fierce,  wild,  barbarous. 

fides,  ei  (fid5,  trust),  /,  faith,  con- 
fidence, trust ;  in  fidem  venire,  put 
one's  self  under  the  protection  of. 

fidus,  a,  um,  faithful,  loyal. 

filia,  ae,  /,  daughter. 

filius,  \ym.y  son. 

finis,   is,   w.,  limit,  end,  boundary; 

,    pl.y  territory. 

finitimus,  a,  um  (finis),  adjoining, 
neighboring  ;  as  subst.y  finitimus,  1, 
m.y  neighbor. 


300 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


f  10,  fieri,  factus  sum  {used  as  passive  \ 

<?/ facio),  be  made,  become;  cer- 

tior  fieri,  be  informed. 
flamen,  flaminis,  w.,  Flamen,  a  priest 

devoted    to    the    worship    of    one 

special  god. 
flumen,  fluminis  (fluo),  «.,  river. 
fluo,  ere,  fluxi,  fluxus,  intr.y  flow. 
foculus,  i  {dim.  of  focus,  hearth),  m., 

fire  pan,  brazier. 
fons,  fontis,  m.^  fountain,  spring. 
fore  =  futiirum  esse. 
foret  =  esset. 
forma,  ae,  /,  shape,  form. 
fors,    fortis,  /,   chance ;    forte,  by 

chance ;    forte   erat  effiisus,   hap- 
pened to  have  overflowed. 
fortis,  e,  brave. 
fortiter  (fortis),  adv.^  bravely. 
fortiina,  ae  (fors),  /,  fortune,  good 

fortune. 
forum,  i,  «.,  market  place,  forum. 
fossa,  ae (fodio,  dig),/,  ditch,  trench. 
frater,  fratris,  in.,  brother. 
frumentarius,  a,  um  (frumentum), 

of  grain  ;  res  f  riimentaria,  supplies 

of  grain,  provisions. 
frumentum,  i  (fruor),  «.,  grain. 
fruor,  frui,  fructus  sum,  intr.y  w,  abl,, 

enjoy. 
fuga,  ae,  /,  flight ;  in  fugam  dare, 

put  to  flight. 
fugio,  ere,  fugi, — ,  intr.y  flee,  run 

away. 
fulmen,     inis    (fulgeo,     flash),    n., 

thunderbolt,  lightning. 
fiimus,  i,  m.,  smoke. 
fiinale,  is  (fiinis,  cord),  «.,  torch. 
funditor,    oris    (funda,    sling),    m., 

slinger.  [madness. 

furor,    oris    (furo,   rage),   m.,  rage, 


furtum,  i  (fur,  thief), ;?.,  theft, 
futiirus.     See  sum. 


G.  =  Gains,  i,  m.y  a  Roman  name. 

Galba,  ae,  m.:  (i)  a  lieutenant  of 
Caesar;  (2)  a  king  of  the  Sues- 
siones. 

Gallia,  ae,  /,  Gaul. 

Gallus,  a,  um,  Gallic;  as  subst,, 
Gallus,  \y  m.yZ.  Gaul. 

Garumna,  ae,  /,  a  river  of  Gaul, 
modern  Garonne. 

Gaurus,  i,  m.,  a  mountain  of  Cam- 
pania. 

geminus,  a,  um,  twin,  two-headed ;  as 
subst.,  gemini,  omm,  m.  pi.,  twins. 

Genava,  ae,/,  a  city  of  the  AUobroges. 
modern  Geneva. 

gens,  gentis  (gigno,  bear),  /,  tribe, 
nation,  race. 

genus,  generis  (gens),  «.,  kind, 
class,  species. 

Germanus,  i,  w.,  German. 

gero,  ere,  gessi,  gestus,  /r.,  bear,  carry, 
carry  on,  wage  ;  pass. ,  go  on,  take 
place  ;  matrem  se  gessit,  bore  her- 
self or  acted  as  a  mother. 

gladius,  i,  w.,  sword. 

gracilis,  e,  slender. 

Graecia,  ae,  /,  Greece. 

Graecus,  i,  m.,  Greek. 

gratia,  ae  (gratus),  /,  favor,  in- 
fluence ;  kindness ;  gratia,  w,  gen,, 
for  the  sake  of,  for  the  purpose  of. 

gratulor,  ari,  atus  sum  (gratus),  tr., 
congratulate. 

gratus,  a,  um,  pleasing,  acceptable, 
agreeable. 

gravis,  e,  heavy,  hard. 

graviter  (gravis  ),  adv.,  severely. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


301 


habeo,  ere,  habui,  habitus,  tr,^  have, 
hold;  consult  (auspicia). 

Haeduus,  i,  m.,  Haeduan. 

Hannibal,  alis,  m,-.  ( i )  a  Cartha- 
ginian commander  defeated  by 
Duilius;  (2)  a  Carthaginian  general, 
son  of  Hamilcar,  247-183  B.C.,  de- 
feated by  Scipio  at  Zama,  202  B.C. 

hasta,  ae,/,  spear. 

hand,  adv.^  not. 

Helvetius,  a,  um,  Helvetian ;  as  subst, 
Helvetii,  orum,  m.  pi,  Helvetians. 

hiberna,  orum  (hiems),  «.//.,  winter 
quarters. 

hie,  haec,  hoc,  dent.  pron»,  this;  the 
latter;   he,  she,  it. 

hiemo,  are,  avi,  atum  (hiems),  intr., 
winter,  pass  the  winter. 

hiems,  hiemis,/,  winter. 

hinc  (hie),  adv,,  hence;  hinc  .  .  . 
hine,  in  one  place  ...  in  another, 
here  .  .  .  there. 

Hispania,  ae,/,  Spain. 

hodie  (hie  +  dies),  adv.,  to-day. 

homo,  hominis,  w.  and/.,  man,  human 
being. 

honor,  oris,  m.,  honor. 

hora,  ae,  /.,  hour. 

hortor,  ari,  atus  sum,  tr.,  urge,  en- 
courage. 

hortus,  i,  m.,  garden. 

hospes,  hospitis,  m.  and  /,  guest, 
host. 

Hostilius,  i,  m.,  the  name  of  a  Roman 
family ;  Hostus  Hostilius,  a  general 
in  the  time  of  Romulus  ;  Tullus 
Hostilius,  third  king  of  Rome. 

hostis,  is,  m.,  enemy. 

Hostus.     See  Hostilius. 

hue  (hie),  adv.,  hither,  to  this  place. 


huniilis,  e  (humus),  low. 
humus,  i,  /,  ground;   humi,  on  the 
ground. 

I 

iaeio,  ere,  ieei,  iaetus,  tr.y  throw, 
hurl;  construct  (aggerem). 

iaetito,  are,  — ,  —  (iaeto,  boast),  intr.^ 
boast,  brag. 

iam,  adv.,  now,  already,  soon. 

lanieulum,  i,  ;;/.,  one  of  the  hills  of 
Rome,  west  of  the  Tiber. 

lanuarius,  i  (lanus),  m.,  January. 

lanus,  i,  m.,  Janus,  an  old  Latin  divin- 
ity, represented  with  two  faces. 

ibi,  adv.,  there,  in  that  place. 

leeius,  i,  m.,  one  of  the  Remi. 

idem,  eadem,  idem  (is  -F  dem),  dem, 
pron.  and  adj.,  the  same. 

identidem,  adv.,  again  and  again. 

idoneus,  a,  um,  suitable,  fit. 

idiis,  iduum,///.,  the  Ides  (15th  of 
March,  May,  July,  and  October,  13th 
of  the  other  months). 

ignis,  is,  m.,  fire. 

ignominia,  ae,/,  dishonor,  disgrace. 

ignoro,  are,  avi,  atus  (ignarus,  igno- 
rant), tr.,  not  to  know. 

ille,  ilia,  illud,  dem,  pron.  and  adj., 
that;   he,  she,  it;   the  former. 

imago,  inis,/,  likeness,  semblance. 

imbellis,  e  (in  neg.  +  bellum),  un- 
warlike,  cowardly. 

imbuo,  ere,  imbui,  imbutus,  tr.,  wet; 
inspire. 

immineo,  ere,  imminui,  — ,  intr., 
overhang. 

immitto,  ere,  immisi,  immissus  (in 
4-  mitto),  tr.,  send  into,  let  into, 
hurl. 

impedimentum,  1  (impedio),  ».,  hin- 
drance; pi.,  baggage. 


302 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


impedio,  ire,  impedivi,  impeditus 
(in  +  pes),  /r.,  entangle,  hinder, 
impede. 

impello,  ere,  impuli,  impulsus  (in  -f 
pello),  /r.,  urge,  impel,  incite. 

impended,  ere,  — ,  —  (in  +  pendeo, 
hang),  intr,,  overhang. 

imperator,  oris  (impero),  /«.,  com- 
mander, commander  in  chief,  gen- 
eral. 

imperatum,  i  (impero),  n.,  order, 
command. 

imperium,  i  (imper5), «.,  order,  com- 
mand, power,  government,  rule; 
nova  imperia,  revolution. 

impero,  are,  avi,  atum(in  +  paro), 
intr.y  w.  dat.f  command,  order,  rule. 

impetro,  are,  avi,  atus,  /r.,  obtain, 
secure,  gain. 

impetus,  us  (impeto,  attack),  m., 
assault,  attack,  onset. 

impius,  a,  um  (in  neg.  +  pius,  rever- 
ent), wicked,  impious. 

impono,  ere,  imposui,  impositus  (in 
H-  pono),  /r.,  place  in. 

improvisus,  a,  um  (in  neg.  -f  pro- 
visus,  foreseen),  sudden  ;  de  im- 
proviso,  unexpectedly,  suddenly. 

imus.     See  inferus. 

in-,  negative  inseparable  prefix,  un-, 
not. 

in,  prep.  w.  ace.  and  abl.;  w.  ace., 
into,  against,  toward,  forward ;  w. 
abl.,  in,  on,  upon,  over. 

incendo,  ere,  incendi,  incensus  (in  + 
candeo,  glow),  tr.,  set  fire  to,  burn. 

incido,  ere,  incidi,  —  (in  +  cado), 
intr.,  occur. 

incito,  are,  avi,  atus  (in  -f  cito,  move 
swiftly),  tr.,  urge  on,  incite,  encour- 
age, arouse,  rouse. 


inclino,  are,  avi,  atus,  tr,  and  intr.^ 
bend,  incline,  yield. 

inclutus,  a,  um,  famous. 

incola,  ae  (incolo),  m.  and/,  inhab- 
itant. 

incolo,  ere,  incolui,  — ,  tr.,  dwell, 
live. 

incolumis,  e,  unharmed,  safe. 

incredibilis,  e  (in  w<?^.  4- credibilis, 
believable),  incredible. 

increpito,  are,  avi,  atus  (increpo), 
tr.,  exclaim,  upbraid,  taunt. 

increpo,  are,  increpui,  increpitus,  tr.y 
sound,  scold,  exclaim. 

inciiso,  are,  avi,  atus  (in -f  causa), 
tr.,  accuse,  blame. 

inde,  adv.,  thence,  thereupon,  then. 

index,  indicis  (indico),  m.,  sign, 
mark. 

indicium,  i  (indico),  n.,  information ; 
per  indicium,  by  informers. 

indico,  are,  avi,  atus  (in  4-  dico,  de- 
clare), tr.,  announce,  reveal. 

indico,  ere,  indixi,  indictus  (in  ■\- 
dico),  tr.,  proclaim,  announce,  ap- 
point. 

infelix,  infelicis  (in  neg.  +  felix, 
happy),  unhappy,  ill-fated. 

inferior.     See  inferus. 

infero,  inferre,  intuli,  inlatus  (in  -f 
fero),  tr.,  carry  in,  bring  in ;  se 
inferre,  betake  one's  self;  signa 
inferre,  charge. 

inferus,  a,  um,  below;  comp.  infe- 
rior, lower,  inferior ;  sup.  infimus 
or  imus,  lowest,  "bottom  of,  foot  of, 
at  the  foot  of. 

infesto,  are,  avi,  atus  (infestus),  tr., 
annoy. 

infestus,  a,  um,  hostile. 

infimus.     See  inferus. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


303 


influo,  ere,  influxi,  influxum  (in  + 

fluo),  intr.y  flow  into,  empty  into, 
ingens,  ingentis,  huge,  vast. 
ingredior,    ingredi,   ingressus    sum 

(in  +  gradior,  go),  intr.^  go  into, 

enter. 
inicio,    ere,    inieci,   iniectus    (in  + 

iacio),  tr.^  put  in. 
inimicus,  a,  um  (in  «^^.  +  amicus), 

hostile. 
iniquus,  a,  um  (in  neg.  +  aequus), 

unfavorable,  disadvantageous. 
initium,  i   (ineo,  begin),  w.,  begin- 
ning. 
iniiiria,  ae,/,  injury,  violence. 
inopia,  ae  (inops,  without  means),/, 

want,  lack. 
inquam,  def.^  say  ;  inquit,  said  he. 
inrideo,   ere,   inrisi,   inrisus    (in  + 

rideo,  laugh),  tr.,  laugh  at,  jeer, 

ridicule. 
insanus,    a,    uin    (in    neg.  +  sanus, 

sound),  mad. 
insequor,  insequi,  inseciitus  sum  (in 

+  sequor),  /r.,  follow,  pursue. 
insideo,  ere,  insedi,  insessus   (in  4- 

sedeo),  tr.,  occupy. 
insidiae,  arum  (insideo),/  pi,  am- 
bush, treachery. 
insidior,  ari,  atus  sum   (insidiae), 

intr.^  w.  dat.f  lie  in  wait  for,  ambush. 
insignis,    e    (signum),    remarkable, 

distinguished. 
insilio,  ire,  insilui,  insultus   (in  + 

salio,  leap),  /r.,  leap  on. 
instar,    n.   indecl.y   likeness ;    instar 

miiri,  like  a  wall. 
instituo,  ere,  institui,  institiitus  (in 

-f  statu5),  tr.,  form,  establish. 
institiitum,  i  (instituo),  ».,  purpose, 

custom,  institution. 


instruo,  ere,  instriixi,  instriictus  (in 

4-  struo,  build),  /r.,  arrange,  draw 

up,  form. 
insula,  ae,/,  island, 
insum,  inesse,  infui,  infutiirus  (in  + 

sum) ,  intr. ,  w.  dai. ,  be  in,  be  among. 
intellegS,  ere,  intellexi,  intellectus 

(inter  +  lego),  tr.,  learn,  perceive, 

know. 
intempestus,    a,    um     (in     neg.  4- 

tempus),  stormy. 
inter,  j^rep.  w.  acc^  between,  among, 

during ;  dare  inter  se,  exchange ; 

cohortati  inter  se,  encouraging  one 

another. 
intercede,  ere,  intercessi,  intercessum 

(inter +  cedo),  intr.y  lie  between, 

intervene. 
interea  (inter  +  is),  adv.,  meantime, 

meanwhile. 
interficio,  ere,  interfeci,  interfectus 

(inter  +  facio),  /r.,  kill, 
interim,  adv.,  meanwhile. 
interior,  interius  (inter),  inner,  inte- 
rior of;  sup.  intimus. 
interscindo,    ere,    interscidi,   inter- 

scissus      (inter  -f  scindo,      break 

down),  tr.y  cut  down,  destroy. 
intersum,  interesse,  interfui,  inter- 

futiirus    (inter  +  sum),    intr.,   be 

among,  be  present. 
intimus.     See  interior, 
intra  (inter),  prep.  w.  acc.y  in,  dur- 
ing. 
intro,  are,  avi,  atus,  tr.,  enter. 
introdiic5,  ere,  introdiixi,  introductus 

(intro,  within  +  diico),  tr.,  lead  in. 
introrsus    (intro,   within  +  versus), 

adv.y  inside,  within. 
intuli.    See  infero. 
inutilis,  e  (in  neg.  +  iitilis),  useless. 


304 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


invenio,  ire,  inveni,  inventus  (in  -}- 

venio),  tr,  and  intr.,   come  upon, 

find. 
inveterasco,  ere,  inveteravi,  —  (in  + 

veterasco,  grow  old),  intr.^  become 

established. 
invictus,  a,  um   (in  «^^. +vinco), 

unconquered. 
invitus,  a,  um,  unwilling. 
lovi.     See  luppiter. 
ipse,  ipsa,  ipsum,  determ.  pron.,  self, 

himself,  herself,  itself;   he,  she,  it; 

very  ;   even, 
iratus,  u,  um   (irascor,  be  angry), 

angered,  in  anger. 
is,  ea,  id,  determ.  pron.  and  adj.,  he, 

she,  it ;   this,  that ;  is  qui,  he  (one, 

a  man)  who. 
iste,   ista,   istud,  determ,  pron,  and 

adj.f  that  (of  yours). 
ita  (is),  adv. J  thus,  so. 
Italia,  ae,  /,  Italy. 
itaque  (is),  conj.,  and  so,  accordingly, 

therefore. 
item  (is),  ^^z/.,  likewise,  also, 
iter,    itineris,    n.,    journey,    march; 

road,  way,  right  of  way  ;  iter  facere, 

march  ;  ex  itinere,  on  the  march  ; 

magnum  iter,  forced  march. 
iterum,  adv.,  again,  a  second  time, 
itum,  iturus.     See  eo. 
iubeo,  ere,  iussi,  iussus,  ir.,  w.  inf., 

order,  bid,  command. 
iudicium,  i  (iudex,  judge),  «.,  judg- 
ment, trial, 
iudico,  are,  avi,  atus  (iiidex,  judge), 

tr.f  judge. 
iugum,    i    (iungo),    «.,   yoke;    sub 

iugum    mittere,    send    under   the 

yoke    {made  of  spears  crossed,    in 

token  of  complete  surrender). 


iumentum,  i  (iungo), «.,  pack  animal, 
iungo,  ere,  iunxi,  iunctus,  tr,,  join, 

fasten  together. 
iunior,  cotnp.  ^iuvenis. 
luppiter,  lovis,  m.,  Jupiter,  chief  of 

the  Roman  gods. 
lura,  ae,/.,  the  Jura  Mountains,  reach- 
ing from  the  Rhine  to  the  Rhone, 
iusiurandum,  iurisiurandi  (ius,  law 

+  iur5,  swear),  n.,  oath. 
iustitia,  ae  (iiistus,  just),  /,  justice, 

uprightness. 
iuvenis,  e,  young  ;  comp.  iunior ;  as 

subst.  iuvenis,  is,  m.,  young  man, 

youth. 
iuvo,  are,  iuvi,  iutus,  tr.,  help,  aid. 


Labienus,  i,  m.,  one  of  Caesar's  lieu- 
tenants. 

labor,  oris,  m.,  labor,  work. 

laboro,  are,  avi,  aturus  (labor),  intr,, 
work,  toil,  suffer,  be  hard  pressed. 

lacesso,  ere,  lacessivi,  lacessitus, 
/r.,  attack,  harass. 

lacus,  us,  /«.,  lake. 

laetus,  a,  um,  glad. 

laevus,  a,  um,  left. 

lapis,  lapidis,  m.,  stone. 

largitio,  onis  (largior,  lavish),/,  lib- 
erality ;  bribery, 

lateo,  ere,  latui,  — ,  inir.,  be  con- 
cealed, lie  hid. 

Latinus,  a,  um,  Latin. 

latitudo,  inis  (latus),  /,  width, 
breadth. 

Latobrigi,  orum,  m.  pi.,  a  Gallic  tribe 
near  the  Helvetii. 

latro,  onis,  m.,  robber,  brigand. 

latus,  a,  um,  broad,  wide. 

latus.     See  fero. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


305 


latus,  lateris,  «.,  side,  flank. 

laudo,  are,  avi,  atus  (laus,  praise), 
/r.,  praise,  commend. 

legatio,  onis  (lego,  commission),  /., 
embassy,  deputation. 

legatus,  i  (lego,  commission),  w.,  am- 
bassador, envoy;   lieutenant. 

legio,  onis  (lego),/,  legion. 

lego,  ere,  legi,  lectus,  /r.,  choose. 

Lemannus,  i,  lacus  Lemannus,  Lake 
of  Geneva. 

lenis,  e,  smooth,  gentle. 

levitas,  atis  (levis,  light),  /,  light- 
ness, fickleness. 

lex,  legis  (lego),/,  law;  legem  ferre, 
propose,  establish  a  law. 

liber,  libri,  m.^  book. 

liber,  libera,  liberum,  free;  as  subst. 
liberi,  orum,  m,pL,  children. 

libero,  are,  avi,  atus  (liber),  /r.,  lib- 
erate, free. 

libertas,  atis  (liber),  /,  freedom, 
liberty. 

licet,  lice  re,  licuit,  impers.,  it  is 
allowed,  permitted. 

lineamentum,  i  (linea,  line),  m.y 
feature. 

littera,  ae  (lino,  smear),/,  letter  (of 
the  alphabet) ;  //.,  letters  (epistles), 
documents. 

locus,  i,  ffi.;  //.,  loci  and  loca,  place, 
position. 

longe  (longus),  adv.,  far,  far  off. 

longus,  a,  um,  long,  distant. 

liicus,  i,  m.,  grove. 

ludibrium,  i  (ludus),  n.y  jest,  mock- 
ery. 

liidicer,  ludicra,  ludicrum  (ludus), 
sportive,  playful. 

ludus,  i,  m.f  play,  sport,  game. 

luna,  ae,/,  moon. 


lupa,  ae,/,  she-wolf. 

lustro,  are,  avi,  atus,  /r.,  purify;  re- 

view,  inspect. 
liix,  lucis,  /,  light,  daylight;  prima 

luce,  at  daybreak. 
liixuria,  ae,y.,  excess,  luxury. 

M 

machina,  ae,/,  engine,  contrivance, 
magis  {comp.  ^/multimi),  adv,,  more, 

rather. 
magister,     magistri,     m.,     master, 

teacher. 
magistratus,  us  (magister),  m.,  mag- 
istrate, officer. 
magnitddo,  inis  (magnus),  /,  size, 

greatness. 
magnopere  (magnus  +  opus),  adv.y 

very  greatly, 
magnus,  a,  um,  large,  great;   comp, 

maior,  sup.  maximus;   maior  na- 

tu,  older;  maximus  natii,  oldest. 
maior.     See  magnus. 
male    (malus),   adv.,   badly;    comp, 

peius,  sup.  pessime. 
malo,  malle,  malui  (magis  4-  volo), 

tr.  andintr.,  be  more  willing,  prefer, 
malus,  a,  um,  bad,  evil,  wicked;  comp, 

peior,  sup.  pessimus. 
Mamurius,  i,  m.,  a  Roman  smith  in 

the  time  of  Numa. 
mandatum,  i    (mandS),   n.,   order, 

command. 
mando,  are,    avi,   atus,    tr.,   order, 

command. 
maneo,  ere,  mansi,  mansiirus,  intr., 

remain,  stay. 
Manes,  ium,  m.  pL,  the  Manes,  shades 

of  the  dead. 
Manlins,  i,  m.,  Titus  Manlius  Tor- 

quatus,  consul  343  B.C. 


3o6 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


mansuetudo,  inis  (mansuetus,  tame), 

yC,  mildness,  clemency. 
manus,   us,  /,  hand,  band;    manus 

ferreae,  grappling  irons. 
Marcus,  i,  m.,  a  Roman  name, 
mare,  maris,  n.,  sea;  miiri,  by  sea. 
maritimus,  a,  um  (mare),  of  the  sea, 

maritime. 
Mars,  Martis,  m..  Mars,  the  Roman 

god  of  war. 
mater,  matris,  /,  mother;   matrem 

se  gessit,  bore  herself,  acted  like,  a 

mother. 
matrimonium,   i  (mater),  w.,  mar- 
riage;   in    matrimonium   ducere, 

marry. 
mature,  are,  avi,  atum,  intr.,  hasten, 

hurry. 
maxime     (maximus),     adv.,     very 

greatly,  especially. 
maximus.    See  magnus. 
Maximus,  i,  m.^  a  Roman  cognomen. 

See  Valerius, 
me,  mei.    See  ego. 
medius,  a,  um,  middle;  per  medios 

Ciistodes,  through  the  midst  of  the 

guards ;  quem  medium,  the  middle 

of  which. 
melior.    See  bonus, 
melius.     See  bene, 
memoria,  ae,/,  memory. 
mens,  mentis,  /,  mind. 
mensa,  ae,  /,  table, 
mensis,  is,  m.,  month. 
mercator,  oris    (mercor,  trade),  m., 

trader,  merchant. 
Mercurius,    i,   m..   Mercury,   god   of 

trade,  and  messenger  of  the  gods. 
mergo,  ere,  mersi,  mersus,  /r.,  dip,  sink. 
metus,  us,  m.,  fear,  terror. 
mens,  a,  um,  poss,  adj,,  my,  mine. 


mihi.     See  ego. 

miles,  militis,  m.,  soldier. 

militaris,  e  (miles),  military. 

mille,  indecl.  adj.  and  noun,  thou- 
sand;  pi.  miUia,  always  noun; 
mille  passus,  mille  passuum,  a 
Roman  mile. 

minime  (minimus).     6>^  parum. 

minimus,  a,  um  {used  as  sup,  of 
parvus),  smallest,  least. 

minor,  minus  {see  parvus),  smaller, 
less;  minor  natu,  younger. 

minus  {used  as  coinp.  ^T/'parum),  adv.^ 
less  ;  nihilo  minus,  nevertheless ; 
si  minus,  if  not. 

mirabilis,  e  (miror,  wonder),  won- 
derful. 

miraculum,  i  (miror,  wonder),  w., 
wonder,  prodigy. 

mirus»  a,  um,  wonderful,  surprising. 

miser,  misera,  miserum,  wretched, 
poor. 

misere  (miser),  adv.,  wretchedly. 

mitigo,  are,  avi,  atus  (mitis,  mild 
+  ago)>  I'^'i  soften,  civilize. 

mitto,  ere,  misi,  missus,  /r.,  send,  hurl. 

mobilitas,  atis  (mobilis,  change- 
able), /,  fickleness. 

moenia,  moenium,  n.  pL,  walls,  for- 
tifications. 

mone5,  ere,  monui,  monitus,  /r., 
warn,  advise. 

monitus,  iis  (moneo),  m.,  warning, 
counsel,  suggestion. 

mons,  montis,  m.,  mountain. 

mora,  ae,  /,  delay. 

morbus,  i,  w.,  sickness,  illness  ;  morbo 
exstinctus,  died  a  natural  death. 

morior,  mori,  mortuus  sum,  inir.,  die. 

moror,  ari,  atus  sum  (mora),  intr,, 
delay,  hinder. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


307 


mors,  mortis,  /,  death. 

mos,  moris,  w.,  custom,  habit. 

moves,  ere,  movi,  motus,  /r.,  move, 
influence;  castra  movere,  break 
up  camp. 

mox,  adv,,  soon. 

Mucius,  i,  /«.,  the  name  of  a  Roman 
family;  Gaius  Mucius  Scaevola, 
a  Roman  who  attempted  to  kill 
Porsena. 

Miicius,  a,  um  (Mucius),  Mucian. 

mulier,  mulieris,  /,  woman,  wife. 

multa,  ae,  /,  fine,  penalty. 

multitiido,  inis  (multus),  /,  num- 
bers, multitude. 

multo  {abl.  ^/muitus),  adv.,  much. 

multum  (multus),  adv.,  much, 
greatly. 

multus,  a,  um,  much ;  //.,  many ; 
multa  nocte,  late  at  night;  ad 
multam  noctem,  till  late  at  night. 

Miinatius,  i,  m,,  Lucius  Munatius 
Plancus,  one  of  Caesar's  lieutenants. 

miinimentum,  i  (munio),  w.,  defense, 
fortification. 

miinio,  ire,  munivi  or  munii,  muni- 
tus,  ir,,  fortify,  defend. 

miinitio,  onis  (miinio),  /,  forti- 
fication. 

miinus,  eris,  «.,  gift,  reward. 

miirus,  i,  w.,  wall. 

N 

nactus.    See  nanciscor. 

nam,  conj.,  for. 

nanciscor,  nancisci,  nactus  sum,  tr,, 

get,  obtain, 
nascor,  nasci,  natus  sum,  intr,,  be 

born,  be  produced  ;   rise, 
natio,  onis  (nascor),  /,  nation,  tribe, 

people. 


natu  (nascor) ,  in  age ;  maior  natu, 
older ;   minor  natu,  younger. 

natiira,  ae  (nascor),  /,  nature, 
character. 

nauta,  ae  (navis),  m.,  sailor. 

navalis,  e  (navis),  of  ships,  naval. 

navis,  is,  /,  ship. 

-ne,  enclitic,  sign  of  an  interrogative. 

ne,  conj,,  not,  so  that  not,  lest ;  after 
verbs  of  fearing,  that. 

nec.     See  neque. 

neco,  are,  avi,  atus  (nex),  tr,,  kill, 
put  to  death. 

nefastus,  a,  um  (nefas,  crime),  un- 
hallowed; unpropitious;  dies  ne- 
fastus, a  day  on  which  public  busi- 
ness could  not  be  transacted. 

nego,  are,  avi,  atus,  tr,  ancC  intr., 
deny,  say  .  .  .  not. 

negdtium,  i,  n.,  business,  affair;  quic- 
quam  negoti,  any  trouble. 

nemo,  neminem  (ne  -f  homo),  m, 
and  f.,  no  one,  nobody. 

nemus,  nemoris,  «.,  grove. 

nepos,  nepotis,  m.,  grandson,  de- 
scendant. 

neque,  nec,  conj.,  and  not,  but  not; 
neque  .  .  .  neque,  neither  .  .  .  nor. 

Nervii,  orum,  m.,  a  powerful  tribe 
of  Belgic  Gaul. 

neuter,  neutra,  neutrum  (ne  +  uter)» 
neither  (of  two). 

nex,  necis,/,  death,  murder. 

niger,  nigra,  nigrum,  black. 

nihil,  indecL  n.,  nothing. 

nihilo,  adv.,  in  no  respect;  nihil5 
minus,  nevertheless.  [except. 

nisi  (ne-}-si),   conj..,  if  not,  unless, 

nobilis,  e  (nosco,  know),  noble, 

nobilitas,  atis  (nobilis),  /,  nobility, 
nobles. 


3o8 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


noceo,  ere,  nocui,  nociturus,  intr.^ 

w.  dat.f  hurt,  injure,  harm. 
nocturnus,  a,  um  (nox),  by  night,  in 

the  night. 
nolo,  nolle,  nolui  (ne  +  volo),  tr.  and 

intr.,  not   to  wish,  be  unwilling  ; 

nolite,  w.  infin.f  do  not. 
nomen,  nominis  (nosco,  know),  n.y 

name. 
nomino,  are,  avi,  atus  (nomen),  /r., 

name,  call. 
non,  adv.f  not. 
nondum,  adv.,  not  yet. 
nonnuUus,   a,   um    (non  +  nuUus), 

some,  several. 
Noreia,  ae,  f.,  a  town  of  the  Norici, 

modern  Neumarkt. 
Noricus,  a,  um,  Norican  ;  ager  Nori- 

cus,  a  country  between  the  Danube 

and  the  Alps. 
nos,  nostrum,  pers.  pron.^  we,  our- 
selves. 
noster,  nostra,  nostrum  (nos),  poss. 

adj.y  our,  ours  ;  //.,  nostri,  drum, 

our  men,  our  troops. 
novem,  indecL.  nine. 
Noviodunum,  i,   «.,  a  town  of  the 

Suessiones. 
novus,  a,  um,   new;    novissimum, 

last ;  novissimum  agmen,  the  rear. 
nox,  noctis,  /,  night;  multa  nocte, 

late  at  night;  ad  multam  noctem, 

till  late  at  night. 
nudo,  are,  avi,  atus  (niidus,  bare), 

/r.,  make  bare,  clear. 
nuUus,  a,  um  (ne  +  ullus),  no,  not 

any,  none,  no  one. 
num,  htterrog.  particle^  implying  the 

answer  '  no.' 
Numa,  ae,  m.     See  Pompilius. 
Humerus,  i,  m,,  number. 


Numida,  ae,  w.,  Numidian. 
Numitor,  oris,  w.,  king  of  Alba  Longsi, 

grandfather  of  Romulus  and  Remus, 
numquam    (ne  +  umquam,    ever), 

adv,,  never, 
nunc,  adv,,  now. 
nunti5,  are,  avi,  atus  (niintius),  tr,^ 

report,  announce. 
nuntius,  i,  w.,  messenger, 
niiper,  adv.^  recently,  lately. 
nusquam  (ne  +  usquam,  anywhere), 

adv.^  nowhere,  on  no  occasion. 


ob,  prep.  w.  ace,  for,  on  account  of, 

because  of, 
obaeratus,  i  (ob  +  aes,  money),  w., 

debtor. 
obduco,  ere,  obduxi,  obductus  (ob  + 

diic5),/r.,  extend,  make. 
obruo,  ere,  obrui,  obrutus  (ob  +  ruo, 

rush),  tr,,  overwhelm,  bury,  crush. 
obses,  obsidis  (obsideo),  m.,  hostage, 

pledge. 
obsideo,  ere,  obsedi,  obsessus  (ob  + 

sedee),  tr.,  besiege. 
obsum,  obesse,  obfui,  obfuturus  (ob 

+  sum),  w.  dat.^  be  against,  injure. 
obtineo,  ere,  obtinui,  obtentus  (ob  -f 

teneo),  tr.,  possess,  obtain,  retain. 
obvenio,  ire,  obveni,  obventum  (ob  + 

venio),  ifttr.,  come  to,  meet,  come. 
occasus,  lis  (occido,  fall),  m.,  setting 

(of  the  sun). 
occido,    ere,  occidi,   occisus   (ob  -f 

caedo,  cut   down),  tr.,  cut   down, 

kill,  slay. 
occultus,  a,  um,  hidden;  in  occulto* 

concealed. 
occupo,  are,  avi,  atus  (ob  +  capio). 

/r.»  take  possession  of,  seize,  occupy 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


309 


Oceanus,  i,  w.,  ocean. 

Ocelum,  i,  «.,  a  town  of  Cisalpine 
Gaul. 

OCto,  indecL,  eight. 

oculus,  I,  m.y  eye. 

odium,  i  (odi,  hate),  «.,  hatred,  en- 
mity. 

omnino  (omnis),  adv.y  altogether,  at 
all. 

omnis,  e,  all,  every,  whole. 

opinio,  5nis  (opinor,  think),/,  notion, 
belief,  impression. 

oportet,  oportere,  oportuit,  impers., 
it  is  necessary,  it  is  proper. 

oppidanus,  i  (oppidum),  w.,  inhab- 
itant of  a  town,  townsman. 

oppidum,  i,  n.y  walled  town. 

opprimo,  ere,  oppress!,  oppressus  (ob 
-f  premo,  press), /r., crush,  fall  upon. 

oppugnatio,  onis  (oppugno),/,  as- 
sault, storm,  siege. 

oppugno,  are,  avi,  atus  (ob-fpugno), 
tr.y  attack,  besiege. 

Ops,  opis,  /,  aid;  //.,  resources, 
wealth. 

op  time  (optimus),  best,  excellently. 
See  bene. 

optimus,  a,  um,  sup.  ^/bonus. 

Optio,  onis  (opto) ,  /,  choice. 

opto,  are,  avi,  atus,  wish,  choose. 

opus,  operis,  n,y  work,  labor,  fortifica- 
tion. 

oratio,  onis  (oro),/,  speech,  words. 

ordino,  are,  avi,  atus  (ordo),  /r., 
arrange,  regulate. 

ordo,  5rdinis,  ^n,,  line,  rank. 

Orgetorix,  igis,  m.y  a  chief  of  the 
Helvetii. 

orior,  oriri,  ortus  sum,  intr,,  rise. 

omatus,  lis  (orno,  adorn),  ni..,  attire, 
decoration. 


oro,  are,  avi,  atus  (os),  tr,^  beseech, 

beg. 
ortus.     See  orior. 
6s,  oris,  n,i  mouth,  face. 


P.  =  Piiblius. 

paco,  are,  avi,  atus  (pax),  /r.,  pacify, 

subdue. 
paene,  adv.^  almost,  nearly. 
palam,  adv.^  openly,  publicly. 
paliis,  tidis,/,  marsh,  swamp. 
pando,  ere,  pandi,  passus,  /r.,  spread 

out;    passis   manibus,   with  out- 
stretched hands. 
par,  paris,  equal  (to), 
paratus,   a,   um    (paro),    prepared, 

ready. 
pareo,   ere,   parui,  pariturus,    intr, 

w.  daL,  obey. 
par5,  are,  avi,  atus,  tr.,  prepare,  pro- 

vide. 
pars,  partis,  /,  part,  side,  direction, 
parum,   adv.,  little ;    comp.   minus ; 

sup.  minime. 
parvulus,  a,  um  (parvus),  very  little ; 

as  subst.  parvulus,  i,  m.,  little  fellow, 
parvus,  a,   um,   little,   small;    cot7ip» 

minor;   sup.  minimus, 
passus.     See  pando  and  patior. 
passus,  iis,  m.,  pace ;  mille  passiis, 

//.  millia  passuum,  a  mile. 
pastor,  oris  (pasco,  feed),  w.,  shep- 
herd. 
pateo,  ere,  patui,  — ,  intr.,  be  open, 

extend. 
pater,  patris,  m.,  father. 
patior,  pati,  passus  sum,  /r.,  suffer, 

allow,  endure. 
patria,  ae  (patrius),/,  country,  native 

land. 


310 


ESSENTIALS  OF  LATIN 


patrius,  a,  um  (pater),  ancestral, 
pauci,  orum,  few. 
paulisper,  adv.,  for  a  short  time, 
paululum    (paulus,   small),   adv,,  a 

little,  somewhat. 
pax,  pads,  /,  peace. 
pecco,  are,  avi,  atus,  intr.,  transgress, 

offend. 
pecunia,  ae  (pecus),/,  money. 
pecus,  pecoris,  n.,  cattle,  herd. 
pedes,  peditis  (pes),  w.,  foot  soldier; 

//.,  infantry. 
Pedius,  i,  m.,  Quint  us  Pedius,  one  of 

Caesar's  lieutenants. 
peior,  co7np.  of  malus. 
peius,  comp.  of  male, 
pello,  ere,  pepuli,  pulsus,  /r.,  drive 

out,  expel,  rout,  conquer. 
per,  prep.  w.  ace ,  through,  over,  by, 

across,  by  means  of. 
peragro,  are,  avi,  atus  (per  +  ager), 

/r.,  wander  through,  roam,  over. 
perduco,    ere,    perduxi,    perductus 

(per  +  duc5),  /r.,  lead,  lead  through, 

construct. 
perennis,  e  (per  +  annus),  perpetual, 

never  failing. 
perficio,     ere,     perfeci,     perfectus 

(per  +  facio),  tr.,  accomplish,  fin- 
ish, complete. 
perfidus,  a,  um  (per  +  fidus),  faith- 
less, treacherous. 
periclitor,  ari,  atus  sum,  tr.,  make 

trial  of,  try. 
periculum,  i,  n.,  dangen 
peritus,  a,  um,  skillful. 
permitto,  ere,  per  misi,  per  missus  (per 

-^  mitt5),  tr.,  give  up,  intrust,  permit. 
permoveo,  ere,  permovi,  permotus 

(per  +  moveo),  /r.,  move,  arouse, 

influence,  alarm. 


perpetuo  (perpetuus,  continuous), 
adv.f  continually,  forever. 

perrumpo,  ere,  perrupi,  perruptus 
(per  +  rumpo,  break),  /r.,  break 
through. 

perspicio,  ere,  perspexi,  perspectus 
(per  +  specid,  see),  tr.,  see  through. 

persuadeo,  ere,  persuasi,  persuasum 
(per  +  suadeo,  persuade),  /r.,  w, 
dat.  of  pers.f  persuade,  prevail  on. 

pertineo,  ere,  pertinui,  —  (per  -f 
teneo),  intr.,  extend,  pertain,  relate. 

pertractus.     See  pertraho. 

pertraho,  ere,  pertraxi,  pertractus 
(per  +  traho),  tr.,  drag,  lead. 

pervenio,  ire,  perveni,  perventum, 
(per  +  venio  j  intr.y  arrive  at,  reach, 

pes,  pedis,  w.,  foot. 

pessime,  sup.  of  male. 

pessimus,  sup.  of  malus. 

peto,  ere,  petivi  or  petii,  petitus,  tr., 
aim  at,  seek,  ask,  demand,  request. 

pietas,  atis  (pius,  pious),  /.,  devo- 
tion, loyalty. 

piger,  pigra,  pigrum,  slow,  lazy. 

pignus,  pignoris,  ;/.,  pledge,  assur- 
ance. 

pilum,  i,  n.i  javelin. 

pirus,  i,  /,  pear  tree. 

Plancus,  i.     See  Miinatius. 

planities,  ei  (planus,  flat),/, plain, 
level  ground. 

plebes,  ei,  or  plebs,  plebis,  /,  com* 
mon  people. 

plerusque,  pleraque,  plerumque, 
generally  inpluraly  most,  very  many, 

pliirimus,  a,  um  {sup.  of  multus), 
most,  very  many  ;  plurimum  posise, 
be  very  powerful,  have  most  in-- 
fluence,  be  supreme. 

plus,  comp.  ^/multum. 


ESSENTIALS  OF  LATIN 


3n 


plus,  pluris  {comp.  <?/"multus),  more; 

//.,  several,  more. 
poeulum,  i,  w.,  drinking  cup. 
poena,  ae,  /,  punishment,   penalty; 

poenas  dare,  suffer  punishment. 
Poeni,  orum,  iti.  pL,  Carthaginians. 
poUiceor,  eri,  pollicitus  sum,  promise. 
Pompeius,  i,  m.,  Pompey. 
Pompilius,  i,   m.,  Numa   Pompilius, 

second  king  of  Rome. 
pono,  ere,  posui,  positus,  /r.,  place, 

put,  pitch  (a  camp) . 
p5ns,  pontis,  m.^  bridge. 
poposci.     See  posco. 
populor,  ari,   atus  sum   (populus), 

tr.i  ravage,  lay  waste. 
populus,  1,  m.j  people. 
Porsena,  ae,  /,  king  of  Qusium  in 

Etruria. 
porta,  ae,/.,  gate,  door, 
porto,    are,    avi,    atus,    /r.,    cariry, 

bring, 
portus,  us,  m.f  port,  harbor. 
posco,  ere,  poposci,  — ,  /r.,  ask,  de- 
mand. 
possideo,  ere,  possedi,  — ,  /r.,  hold, 

occupy. 
possum,  posse,  potui,  — ,  be  able, 

can;    pliirimum    posse,    be    very 

powerful. 
post,  adv.,  afterwards,  later, 
post,  prep,  w.  acc.f  after,  behind.     - 
postea  (post  +  is),  adv.,  afterwards. 
posterus,    a,    um,    following,   next ; 

comp.  posterior;    sup.  postremus. 
postquam      (post  +  quam),     conj., 

after, 
postridie  (posterus  +  dies),  adv.,  on 

the  following  day. 
postulo,  are,  avi,  atus,  tr,,  demand, 

ask. 


potens,  potentis,  adj.  {pres.  part,  of 

possum),  powerful,  able. 
potentatus,  us  (potens),  m.,  supreme 

power,  rule, 
potestas,  atis  (potis,  able),/,  power, 

authority,  privilege. 
potior,  potiri,  potitus  sum  (potis, 

able) ,  intr.,  w.  abl.,  get  possession  of. 
prae,  p7'ep.  w.  abl.,  before. 
praebeo,    ere,    praebui,    praebitus 

(prae  +  habeo),   tr.,  furnish,  sup- 
ply. 
praecino,  ere,  praecinui,  —  (prae  -f 

qano,  sing),  tr.,  play  before. 
praeda,  ae,/,  booty,  spoil. 
praeficio,  ere,  praefeci,  praefectus 

(prae  +  facio),   ir.,  set   over,  put 

in  charge  of. 
praeluceo,  ere,  praeliixi,  —  (prae  + 

luceo,  shine),  intr.,  shine  before. 
praemitto,  ere,  praemisi,  praemissus 

(prae  +  mitto),   ir.,   send   ahead, 

dispatch. 
praemium,  i,  n.,  reward. 
praescribo,   ere,   praescripsi,  prae- 

scriptus  (prae  +  scribo),  tr.,  direct, 

order. 
praesidium,  i   (praesideo,   defend), 

n.,  guard,  defense,  garrison. 
praesto,  praestare,  praestiti,  prae- 

stitus    (prae  -f-  sto,   stand),  intr.^ 

stand   before,    surpass,    excel;    tr., 

show. 
praesum,  praeesse,  praefui,  praefu- 

turus  (prae  +  sum),  intr.,  w.  dat.^ 

be  at  head  of,  be  in  charge  of,  com- 
mand, [besides. 
praeterea(praeter,  beyond + is),  adv.^ 
praevenio,  ire,  praeveni,  praeventus 

(prae  +  venio),  tr.,  come  before, 

outstrip,  forestall. 


312 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


pratum,  i,  «.,  field,  meadow. 
primo  (primus),  adv.^  at  first. 
primum  (primus),  adv.,  first;  quam 

primum,  as  soon  as  possible. 
primus,  a,  um,  first;  prima  liice,  at 

daybreak;  primus  devicit,  was  the 

first  to  conquer. 
princeps,      principis       (primus  + 

capio),  m,,  chief,  leader,  author. 
prior,  prius  (pro),  former,  previous. 
priusquam  (prius,  sooner  +  quam), 

conj.^  before,  sooner  than. 
privatus,  a,    um    (privo,    deprive), 

private. 
pro,  prep.  w.  abl.y  before,  in  front  of, 

for,  in  behalf  of,  in  proportion  to, 

in  place  of ;  comp,  prior ;  sup.  pri- 
mus. 
Proca,  ae,  w.,  a  king  of  Alba  Longa. 
procedo,    ere,    processi,    processum 

(pro  +  cedo),    intr.,    go    forward, 

proceed,  advance. 
procul,  adv.^  far  off,  from  afar. 
procuro,  are,  avi,  atus  (pro  +  euro), 

/r.,  take  care  of,  attend  to ;  avert, 
proditid,    onis    (prodo,   betray),  /, 

treachery,  treason. 
proelium,  i,  n.,  battle. 
profectio,  onis  (proficiscor),  /,  set- 
ting forth,  departure. 
proficiscor,  proficisci,  profectus  sum 

(pr6fici5,  advance),  intr.,  set  out, 

go,  march. 
profugio,   ere,   profugi,  —  (pro  + 

fugio),  intr.y  flee,  escape. 
progredior,  progredi,  progressus  sum 

(pro  +  gradior,  go),  intr.,  proceed, 

advance. 
prohibeo,  ere,  prohibui,  prohibitus 

(pro  +  habeo),   /r.,   keep    (away) 

from,  prevent. 


pr5icio,  ere,  pr5ieci,  proiectus  (pro 

+  iacio),  /r.,  throw  forth,  abandon. 
promitto,   ere,   promisi,   promissus 

(pro  +  mitto) ,  /r.,  promise. 
prope,  adv.,  near,  neariy;   comp.  pro- 

pius ;  sup.  proxime. 
propero,  are,  avi,  atus,  intr.,  hasten. 
propinquitas,      atis      (propinquus^ 

near),yC,  nearness,  relationship. 
propior,  propius  (prope),  nearer. 
propius  {comp.  of  prope),  adv.  and 

prep.  w.  ace,  nearer. 
propono,   ere,  proposui,  pr5positus 

(pro  +  pono),  tr.y  set  forth,  declare, 

propose. 
propter,  prep.  w.  acc.^  on  account  of. 
pr5sum,  prodesse,  profui,  profutii- 

rus  (pro  +  sum),  intr.,  w.  dat.,  be 

of  service  or  use  to,  benefit, 
protinus,  adv.,  ahead,  directly. 
proturbo,  are,  avi,  atus  (pro  +  turbo, 

confuse),  tr.,  drive  away,  dislodge, 

repulse. 
provincia,  ae,/,  province. 
provolo,  are,  avi,  —  (pro  -f  volo), 

intr.y  fly  forth,  rush  out. 
proxime  (proximus),  adv.,  last,  re- 
cently. 
proximus,  a,   um    (prope),  nearest, 

next;  in  proximo,  near  by. 
prudens,  priidentis  (pro  +  videns), 

foreseeing,  wise. 
priidenter  (priidens),  adv.,  wisely. 
piiblicus,  a,  um  (populus),  public; 

res  piiblica,  the  state,  republic. 
Publius,  i,  m.,  a  Roman  name. 
pudor,    oris,    m.,    sense    of    shame, 

honor. 
puella,  ae  (puer),/,  girl, 
puer,  pueri,  m.,  boy. 
pugna,  ae,  /,  fight,  battle. 


ESSENTIALS   OF  LATIN 


313 


pugno,  are,  avi,  atum  (pugnus,  fist), 
intr.,  fight;  pugnatum  est,  they 
fought. 

pulcher,  pulchra,  pulchrum,  beauti- 
ful, pretty. 

Pulcher,  Pulchri,  w.,  P.  Claudius 
Pulcher,  consul  249  B.C. 

pulchre  (pulcher),  adv.,  beautifully. 

puUarius,  1  (pullus),  w.,  keeper  of  the 
sacred  chickens. 

pullus,  i,  m.,  chicken. 

pulsus.     See  pello. 

Punicus,  a,  um,  Punic,  Phoenician, 
Carthaginian. 

punio,  ire,  punivi,  punitus  (poena), 
tr.,  punish. 

Pyrenaeus,  a,  um,  (of  the)  Pyrenees. 


quadraginta,  indecL,  forty. 
quadringenti,  ae,  a,  four  hundred, 
quaero,  ere,  quaesivi,  quaesitus,  to 

seek,  ask.  [possible. 

quam,  than ;  with  a  sup.,  as  possible, 
quantus,  a,  um,  how  great,  as. 
quare  (quae  +  res),  adv.,  for  which 

reason,  therefore. 
quartus  (quattuor),  adj.,  fourth. 
quasi    (quam  +  si),     adv.,    on    the 

ground  that,  because. 
quattuor,  indecL,  four. 
-que,  enclitic  conj,,  and. 
qui,   quae,    quod,    rel.   pron.,   who, 

which,  what,  that;   quam  ob  rem, 

wherefore,  therefore. 
quicquam.     See  quisquam. 
quicumque,  quaecumque,  quodcum- 

que,  rel.  pron.y  whoever,  whatever. 
quidam,    quaedam,     quoddam     or 

quiddam,  indef.  pron.,  certain,  a 

certain  one,  somebody. 


quidem,  adv.,  indeed,  truly. 

quin,   conj.f    that   not ;     that ;    from 

{after  verbs  of  hindering) , 
quindecim     (quinque  +  decem), 

indecL,  fifteen. 
quingenti,  ae,  a,  five  hundred. 
quinque,  indecl.,  five. 
Quintus,    i    (quintus,    fifth),    m.,   a 

Roman  name. 
Quirinalis,   is,  m.,  Quirinal,  one  of 

the  hills  of  Rome. 
Quirinus,  i,  n.,   the   name   given  to 

Romulus  after  his  deification. 
quis,  quae,  quid  and  qui,  quae  or 

qua,     quod,    interrog.    and   indef. 

pron.y  who,  which,  what ;   any,  any 

one,  some  one. 
quisquam,  quaequam,  quicquam  or 

quodquam,  iftdef  pron.,  any,  any 

one. 
quisque,  quaeque,  quidque  or  quod- 

que,  indef.  pron.,  each  (one),  every 

(one). 
quivis,  quaevis,  quodvis  or  quidvis  , 

(qui  +  vis,     from     volo),     indef 

pron.,  any  one  you  please. 
quo  (qui),  adv.,  where,  whither, 
quod  (qui),  conj.,  because. 
quondam,  adv.,  once,  formerly, 
quoniam,  conj.,  since,  because. 
quoque,  adv.,  also,  likewise. 


rapio,  ere,  rapui,  raptus,  //-.,  seize,  steal. 

ratio,  onis  (reor,  think) ,/.,  considera- 
tion, method. 

ratis,  is,  /,  raft. 

Rauraci,  orum,  m.,  a  Celtic  tribe  near 
the  Rhine. 

recido,  ere,  recidi,  —  (cado),  intr,y 
fall  back,  fall,  come  back  to. 


314 


ESSENTIALS    OF   LATIN 


recipio,  ere,  recepi,  receptus  (capio), 

/r.,  take  back,  receive;   se  recipere, 

betake  one's  self,  retreat. 
reddo,  reddere,  reddidi,  redditus  (do) , 

/r.,  give  back,  return,  render. 
redeo,  redire,  redii,  rediturus,  intr,^ 

go  back,  return. 
redintegro,  are,  avi,  atus  (integer, 

whole),  tr,,  restore,  renew. 
reditio,  onis  (redeo),/,  return. 
reduco,  ere,  reduxi,  reductus  (duco), 

/r.,  lead  back. 
refero,  referre,  rettuli,  relatus  (fero), 

tr.,  carry  back  ;  pedem  referre,  re- 
treat, 
regina,  ae  (rex),/,  queen. 
regius,  a,  um  (rex),  kingly,  royal; 

aedes  regiae,  palace, 
regno,  are,  avi,  atum  (regnum),  intr., 

be  king,  reign.  [kingdom. 

regnum,  i  (rex),  n.,  royal  power, 
rego,  ere,  rexl^  rectus,  /r.,  guide,  rule, 
relabor,  relabi,  relapsus  sum  (labor, 

slip),  intr.^  sink  back,  subside. 
religio,  onis,/,  piety  ;  //.,  rites. 
relinquo,  ere,  reliqui,  relictus  (linquo, 

leave),  tr,^  leave  behind,  leave, 
reliquus,  a,  um,  remaining,  left,  the 

rest  of;  nihil  reliqui,  nothing  left; 

in  reliquum  tempus,  for  the  future. 
remaneo,  ere,  remansi,  —  (maneo), 

intr.y  remain,  stay. 
remuneror,  ari,  atus  sum  (munus), 

tr.y  repay,  reward. 
Remus,  i,  m,^  the  brother  of  Romulus. 
Remus,  i,  m.^  a  Reman,  one  of  the 

Remi,  a  Belgic  tribe  of  Gaul, 
reniintio,  are,  avi,  atus  (niintio),  tr.^ 

report. 
repell6,ere,reppuli,  repulsus  (pello), 

/r.,  drive  back,  repulse. 


repente,  adv.,  suddenly,  unexpectedly, 
reperio,  ire,  repperi,  repertus  (pario, 

produce),  tr,,  find,  discover,  ascer- 
tain. 
reppuli.    See  repell5. 
reprehendo,  ere,  reprehendi,  repre- 

hensus  (prehendo,  seize) ,  tr.,  blame, 

censure. 
repr5mitto,   ere,    repromisi,    repro- 

missus  (pr5mitto),  tr.,  promise  in 

return. 
res,  rei,  /,  thing,  affair,  circumstance  ; 

res   friimentaria,   provisions,  sup- 
plies of  grain  ;   res  publica,  state, 

republic  ;  quam  ob  rem,  wherefore, 

therefore. 
rescindo,     ere,     rescidi,     rescissus 

(scind5,  break   down),   /r.,   break 

down,   destroy. 
resisto,  ere,  restiti,  —  (sistS,  place), 

intr.y  w.  dat.f  oppose,  resist,  hold 

one's  ground. 
respondeo,  ere,  respond!,  responsus 

(spondeo,     promise),     tr,,     reply, 

answer, 
restituo,    ere,    restitui,    restitiitus 

(statuo),  /;-.,  renew,  restore, 
retineo,  ere,  retinui,  retentus  (teneo), 

tr.,  hold  back,  keep  back,  detain, 

retain. 
revertor,   reverti,   revert!,  reversus 

(verto),  intr.,  turn  back,  return, 
revivisco,  ere,  — ,  —  (vivo),  intr.^ 

be  alive  again, 
revoco,    are,  avi,  atus   (voco),  tr^ 

recall, 
rex,  regis,  m.,  king. 
Rhea,  ae,  /,  Rhea  Silvia,  the  mother 

of  Romulus  and  Remus. 
Rhenus,  !,  w.,  the  Rhine. 
Rhodanus,  i,  m.,  the  Rhone. 


ESSENTIALS   OF  LATIN 


315 


rigo,  are,  avi,  atus,  tr.,  wet,  moisten. 
ripa,  ae,/,  bank  (of  a  river). 
robur,  roboris,  «.,  oak ;  strength. 
rogo,  are,  avi,  atus,  /r.,  ask,  beg. 
Roma,  ae,/,  Rome. 
Romanus,  a,  um   (Roma),  Roman ; 

as  subsi.  Romanus,  i,  m.^  a  Roman. 
Romulus,  i,  m.y  the  reputed  founder 

of  Rome, 
rosa,  ae,/,  rose. 
rumor,  oris,  m.,  rumor,  report, 
riirsus  (revertor),  adv.y  back,  again, 
rus,  ruris,  «.,  the  country;  ruri,  in 

the  country. 

S 

Sabinus,  i,  »/.     i.  A  Sabine.    2.  See 

Titiirius. 
Sabis,  is,  m.,  a  river  of  Belgic  Gaul, 

the  modern  Sambre. 
sacer,  sacra,  sacrum,   holy,   sacred; 

as  subst,  sacrum,  i,  w.,  a  holy  thing, 

religious  rite. 
sacerdos,  otis   (sacer),    m.  and  /, 

priest,  priestess. 
sacrificium,    i    (sacer  +  facio),    n., 

sacrifice. 
sacrum.     See  sacer. 
saepe,    adv.^    often;    saepius,    very 

often. 
saepes,  is,/,  hedge,  fence, 
sagitta,  ae,  /,  arrow. 
Sagittarius,  i  (sagitta),  w.,  bowman. 
Salii,  orum  (salio,  leap),  w.,  dancing 

priests  of  Mars. 
saltern,  adv.,  at  least, 
saltus,  lis   (salio,   leap),  m.,  jump; 

ravine. 
Santones,  um,  m.  pi.,  a  Celtic  tribe 

near  the  Garonne, 
sarcina,  ae,/,  bundle,  pack. 


satis,  adv.  and  indecl.  noun,  enough. 

saxum,  i,  n.,  rock,  stone. 

Scaevola,  ae   (scaeva,  left-handed), 

m.,  a  surname  of  Gaius  Mucius. 
scapha,  ae,  /,  skiff,  boat. 
scientia,  ae    (scio),  /,   knowledge, 

skill. 
scio,  scire,  scivi  or  scii,  scitus,  /r., 

know,  know  how. 
scriba,  ae  (scribo),  w.,  writer,  scribe, 

secretary. 
scribo,  ere,  scripsi,  scriptus,  tr,,  write, 
sciitum,  i,  n.,  shield. 
se.     See  sui. 
secretus,  a,  um  (secemo,  separate), 

concealed,  hidden,  secret,  [along, 
secundum  (secundus),  prep.  w.  acc.^ 
secundus,  a,  um  (sequor),  following, 

second;    favorable, 
seciitus.     See  sequor. 
sed,  conj.,  but. 
sedecim,  indecL,  sixteen, 
sedeo,  ere,  sedi,  sessum,  intr,,  sit. 
sedile,  is  (sedeo),  n.,  seat, 
segnis,  e,  slow,  sluggish. 
Segusiavi,  orum,  m.  pL,  a  tribe  of 

Celtic  Gaul, 
sella,  ae  (sedeo),/,  seat,  chair;  sella 

curiilis,  a  portable  chair,  opening 

like  a  camp-stool.    Its  use  belonged 

at  first  only  to  the  king,  but  later 

to  curule  aediles,  praetors,  consuls, 

dictators,  and  the  Flamines. 
semper,  adv.,  always,  ever. 
senator,  oris  (senex),  m.,  senator, 
senatus,  iis  (senex),  m.,  senate, 
senectlis,  iitis  (senex),/,  old  age. 
senex,  gen.  senis,   old,  aged;   comp, 

senior ;  sup.  maximus  natii. 
Senones,  um,  m.  pi.,  a  tribe  of  Celtic 

Gaul. 


3i6 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


sententia,  ae  (sentio,  discern),  /., 
opinion,  decision. 

sepelio,  ire,  sepelivi,  sepultus,  tr., 

septem,  indecL,  seven.  [bury. 

Septimus,  a,  um  (septem),  adj., 
seventh. 

septuaginta,  indecl.,  seventy. 

sepultus.     See  sepelio. 

Sequanus,  a,  um,  Sequanian ;  as  subst. 
Sequanus,  i,  w.,  a  Sequanian,  one 
of  the  Sequani,a  tribe  of  BelgicGaul. 

sequor,  sequi,  secutus  sum,  tr.,  fol- 
low, 

servo,  are,  avi,  atus  (servus),  /n, 
keep,  preserve,  save. 

servus,  i,  m.,  slave. 

sese.     See  sui. 

sex,  indecL,  six. 

si,  conj..,  if;  si  minus,  if  not. 

sibi.     See  sui. 

sic,  adv.,  thus,  so. 

siccus,  a,  um,  dry;  in  sicc5,  on  dry 
ground. 

signified,  are,  avi,  atus  (signum  -f 
facid),  /r.,  signify,  declare. 

signum,  i,  n.,  sign,  signal,  standard, 
ensign;  signa  convertere,  face 
about;  signa  inferre,  charge. 

silens,  silentis  (sile5,  be  still),  silent, 
quiet. 

silva,  ae,  /,  wood,  forest. 

silvestris,  e  (silva),  wooded, 

similis,  e,  like,  similar. 

simulo,  are,  avi,  atus  (similis),  tr., 
pretend. 

8ine,/r^f/.  w.  abl.,  without. 

einguli,  ae,  a,  one  by  one,  individual, 
each. 

sinister,  sinistra,  sinistrum,  left. 

societas,  atis  (socius),  /,  alli- 
ance. 


socio,  are,  avi,  atus   (socius),  tr,^ 

join,  share. 

socius,  i  (sequor),  m.y  companion, 
ally. 

sol,  solis,  m.f  sun;  sole  orto,  at  sun- 
rise. 

soleo,  ere,  solitus  sum,  intr.,  be 
accustomed. 

solitiido,  inis  (solus),/,  wilderness. 

solitus.     See  soleo. 

sollicito,  are,  avi,  atus,  tr.,  stir  up, 
arouse,  provoke. 

solus,  a,  um,  only,  alone,  sole. 

somnium,  i  (somnus),  «.,  dream. 

somnus,  i,  jn.,  sleep. 

soror,  oris,  /.,  sister. 

spatium,  i,  n.,  space,  distance,  time, 
opportunity. 

spectaculum,  i  (specto,  behold),  «., 
sight,  show,  spectacle. 

speculator,  oris,  w.,  scout,  spy. 

spero,  are,  avi,  atus  (spes),  tr.,  hope, 
expect. 

spes,  spei,  /!,  hope. 

sponte  {ahl.),  of  one's  own  accord. 

statim  (sto),  adv.,  forthwith,  im- 
mediately. 

stati5,  onis  (sto),  /,  post,  picket, 
guard. 

statua,  ae  (statuo),  /,  image, 
statue. 

statuo,  ere,  statui,  statutus,  /r.,  place, 
decide,  determine. 

Stella,  ae,  /,  star. 

stipendium,  i  (stips,  gift  +  pendo, 
pay),  n.,  pay,  tribute. 

strepitus,  us,  m.,  noise. 

studeo,  ere,  studui,  — ,  intr,,  be  eager 
for,  desire. 

studium,  i  (studeo),  n.,  zeal,  eager- 
ness. 


ESSENTIALS   OF  LATIN 


317 


stultus,  a,  um,  silly,  foolish. 

sub,  prep.  w.  abl.  and  ace,  :  w.  abl., 

under,  below,  at  the  foot  of ;  w.  ace, 

under,  up  to,  to  the  foot  of. 
subduco,    ere,    subduxi,    subductus 

(sub  +  duco),  tr.y  bring  up. 
subito  (subitus,  sudden),  adv.,  sud- 
sublatus.     See  toUo.  [denly. 

submitto,   ere,   submisi,  submissus 

(sub  +  mitto),  tr.y  send,  furnish. 
subruo,  ere,  subrui,  subrutus  (sub  + 

ruo,    overthrow),    tr.,    dig    under, 

undermine. 
subsequor,  subsequi,  subsecutus  sum 

(sub  +  sequor),  tr.,  follow,  pursue. 
subsidium,  i  (sub  +  sedeo),  n.,  aid, 

relief. 
succedo,    ere,    success!,    successum 

(sub  +  cedo),  tr.  and  intr.,  come 

up,  approach.  [proach. 

successus,    us     (succedo),    m.,    ap- 
Suessiones,   um,   m.  pi.,  a  tribe   of 

Belgic  Gaul. 
sufficio,  ere,  suffeci,  suffectum.  (sub 

4-  facio),  intr.,  be  sufficient. 
SUi,  pers.  pron.,  of  himself  (herself, 

itself,  themselves)  ;  he,  she,  it ;   dat. 

sibi,  ace.  and  abl.  se,  sese ;  inter 

se,  to  one  another. 
sum,  esse,  fui,  futurus,   intr.,  be; 

w.  dat.  of  possession,  have, 
summa,  ae  (summus),  /,  the  whole  ; 

leadership,  supremacy. 
summus.  See  superus. 
sumo,  ere,  sumpsi,  sumptus,  tr.,  take, 

assume,  begin  (battle). 
super,  prep.   w,.  ace.  and  abl.,  over, 

upon,  in  addition  to. 
superbus,  a,  um,  haughty,  proud, 
supericio,  ere,  superieci,  superiectus 

(super  +  iacio),  tr.,  throw  across. 


superior.    See  superus. 

supero,  are,  avi,  atus  (superus),  tr,^ 

surpass,  overcome,  conquer. 
superseded,  ere,  supersedi,  superses- 

sus  (super  4-  sedeo),  intr..,  w.  dat.^ 

be  superior,  refrain  from. 
supersum,  superesse,  superf  ui,  super- 

futurus  (super  +  sum),  intr.,  w. 

dat.^  be  over,  survive. 
superus,    a,    um     (super),    above; 

'camp,  superior,  ius,  upper,  former; 

sup.  supremus,   summus,  highest, 

very  great,  top  of 
supervenio,  ire,  superveni,  superven- 

tum  (super +  VQnio),  intr.,  arrive, 
supplicium,  i  (supplex,   suppliant), 

n.,  punishment,  death. 
supra,  adv.  and  prep.  w.  ace,  above, 

before. 
supremus.     See  superus. 
suscipio,  ere,  suscepi,  susceptus  (sub 

+  capio),  tr.,  undertake. 
sustento,  are,  avi,  atus  (sustineo), 

tr.,  endure,  withstand. 
sustineo,    ere,    sustinui,    sustentus 

(sub  +  teneo),  tr.  and  intr.,  hold 

up,  withstand,  sustain. 
sustuli.     See  tollo. 
suus,  a,  um  (sui),  his,  her,  its,  their; 

his   (her,  its,  their)    own;    suaque 

omnia,  all  their  possessions. 


T.  =  Titus.  [verbs). 

tam,  adv. ,  so   (jv.  adjectives  and  ad' 

tamen,  adv.,  however,  yet,  never- 
theless. 

tantus,  a,  um  (tam),  so  great, 
such. 

Tarpeia,  ae,  /,  a  Roman  girl  in  the 
time  of  Romulus. 


3i8 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


Tatius,  i,  w.,  Titus  Tatius,  a  Sabine 

king,  joint  ruler  with  Romulus. 
te,  ace.  of  tu. 

telum,  i,  n.,  missile,  weapon, 
temeritas,  atis,  /.,  rashness. 
tempestas,  atis  (tempus),/,  storm, 
templum,  i,  ^.,  temple.         [tempest. 
tempus,  temporis,  n.,  time,  occasion. 
tendo,  ere,  tetendi,  tentus  and  ten- 

sus,  /r.,  spread  out,  stretch. 
teneo,  ere,  tenui, — ,  /r.,  hold,  [delicate. 
tener,  tenera,  tenerum,  tender,  young, 
terra,  ae,  /,   earth,  land,   country; 

terra,  by  land. 
terreo,    ere,    terrui,    territus,    tr., 

frighten,  terrify. 
tertius,  a,  um  (tres),  third, 
testiido,  inis,/,  tortoise;  shed. 
Teutoni,  orum  or  Teutones,  lim,  m. 

pi.,  Teutons,  a  Germanic  people  on 

the  Baltic. 
Tiberis,  is,  m,,  the  Tiber. 
tibi,  dat.  Qf  tu. 

tibicen,  inis,  m,,  piper,  flute  player, 
timeo,  ere,  timui,  — ,  tr,  and  intr., 

fear,  be  afraid  of. 
timidus,  a,  um  (timeo),  afraid,  timid. 
timor,  oris,  m.,  fear. 
Titurius,  i,  m.,  Quintus  Titiirius  Sa- 

binus,  one  of  Caesar's  lieutenants. 
Titus,  i,  W2.,  a  Roman  name. 
toUo,  ere,  sustuli,  sublatus,  tr.,  lift 

up,  raise;   remove,  destroy. 
Tolosates,  ium,  ;«.//.,Tolosates,inhab- 

itants  of  Tolosa  (modern  Toulouse). 
tormentum,  i  (torqueo,  twist),  «.,  a 

military  engine  for  hurling  missiles. 
Torquatus,  i  (torquis,  necklace),  m., 

a  surname  of  Titus  Manlius.     See 

Manlius. 
totus,  a,  um,  whole,  all. 


trad5,  ere,  tradidi,  traditus  (trSns  + 

do),  /r.,  give  over,  give  up,  deliver, 

surrender, 
traduco,     ere,    traduxi,    traductus 

(trans  +  duco),     /r.,     lead    over, 

transport. 
traicio,  ere,  traieci,  traiectus  (trans 

-f  iacio),  tr.f  throw  or  carry  across, 

pass  over,  transfix. 
Tralles,   Trallium,  /.,   a    town    of 

Lydia. 
trans,   prep,    w,    ace.,    across,    over, 

through. 
transeo,  ire,  transii,  transitus  (trans 

+  eo),  tr.  and  intr. y  cross,  go  over, 

pass  over,  go  across. 
transfugio,  ere,  transfiigi,  —  (trans 

+  fugio),  intr.,  flee  over,  go  over. 
transgredior,  transgredi,  transgres- 

sus  sum  (trans  +  gradior,  go),  tr., 

go  over,  pass  over, 
transilio,  ire,  transilui,  —  (trans  + 

salio,   leap),  tr.,  leap   over,  jump 

across. 
transversus,  a,  um  (transverto,  turn 

across),      transverse;      transversa 

fossa,  cross  ditch. 
trecenti,  ae,  a  (tres  +  centum),  three 

hundred. 
tredecim  (tres  +  decem),  indecl.,  thir- 
teen, 
tres,  tria,  three. 

tribiinal,   alis  (tribiinus),   n.,  judg- 
ment seat,  tribunal. 
tribiinus,  i  (tribus,  tribe),  m.,  tribune, 

a  military  officer. 
triduum,  i  (tres  +  dies),  «.,  interval 

of  three  days. 
triginta,  indecl.,  thirty. 
triumphus,  i,  w.,  triumph, 
tii,  tvii,  pers.  pron.,  you,  thou. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


319 


tuba,  ae,  />  trumpet. 

tuli.     See  fero. 

Tulingi,  orum,  m.  pi.,  a  Germanic 
tribe  near  the  upper  Rhine. 

turn,  adv.,  then,  in  the  next  place. 

tumultus,  i,  m.f  uproar,  disturbance. 

tunc,  adv.,  then,  at  that  time. 

turba,  ae,/,  throng,  crowd. 

turpis,  e,  ugly,  disgraceful,  infamous. 

turris,  is,/.,  tower. 

tutela,  ae  (tueor,  protect),  w.,  guard- 
ian, protection. 

tutus,  a,  um  (tueor,  protect),  safe. 

tuus,  a,  um  (tii),  your,  yours. 


ubi,  adv.f  where,  when. 

ullus,  a,  um,  any,  any  one. 

ulterior,  ulterius,  farther  ;  sup.  ulti- 

mus,  a,  um. 
ultra,  adv.  and  prep,  w,  ace,  beyond, 

farther. 
una  (iinus),  adv.,  together  with. 
unde,  adv.,  whence. 
undecim    (unus  +  dccem),    indecl., 

eleven. 
undique,  adv.,  from  or  on  all  sides. 
universus,    a,    um    (unus  +  verto, 

turn),  whole,  entire, 
unus,  a,  um,  one. 
urbs,  urbis,  /,  city. 
usus,  a,  um.     See  iitor. 
usus,  us  (utor),  m.,  use,  advantage, 

benefit,    help;    USUI   esse,    be    of 

service. 
ut,  uti,  (i)  adv.,  as  when  ;    (2)  conj., 

that,  in  order  that,  so  that. 
uter,  utra,  utrum,  which  (of  two), 

which  one. 
uterque,    utraque,    utrumque,   each 

(of  two),  both. 


uti.     See  ut.  ' 

uti.     See  iitor. 
utilis,  e  (iitor),  useful, 
utinam,   adv.,   O   that,    would   that, 
may.  [employ, 

utor,  iiti,  iisus  sum,  intr.,  w.  abl.,  use, 
uxor,  oris,  /,  wife. 


vacuus,  a,  um,  empty,  destitute  of, 
vacant. 

vadum,  i,  n.,  shoal,  ford. 

vagitus,  iis  (vagid,  cry),  m.,  crying, 
squalling. 

Valerius,  i,  ^/.,  Marcus  Valerius  Max- 
imus  Corvinus,  consul  343  B.C. 

validus,  a,  um  (valeo,  be  strong), 
strong,  sturdy. 

vallum,  i,  n.,  wall,  rampart,  earth- 
works. 

vasto,  are,  avi,  atus  (vastus),  tr.,  lay 
waste,  ravage. 

vastus,  a,  um,  vast,  enormous. 

vel5citas,  atis  (velox),  /,  speed, 
swiftness. 

velox,  velocis,  swift,  quick. 

velut,  veluti,  adv.,  as  if,  just  as  if. 

venia,  ae,  /,  favor,  permission. 

venio,  ire,  veni,  ventum,  intr.,  come; 
in  fidem  venire,  put  one's  self  un- 
der the  protection  of. 

venor,  ari,  atus  sum,  tr.,  hunt,  chase. 

verbum,  i,  n.,  word ;  verba  facere, 
speak. 

vereor,  eri,  veritus  sum,  tr.,  fear,  be 
afraid  of. 

vergo,  ere,  — ,  — ,  intr.,  lie  toward, 
incline. 

veritus.     See  vereor. 

vero  (verus,  true),  adv.^  in  fact,  in- 
deed,* however. 


320 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


vertex,  verticis  (vertS,  turn),  m,^ 
summit,  crest, 

verum  (verus,  true),  adv.,  certainly, 
but. 

vescor,  vesci, — ,  def.,  w.  abL^  eat. 

Vesta,  ae,  /,  goddess  of  the  hearth, 
and  hence  of  the  family  and  state. 
Her  sacred  fire,  kept  continually 
burning  in  her  temple  near  the 
Forum,  was  watched  by  six  priest- 
esses, called  Vestals. 

vester,  vestra,  vestrum  (vos),  your, 
yours. 

vestis,  is,  y!,  garment,  clothing. 

veto,  are,  vetui,  vetitus,^  /r.,  forbid. 

vetus,  veteris,  old,  ancient;  comp, 
vetustior;   sup.  veterrimus. 

vexillum,  i,  n,,  a  military  ensign. 

via,  ae,  yC,  way,  road,  street,  jour- 
ney. 

vici.     See  vinco. 

vicinus,  a,  um  (vicus),  neighboring, 
near. 

victor,  oris  (vinc5),  m.,  conqueror, 
victor. 

victoria,  ae  (victor),/,  victory. 

victus,  victiirus.     See  vinco. 

vicus,  i,  w.,  village. 

videlicet  (video  +  licet),  adv.,  of 
course,  that  is. 

video,  ere,  vidi,  visus,  /r.,  see ;  pass., 
seem,  appear. 

vigilia,  ae,  /,  watching,  watch  (a 
fourth  part  of  the  night). 

viginti,  indeci.,  twenty. 

vincio,  ire,  vinxi,  vinctus,  ir.,  bind. 

vinco,  ere,  vici,  victus,  tr.,  conquer, 
overcome. 

vinculum,  i  (vincio),  «.,  chain,  fetter ; 
in  or  ex  vinculis,  in  chains. 


vindico,  are,  avi,  atus,  /r.,  punish, 

inflict  punishment. 
vinea,  ae,  /,  a  military  shed, 
vinum,  i,  n.,  wine, 
vinxi.     See  vinci5. 
vir,  viri,  m.,  man. 
vires.     See  vis. 

virgo,  virginis,  /,  virgin,  maiden,  girl. 
Viromandui,  orum,  m.  pL,  a  tribe  of 

Belgic  Gaul. 
virtiis,  virtiitis    (vir),  /.,  manhood, 

virtue,  bravery,  courage, 
vis,  vim,yi,  power,  force,  number;  //, 

vires,  strength. 
vita,  ae,/,  Hfe. 
vivo,  ere,  vixi,  — ,  intr.,  live, 
vix,  adv.,  hardly,  barely. 
vixi.     See  vivo, 
voco,  are,  avi,  atus  (vox),  tr.,  call, 

summon. 
Vocontii,  orum,  m.pl.,  a  tribe  of  Gaul. 

1.  volo,  velle,  volui,  — ,  wish,  desire, 
be  willing. 

2.  volo,  are,  avi,  aturus,  intr.,  fly. 
voluntarius,  a,  um  (voluntas),  will- 
ing, voluntary. 

voluntas,  atis  (i.  volo),  /,  desire, 
consent,  favor, 

VOS,  //.  ^tii. 

voveo,  §re,  vovi,  votus,  tr.,  vow, 
promise. 

VOX,  vocis,  /,  voice  ;  //.,  words. 

VUlg5  (vulgus,  multitude),  adv.,  gen- 
erally, everywhere. 

vulnero,  are,  avi,  atus  (vulnus),  /r., 
wound. 

vulnus,  vulneris,  n.,  wound. 

vultur,  vulturis,  m.,  vulture. 

vultus,  lis,  m.,  expression,  looks, 
countenance. 


VOCABULARY 


ENGLISH  — LATIN 


[Numbers  refer  to  Sections.] 


able,  potens,  potentis;  be  able,  pos- 
sum, posse,  potui. 

about  to,  be,  active  periphrastic  con- 
jugation (437);  fut.  participle, 

above,  superus. 

absent,  be,  absum,  afuT,  afuturus. 

abundance,  copia,  ae,/. 

accomplish,  conficio,  conficere,  con- 
fecT,  confectus. 

account  of,  on,  abl,  of  cause  ;  ob,  prop- 
ter, w.  ace. 

across,  trans,  per,  w.  ace, ;  (a  bridge) 
across  the  river,  in  flumine. 

adjoining,  finitimus,  a,  um. 

administer,  administro,  are,  avi,  atus. 

advance,  pr6ced5,  ere,  process!,  pro- 
cessum  ;  progredior,  progredT,  pro- 
gressus  sum. 

advantage,  usus,  us,  m, 

advice,  consilium,  T,  n, 

advise,  moneo,  ere,  monuT,  monitus. 

affair,  res,  rel,/. 

afraid,  be,  timeo,  ere,  timuT,  — . 

after,  prep.,  post,  w.  ace, ;  conj.y  post- 
quam. 

afterwards,  adv.,  postea. 

against,  in,  contra,  w,  ace.;  be 
against,  obsum,  obesse,  obfui,  ob- 
futiirus. 


agreeable,  gratus,  a,  um. 
aid,  auxilium,  1,  n.  [w,  dat, 

aid,  adsum,  adesse,  adfui,  adfuturus, 
aim,  peto,  ere,  petivi  or  petii,  petitus. 
alarm,  permoveo,  ere,  permovi,  per- 

motus. 
all,  omnis,  e;  totus,  a,  um. 
alliance,  amicitia,  ae,/. 
allow,  patior,  patT,  passus  sum;   per.. 

mitt6,ere,permisT,permissum;  con- 

cedo,  ere,  concessi,  concessum. 
ally,  socius,  T,  m, 
alone,  solus,  a,  um. 
already,  iam. 

although,  cum,  w,  subjv,;  abl,  abs,,  315. 
always,  semper. 
am,  sum,  esse,  fuT,  futurus. 
ambassador,  legatus,  T,  m, 
among,    inter,    apud,    w.    ace,;    be 

among,  Tnsum,  inesse,  infuT,  Tnfu- 

turus  ;   intersum,  interesse,  interfuT, 

interfuturus,  w.  dat, 
ample,  amplus,  a,  um. 
ancient,  vet  us,  veteris. 
and,  et,  -que,  atque;  and  not,  neque. 
animal,  animal,  animalis,  n, 
announce,    nuntio,    are,    avi,    atus; 

enuntio,  are,  avi,  atus. 
another,  alius,  a,  ud ;  to  one  another^ 

inter  se;  another's,  alienus,  a,  um. 


321 


322 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


answer,  respondeo,  ere,  respond!,  re- 

sponsus. 
any,  any  one,  uUus,  a,  um ;   aliquis, 

aliqua,    aliquid   or  aliquod ;     quis- 

quam,    quicquam;    quivis,  quaevis, 

quodvis. 
appoint,  constituo,  ere,  constitui,  con- 

stitutus. 
approach,  adventus,  us,  in.;   aditus, 

us,  m. 
approach,     approplnquo,     are,    avi, 

atum,    w.    dat.:    accedo,    ere,    ac- 
cess!, accessurus,  w.  ad  and  ace, 
Ariovistus,  Ariovistus,  i,  m. 
arm,  arm5,  are,  av!,  atus. 
arms,  arma,  orum,  n.  plur, 
army,  exercitus,  us,  m. ;  army  on  the 

march,  agmen,  agminis,  n. 
around,  circum,  w.  ace, 
arouse,    incito,    are,    av!,   atus  ;    per- 

moveo,  ere,  permov!,  permotus. 
arrange,    instruo,    ere,    !nstrux!,    in- 

structus. 
arrival,  adventus,  us,  m. 
arrive,   pervenio,   ire,  perveni,   per- 

ventum. 
arrow,  sagitta.  ae,  / 
art,  ars,  artis,  / 
ascertain,  reperio,  ire,  repperi,  reper- 

tus. 
ask,  rogo,  are,  av!,  atus ;    peto,  ere, 

petivi  or  peti!,  pet!tus ;  mando,  are, 

avi,  atus. 
assemble,     convenio,    !re,     conven!, 

conventus. 
at,  ad,  w.  ace.  ;  sign  of  abl.  of  time. 
Athens,  Atbenae,  2ir\xTCi,  f.  plur. 
attack,  impetus,  us,  m. 
attack,     oppugno,    are,     avi,    atus; 

lacesso,  ere,  lacessivi,  lacess!tus. 
attempt,  cpnor,  ari,  atus  sum. 


authority,  auct5ritas,  atis,  f.;    potes- 

tas,  atis,/ 
await,  exspecto,  are,  av!,  atus. 
away,  be,  absum,  abesse,  afu!,  afu- 

turus. 

B 
bad,  malus,  a,  um. 

baggage,  impedimenta,  orum,  n.  plur, 
band,  manus,  us,/ 
bank  (of  river),  r!pa,  ae,/ 
barbarous,  harbarus,  a,  um. 
battle,  proelium,  !,  n. ;  pugna,  ae,  /  / 

line  of  battle,  acies,  acie!,/ 
be,  sum,  esse,  fui,  futurus. 
bear,  fero,  ferre,  tul!,  latus. 
beautiful,     pulcher,     pulchra,     pul- 

chrum. 
beautifully,  pulchre. 
because,  quod  ;    abl.  of  cause ;    be- 
cause of,  propter,  w.  ace. 
before,  pro,  w.  abl. ;  ante,  w.  ace. 
beg,  peto,  ere,  petivi  or  peti!,  petitus; 

rog5,  are,  avi,  atus. 
begin,  coep!,  coepisse,  coepturus  sum  ; 

begin  battle,  proelium   committo, 

ere,  commis!,  commissus. 
behalf  of,  in,  pro,  w.  abl. 
behind,  post,  w.  ace. 
Belgae,  Belgae,  arum,  m, 
believe,     ex!stim6,     are,    avT,    atus ; 

credo,  ere,  credid!,  creditum,  w.  dat. 
below,  !nferus,  a,  um. 
benefit,     prosum,     prodesse,    profui, 

profuturus,  w.  dat. 
benefit,  usus,  us,  n. 
besiege,  oppugno,  are,  av!,  atus ;  ob- 

sideo,  ere,  obsed!,  obsessus. 
best,  optimus,  a,  um  ;   adv.^  optime. 
betakft  one's  self,  confero,  conferre, 

contuli,  conlatus  {refl.), 
between,  inter,  w.  ace. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


323 


bid,  iubeo,  ere,  iussT,  iussus. 

bind,  vincio.  Ire,  vinxi,  vinctus. 

bird,  avis,  is,  / 

black,  niger,  nigra,  nigrum. 

blame,  culpo,  are,  avi,  atus. 

body,  corpus,  corporis,  n, 

book,  liber,  libri,  m. 

booty,  praeda,  ae,/. 

both  .  .  .  and,  et  .  .  .  et. 

bottom  of,  Tmus,  a,  um. 

boundary,  fines,  ium,  m.  plur, 

boy,  puer,  pueri,  m. 

brave,  fortis,  e. 

bravely,  fortiter. 

bravery,  virtus,  utis,/ 

break  up  camp,  castra  movere. 

bridge,  pons,  pontis,  m, 

brief,  brevis,  e. 

bring,  fer5,  ferre,  tuli,  latus  ;  port5, 
are,  avT,  atus ;  bring  in,  Infero, 
Tnferre,  intuli,  inlatus ;  bring  to- 
gether, confero,  conferre,  contull, 
conlatus. 

broad,  latus,  a,  um. 

brother,  frater,  fratris,  m. 

build,  aedifico,  are,  avi,  atus  ;  facio, 
ere,  feci,  factus. 

building,  aedificium,  T,  n. 

burn,  incendo,  ere,  incendi,  incen- 
sus. 

but,  sed,  at ;   autem  {postpositive) . 

by,  sign  of  abL  ;  a.  or  ab,  w.  abl, ;  by 
means  of,  abl.  of  means;  per,  iv.  ace. 


Caesar,  Caesar,  Caesaris,  m, 

call,   voco,    are,    avT,   atus ;    appello, 

are,  avT,  atus  ;   call  together,  con- 

voco,  are,  avi,  atus. 
camp,  castra,  orum,  n.  plur, 
can,  possum,  posse,  potuT. 


capture,  capio,  ere,  cepT,  captus ;  ex- 

pugno,  are,  avi,  atus. 
care,  cura,  ae, /i 
carefully,  cum  cura. 
carefulness,  dlligentia,  ae,/ 
carry,   porto,    are,   avi,    atus ;    fero, 

ferre,  tulT,  latus  ;  carry  back,  refero, 

referre,  rettulT,   relatus;    carry  on, 

gero,  ere,  gessi,  gestus. 
Carthage,  Carthag5,  inis,/ 
case,  causa,  ae,/ 
cause,  causa,  ae,/ 
cavalry,   equitatus,  us,  m.;    equites, 

um,   m.  piur,;  (of  the)  cavalry, 

equester,    equestris,    equestre. 
Celt,  Celta,  ae,  m. 
certain,  a  .  .  .  one,  quidam,  quae  dam, 

quoddam  or  quiddam. 
chain,  vinculum,  1 ;    in  chains,  ex 

vinculis. 
chance,  casus,  us,  m. 
change,  converts,  ere,  cenvertT,  con- 

versus. 
charge,  signa  Infero,  Inferre,  intuli, 

inlatus. 
charge  of,  be  in,  praesum,  praeesse, 

praefuT,  praefuturus,  7V.  dat. ;  put  in 

charge  of,  praeficio,  ere,  praefeci, 

praefectus,  w.  dat. 
chief,  princeps,  principis,  m, 
children,  llberl,  orum,  m.  plur, 
choose,   deligo,  ere,  delegl,  dSlectus. 
circumstance,  res,  rei,/ 
citizen,  cTvis,  is,  m.  andf 
citizenship,  clvitas,  atis,/ 
city,  urbs,  urbis,/ 
cohort,  cohors,  cohortis,/ 
collect,  c5go,  ere,  coegl,  coactus. 
column,  agmen,  agminis,  n. 
come,  venio,  Ire,  veni,  ventum;  come 

around,  circumvenio,   ire,   circum- 


324 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


venT,    circumventus ;    come    near, 

accedo,    ere,    access!,    accessurus ; 

come  together,  convenio,  Tre,  con- 

venT,    conventus  ;    come    up,    per- 

venio,  Tre,  perveni,  perventus. 
command,  imperium,  T,  n. 
command,  iubeo,  ere,  iussT,   iussus  ; 

impero,  are,  avi,  atum;  mando,  are, 

avT,  atus  ;   praesum,  praeesse,  prae- 

ful,  praefuturus  {iv.  dat.). 
commander,  dux,  ducis,  m.;  impera- 

tor,  oris,  m. 
commit,  committo,  ere,  commisi,  com- 

missus. 
common  people,  plebs,  plebis,  / 
companion,  socius,  T,  m. 
compel,  cog5,  ere,  coegT,  coactus. 
complete,  compleo,   complere,   com- 

plevi,  completus. 
concerning,  de,  7u.  abl. 
condemn,  damno,  are,  avT,  atus. 
confer,  conloquor,  conloquT,  conlocu- 

tus  sum. 
confidence,  fides,  el,/ 
congratulate,  gratulor,  arl,  atus  sum. 
conquer,  supero,  are,  avi,  atus  ;  vinco, 

ere,  vicT,  victus. 
conspiracy,  coniuratio,  onis,/ 
conspirator,  coniuratus,  T,  m. 
consul,  consul,  consulis,  in, 
contend,     contends,     ere,     contend!, 

contentus  ;   dlmico,  are,  avT,  atus. 
contracted,  angustus,  a,  um. 
convert,  converto,  ere,  convert!,  con- 

versus. 
Corinth,  Corinthus,  i,  / 
country,  terra,  ae,//  patria,  ae, // 

rus,  ruris,  n,  ;  in  the  country,  ruri. 
courage,  animus,  T,  m. 
cross,  transeo,  ire,  transii,  transitus. 
crowd,  vulgus,  i,  n.  ,•  multitude,  inis,  f. 


cry,  clamor,  oris,  m, 

cup,  poculum,  1,  n. 

custom,  consuetude,  inis,/ 

cut  down,  occldo,  ere,  occid!,  occisus. 


daily,  cottidianus,  a,  um  ;  adv.,  cot- 

t!die. 
danger,  periculum, !,  n. 
dare,  audeo,  ere,  ausus  sum. 
daughter,  filia,  ae,/ 
day,  dies,  diei,  w. 
daybreak,  at,  prima  luce, 
daylight,  lux,  lucis,/ 
dear,  carus,  a,  um ;   gratus,  a,  um. 
dearly,  care. 
death,  mors,  mortis,/ 
deed,  factum,  T,  n. 
deep,  altus,  a,  um. 
defeat,  calamitas,  atis,/ 
defend,    defendo,    ere,    defend!,   de- 

fensus. 
defense,  praesidium,  i,  n. 
delay,  moror,  arl,  atus  sum. 
delight,  delecto,  are,  avT,  atus. 
deliver  (=  set  free),  libero,  are,  avT, 

atus;  (  =  hand  over)  trado,  tradere, 

tradidl,  traditus. 
Delphi,  Delphi,  orum,  m. 
demand,  postul5,  are,  avT,  atus ;  peto, 

ere,  petTvT  or  petiT,  petltus. 
depart,  disced6,ere,discessi,discessum. 
dependent,  cliens,  clientis,  m, 
depth,  altitudo,  inis,/ 
desire,   cupio,   ere,   cupivi   or   cupii, 

cupTtus. 
desirous  (of),  cupidus,  a,  um. 
determine,   constituo,  ere,  const itui, 

constitutus. 
die,  morior,  morl,  mortuus  sum  ;  cado^ 

ere,  cecidi,  casurus. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


325 


di£G.cult,  difficilis,  e. 

diligence,  dlligentia,  ae,/ 

direct,  administro,  are,  avT,  atus. 

disaster,  calamitas,  atis,/ 

discover,  reperio,  Tre,  repperi,  re- 
disgraceful,  turpis,  e.  [pertus. 

dismiss,  dimitto,  ere,  dimlsi,  dimissus. 

dispatch,  praemitto,  ere,  praemTsT, 
praemissus. 

disposition,  animus,  1,  m. 

dissimilar,  dissimilis,  e. 

ditch,  fossa,  ae,  / 

do,  facio,  ere,  feci,  factus;  ago,  ere, 
egi,  actus. 

document,  litterae,  arum,  /  plur, 

door,  porta,  ae,/. 

down  from,  de,  w.  abl.  \w.  dat. 

draw  near,  appropTnquo,  are,  avT,  atum, 

draw  up,  Instruo,  ere,  instruxT,  in- 
struct us. 

drive  away,  pello,  ere,  pepulT,  pulsus. 

during,  inter,  «/.  ace. 

E 

each  (one),  quisque,  quaeque,  quid- 

que  ;  each  (of  two),  uterque,  utra- 

que,  utrumque. 
eager,  acer,  acris,  acre;    eager  for, 

cupidus,  a,  um  {lu.  gen. ) . 
eagerly,  acriter  ;   cum  studio. 
earthworks,  vallum,  1,  «. 
easily,  facile. 
easy,  facilis,  e. 
eight,  octo. 

employ,  utor,  uti,  usus  sum,  w.  abl. 
encourage,    hortor,    ari,    atus    sum; 

cohortor,    ari,    atus   sum  ;    incit5, 

are,  avT,  atus. 
end,  finis,  is,  m. 
enemy,  hostis,  is,  tn.  andf. 
enjoy,  fruor,  fruT,  fructus  sum,  w.  abl. 


enough,  satis,  indecl, 
ensign,  slgnum,  i,  n, 
entangle,  impedio.  Ire,  impedivT,  im- 

pedltus. 
equal,  par,  paris. 
equestrian,  equester,  equestris,  eques- 

tre. 
equip,  armo,  are,  avi,  atus. 
establish,  conffrmo,  are,  avT,  atus. 
Europe,  Europa,  ae,/ 
even,  express  by  ipse,  a,  um. 
ever,  semper. 
every,  omnis,  e. 
evil,  malus,  a,  um. 
exceedingly,  express  by  superlative. 
except,  nisi. 

exchange,  inter  se  dare. 
exhort,  cohortor,  ari,  atus  sum. 
expect,  exspecto,  are,  avi,  atus. 
expel,  pello,  ere,  pepulT,  pulsus. 


face  about,  slgna  converto,  conver- 
tere,  convert!,  conversus. 

facing,  adversus,  a  um  ;  prep.^  ad  ver- 
sus, w,  ace,  \w.  dat. 

fail,  desum,  deesse,  defuT,  defuturus, 

faithful,  fidus,  a,  um. 

fall,  cado,  ere,  cecidl,  casurus. 

falling,  casus,  us,  m. 

famous,  express  by  ille,  ilia,  illud. 

far,  far  off,  longe. 

farmer,  agricola,  ae,  m. 

father,  pater,  patris,  m» 

favor,  gratia,  ae,/ 

fear,  timeo,  ere,  timuT,  — ;  vereor, 
eri,  veritus  sum. 

fertile,  ferax,  feracis. 

few,  paucT,  ae,  a  {plur,). 

field,  ager,  agri,  m. 

fierce,  acer,  acris,  acre  ;  asper,  aspera, 


326 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


asperum  ;   ferus,  a,  um. 
fiercely,  acriter. 
fight,  pugno,  are,  avi,  atum ;  fight  a 

battle,  proelium  facere. 
fill  up,  compleo,  complere,  complevi, 

completus. 
finally,  denique. 
find,   invenio,   ire,  invenl,  inventus  ; 

reperio,  Ire,  repperi,  repertus. 
finish,  conficio,  ere,  confecT,  confectus. 
fire,  ignis,  is,  m, ;  set  fire  to,  incendo, 

ere,  incendi,  incensus. 
first,  primus,  a,  um  ;  at  first,  primo. 
fit,  idoneus,  a,  um. 
five,  quTnque. 
flank,  latus,  lateris,  «. 
flee,  fugio,  ere,  fugi,  — . 
flight,  fuga,  ae,  /  /  put  to  flight,  in 

fugam  dare. 
follow,  sequor,  sequT,  secutus  sum. 
following,  posterus,  a,  um. 
food,  cibus,  1,  m. 
foot,  pes,  pedis,  m.;  at  the  foot  of,  sub, 

w,  abl. ;  to  the  foot  of ,  sub,  w.  ace, 
foot-soldier,  pedes,  peditis,  m. 
for,  sign  of  dat.  ;  ob,  propter,  w.  ace; 

pro,  w.  abl, 
forbid,  veto,  are,  vetuT,  vetitus. 
force,  cogo,  ere,  coegT,  coactus. 
forces,  copiae,  arum,yi 
forest,  silva,  ae,  / 
form,   capio,   ere,   cepT,   captus ;    in- 

struo,  ere,  instruxT,  Tnstructus. 
former,  ille,  ilia,  illud.  . 
fort,  castellum,  T,  n. 
fortifications,  moenia,  ium,  n,plur, 
fortify,  munio,  Ire,  munivl  or  munil, 
fortune,  fortuna,  ae,^  [miinitus. 

forty,  quadraginta. 
four,  quattuor. 
fourth,  quartus,  a,  um. 


free,  liber,  libera,  llberum, 
free,  llbero,  are,  avI,  atus. 
freedom,  llbertas,  atis,/ 
frequently,  saepe. 
friend,  amicus,  I,  m. 
friendship,  amicitia,  a'e,/ 
frighten,  terreo,  ere,  terrul,  territus. 
from,  sign  of  abl, ;  a  or  ab,  e  or  ex, 

de,  w.  abl. 
future,  for  the,  in  reliquum  tempus. 


garden,  hortus,  i,  m, 

garrison,  praesidium,  I,  n. 

gate,  porta,  ae,  / 

gather,  confero,  conferre,  contuli, 
conlatus. 

Gaul  (the  country),  Gallia,  ae,  // 
(inhabitant),  Gallus,  i,  m. 

general,  dux,  ducis,  m,;  imperator, 
oris,  m. 

gentle,  lenis,  e. 

gift,  donum,  I,  n, 

girl,  puella,  ae,  / 

give,  do,  dare,  dedi,  datus ;  give 
back,  reddo,  ere,  reddidi,  redditum  ; 
give  up,  dedo,  ere,  dedidi,  deditus  ; 
permitto,  ere,  permlsl,  permissus  ; 
trado,  ere,  tradidi,  traditus. 

glad,  laetus,  a,  um. 

go,  eo.  Ire,  il,  itum  ;  proficlscor,  T, 
profectus  sum  ;  go  across  or  over, 
transeo,  Ire,  transil,  transitus  ;  go 
back,  redeo,  redire,  redil,  rediturus; 
go  forward,  procedo,  ere,  processi, 
processum  ;  go  near,  accedo,  ere, 
accessi,  accessurus  ;  go  out,  exeo, 
exire,  exil,  exiturus ;  let  go,  di- 
mitto,  ere,  dimlsi,  dimissus  ;  be 
going  to,  active  periphrastic  conju^ 
gation  (437). 


ESSENTIALS   OF    LATIN 


327 


god,  deus,  T,  m, 

goddess,  dea,  ae,/ 

good,  bonus,  a,  um. 

graceful,  gracilis,  e. 

grain,  frumentum,  1,  «. ;  supplies  of 

grain,  res  frumentaria,  rel  frumen- 

tariae,  f. 
great,  magnus,  a,  um ;  great  many, 

complures,    ia,   plur,;    so    great, 

tantus,  a,  um. 
greatness,  magnitiido,  inis,  / 
Greece,  Graecia,  ae,/ 
Greek,  Graecus,  T,  m. 
ground,  on  the,  humi. 
guard,  praesidium,  T,  n. 
guest,  hospes,  hospitis,  m. 


habit,  consuetude,  inis,  / 

hand,  manus,  us,  / 

Hannibal,  Hannibal,  is,  m, 

happen,  accido,  ere,  accidi,  — , 

harass,  lacesso,  ere,  lacessivT,  laces- 
sTtus. 

harbor,  portus,  iis,  m, 

hard,  difficilis,  e. 

hardly,  vix. 

harm,  noceo,  ere,  nocui,  nocitu- 
rus,  w.  dat. 

hasten,  maturo,  are,  avi,  atum;  con- 
tendo,  ere,  contend!,  contentum. 

haughty,  superbus,  a,  um. 

have,  habeo,  ere,  habuT,  habitus  ;  dat 
of  possession  ;  have  to,  passive  peri- 
phrastic conjugation  (438-9) . 

he,  is  ;  hic  ;  ille;   he  who,  is  qui. 

head,  caput,  capitis,  n. ;  be  at  the 
head  of,  praesum,  praeesse,  praefui, 
praefutiirus,  w.  dat 

hear,  audio,  Ire,  audivT,  auditus. 

height,  altitiido,  inis,  / 


help,  adsum,  adesse,  adfuT,  adfuturus^ 
w,  dat. 

help,  auxilium,  T,  n.;  iisus,  us,  m, 

Helvetians,  Helvetii,  orum,  plur. 

her,  hers,  eius ;  suus,  a,  um ;  her 
(own),  suus,  a,  um. 

herself,  see  self. 

high,  altus,  a,  um. 

hill,  collis,  is,  m,;  up  the  hill,  ad- 
verso  colle. 

himself,  see  self. 

hindrance,  impedimentum,  T,  n. 

his,  eius  ;  huius  ;  illius  ;  suus,  a,  um. 

hither,  hue. 

hold,  teneo,  ere,  tenuT,  tentus ;  hold 
back,  retineo,  ere,  retinuT,  retentus ; 
hold  together,  contineo,  ere,  con- 
tinuT,  Gontentus;  hold  up,  sustine5, 
ere,  sustinui,  sustentus. 

home,  domus,  us  or  T,  /  /  at  home, 
domi. 

honor,  pudor,  oris,  m, 

hope,  spero,  are,  avi,  atus. 

hope,  spes,  spei,  yC 

horn,  cornu,  us,  n, 

horse,  equus,  T,  m, 

horseman,  eques,  equitis,  m, 

hostage,  obses,  obsidis,  m.  andf, 

hour,  hora,  ae,  / 

house,  domus,  us  ^r  T,  / 

however,  autem;  tamen. 

hundred,  centum. 

hurl,  iacio,  ere,  iecT,  iactus ;  conicio, 
ere,  conieci,  coniectus. 

hurry,  contends,  ere,  contendl,  con- 
tentum;  maturo,  are,  avT,  atum. 


I,  ego,  mei. 

Ides,  Tdus,  Iduum,  /  plur^ 

if,  si ;  if  not,  nisi. 


328 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


impede,  impedio,  Tre,  impedlvT,  impe- 

ditus. 
in,  sign  of  abl. ;  in,  w.  abl. ;  be  in,  Tn- 

sum,  inesse,  infuT,  infuturus. 
incite,  incite,  are,  avi,  atus. 
increase,  auge5,  ere,  aux!,  auctus. 
industry,  dlligentia,  ae,/ 
infamous,  turpis,  e. 
infantry,  pedites,  um,  m.  plur. 
influence,   gratia,   ae,  /./   auctoritas, 

atis,//  have  most  influence,  pluri- 

mum  posse. 
influence,    permoveo,   ere,    permovT, 

permotus. 
inform,  certiorem  facio,  ere,  feci,  fac- 

tus. 
inhabit,  incolo,  ere,  incoluT,  — , 
inhabitant,  incola,  ae,  m. 
injure,  noceo,  ere,  nocuT,  nociturus, 

w.  dat, ;  obsum,  obesse,  obfuT,  obfu- 

turus,  w,  dat.  [esse,  w.  dat, 

intend,  in  animo  habere  ;    in  animo 
into,  in,  w,  ace, 
intrust,  committo,  ere,  commTsT,  com- 

missus  ;  permitto,  ere,  permisT,  per- 

missus. 
island.  Insula,  ae,  / 
it,  is,  ea,  id. 
Italy,  Italia,  ae,  / 
its,  eius  ;  suus,  a,  um. 


January,  lanuarius,  i,  m, 

javelin,  pTlum,  T,  n. 

join,  iungo,  ere,  iunxi,  iunctus ;   join 

battle,    proelium    committo,    ere, 

commisT,   commissus. 
joint,  art  us,  us,  m, 
journey,  iter,  itineris,  «. 
judgment,  iudicium,  T,  n. 


keen,  acer,  acris,  Sere. 

keep,   servo,   are,    avT,    atus ;  ,  keep 

(away)  from,  prohibeo,  ere,  pro- 

hibuT,  prohibitus. 
kill,  neco,  are,  avi,  atus ;    interficio, 

ere,  interfecT,  interfectus;    occldo, 

ere,  occIdT,  occisus. 
kindness,  gratia,  ae,/ 
king,  rex,  regis,  m, 
know,  scio,  scire,  scTvi,  scTtus ;  intel- 

lego,  ere,  intellexT,  intellectus  ;  perf, 

of  cognosco,  ere,  cognovl,  cognitus. 


Labienus,  Labienus,  i. 

labor,  labor,  oris,  m, ;  opus,  operis,  n, 

lack,  inopia,  ae,/ 

lack,  careo,  ere,  carui,  cariturus,  w.  abl, 

lacking,  be,  desum,  deesse,  defuT,  de- 
futurus,  w.  dat, 

land,  terra,  ae,/;  native  land,  pa- 
tria,  ae,/ 

large,  magnus,  a,  um ;  amplus,  a,  um. 

last,  at,  denique. 

late  at  night,  multa  nocte  ;  till  late 
at  night,  ad  multam  noctem. 

latter,  hic,  haec,  hoc. 

law,  lex,  legis,/ 

lazy,  piger,  pigra,  pigrum. 

lead,  duco,  ere,  duxT,  ductus ;  lead 
across  or  over,  tradiico,  ere,  tra- 
duxT,  traductus ;  lead  back,  re- 
duco,  ere,  reduxT,  reductus ;  lead 
out,  educo,  ere,  eduxT,  eductus. 

leader,  dux,  ducis,  m, ;  princeps,  prin- 
cipis,  m. 

learn,  intellego,  ere,  intellexT,  intel- 
lectus ;  disco,  ere,  didici,  — ; 
learn  of,  cognosce,  ere,  c6gn5vi, 
cognitus. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


329 


leave,  intrans.^  discedo,  ere,  discessT, 

discessum;  exeo,  exire,  exil,  exiturus. 

trans. ^  leave,  leave  behind,  relin- 

quo,  ere,  relTquT,  relictus. 
left,  sinister,  sinistra,  sinistrum. 
left  (  =  remaining),  reliquus,  a,  um  ; 

nothing  left,  i^ihil  reliqui. 
legion,  legio,  onis,/ 
lest,  ne,  w.  subjv, 
let,  sign  of  imper.  or  subjv. ;  let  gO, 

dlmitto,  ere,  dimisT,  dimissus. 
letter  (of  alphabet),  littera,  ae, // 

(epistle),  litterae,  dir\im,f.plur. 
liberate,  liber  5,  are,  avT,  at  us. 
liberty,  iTbertas,  atis,  / 
lieutenant,  legatus,  T,  m, 
life,  vita,  ae,  / 

lift  up,  tollo,  ere,  sustuli,  sublatus. 
light,  lux,  lucis,  / 
like,  similis,  e. 
like,  amo,  are,  avT,  atus. 
line  of  battle,  acies,  ei,  / 
little,  parvus,  a,  um. 
live,  vivo,  ere,  vixT,  — . 
long,  longus,  a,  um ;   adv.,  diu. 
lord,  dominus,  T,  m. 
love,  amo,  are,  avT,  atus. 
low,  humilis,  e. 
loyal,  fidus,  a,  um. 


mad,  insanus,  a,  um. 

make,  facio,  ere,  feci,  factus. 

man,  vir,  virl,  7?i. ;  homo,  hominis,  m. 

andf. ;  a  man  who,  is  qui. 
manage,  administro,  are,  avT,  atus. 
manhood,  virtus,  utis,  / 
many,  plural  of  multus,  a,  um  ;  very 

many,  complures,  compluria. 
march,  iter,  itineris,  n.;  on  the  march, 

ex  itinere. 


march,  proficlscor,  proficTscT,  profec- 
tus  sum  ;  iter  facio,  ere,  feci,  factus; 
contends,  ere,  contendi,  contentum. 

Marcus,  Marcus,  1,  m. 

master,  magister,  magistri,  m. ;  domi- 
nus, 1,  m. 

may,  sign  of  wish;  utinam,  w.  subjv. 

means  of,  by,  abl.  of  means;  per,  w.  ace, 

mention,  demonstro,  are,  avi,  atus. 

merchant,  mercator,  oris,  w. 

Mercury,  Mercurius,  Mercurl,  m. 

messenger,  niintius,  I,  m. 

middle  of,  medius,  a,  um. 

mile,  mille  passus;  plur.,  millia  pas- 
suum. 

mind,  animus,  i,  m. ;  mens,  mentis,/  / 
have  in  mind,  in  animo  habere;  in 
animo  esse,  w.  dat. ;  turn  the  mind 
to,  animadverts,  ere,  animadvert!, 
animadversus. 

mine,  meus,  a,  um. 

misfortune,  casus,  us,  m, 

money,  peciinia,  ae,/ 

month,  mensis,  is,  /«. 

moon,  liina,  ae,/ 

more,  plus,  pluris ;  sign  of  comparative, 

moreover,  autem  {postpositive), 

most,  sign  of  superlative. 

mountain,  mons,  mentis,  m. 

move,  moveo,  ere,  movi,  motus. 

much,  multus,  a,  um ;  adv.,  multum, 
multo. 

multitude,  multitiid5,  inis,/ 

must,  passive  periphrastic  conjuga- 
tion,  w.  dat.  of  agent  (438-9). 

my,  meus,  a,  um. 

myself,  see  self. 

N 

name,  nomen,  nominis,  «. 
name,  appello,  are,  avi,  atus. 


330 


ESSENTIALS   OF  LATIN 


narrow,  angustus,  a,  um. 

nation,  natio,  onis,/  /  gens,  gentis,/ 

native  land,  patria,  ae,/. 

near,  ad,  apud,  w.  ace;  come  near,  go 

near,   accedo,   ere,   access!,   acces- 
nearest,  proximus,  a,  um.  [surus. 

need,  be  in  need  of,  careo,  ere,  carui, 

cariturus,  w.  abl. 
neighbor,  finitimus,  T,  m. 
neighboring,  finitimus,  a,  um. 
neither,  neuter,  neutra,  neutrum. 
neither  .  .  .  nor,  neque  . . .  neque. 
never,  numquam. 
nevertheless,  tamen. 
new,  novus,  a,  um. 
next,    proximus,    a,    um ;     posterus, 

a,  um. 
night,  nox,  noctis,  /  /  late  at  night, 

multa  nocte. 
nineteen,  undevlgintl. 
no,  non ;  no  one,  none,  nullus,  a,  um ; 

nem5,  dat.  nemini. 
nor,  neque. 

north  wind,  aquilo,  onis,  m. 
not,  non  ;  and  not,  but  not,  neque  ; 

not  to,  ne,  w.  subjv. ;  if  not,  nisi ; 

that  not,  ne,  w.  subjv, 
nothing,  nihil,  inded, 
notice,  animadverts,  ere,  animadvert!, 

animadversus. 
now,  nunc,  iam. 
number,  numerus,  i,  m,;   multitudo, 

inis,  f. 

0 

0  that,  utinam,  «;.  subji), 

obey,  pareo,  ere,  paru!,  — ,  w.  dat. 

obtain,  obtineo,  ere,  obtinu!,  obtentus. 

occupy,  occupo,  are,  av!,  atus. 

of,  sign  of  gen. ;  de,  w.  abl. 

often,  saepe. 

old,  vetus,  veteris  ;  senex,  senis. 


older,  maior  natu. 

on,  in,  w.  abl. 

one,  unus,  a,  um;  one  who,  is  qui; 

one  . . .  another,  alius  . . .  alius;  the 

one  . . .  the  other,  alter . . .  alter;  to 

one  another,  inter  se. 
only,  solus,  a,  um. 
opportimity,  spatium, !,  «. 
oppose,  resists,  ere,  restiti,  — ,  w,  dat, 
order  to,  in,  ut,  w.  subjv. 
order,  iubed,  ere,  iussi,  iussus ;  impero, 

are,   av!,    atum;   mand5,    are,    avi, 

atus. 
Orgetorix,  Orgetorix,  igis,  m. 
other,   alius,  alia,  aliud;    (of  two), 

-alter,  a,  um. 
ought,   debeo,   ere,   debu!,    debitus; 

oportet,     ere,     oportuit,     impers.; 

passive    periphrastic     conjugation 

(438-9). 
our,   ours,   noster,   nostra,   nostrum; 

our  men,  nostri,  orum,  m.  plur. 
ourselves,  nos,  nostrum ;  ipsi,  ae,  a. 
out  of,  e  or  ex,  lu.  abl. 
over,  in,  2u.  abl.;   trans,  w.  ace;  be 

over,  supers  um,  superesse,  superfui, 

superfuturus,  w.  dat. 
overcome,  supero,  are,  avi,  atus, 
overtake,  consequor,  consequi,  con- 

secOtus  sum. 
owe,  debeo,  ere,  debui,  debitus. 


pace,  passus,  us,  m. 

part,  pars,  partis,  yC 

peace,  pax,  pacis,yC 

pear  tree,  pirus.  Iff. 

people,  populus, !,  m. 

perceive,  intellego,  ere,  intellexi,  in- 

tellectus. 
perish,  cado,  ere,  cecidi,  casurus. 


ESSENTIALS  OF   LATIN 


331 


permit,  permitto,  ere,  permisi,   per- 

missum ;     concedo,    ere,    concessT, 

concessum. 
persuade,   persuadeo,    ere,  persuasT, 

persuasum,  w.  daU 
pitch  (camp),  pono,  ere,  posui,  posi- 

tus. 
place,  locus,  T,  m. ;  plur,,  loci  or  loca  ; 

in  that  place,  ibi ;  to  this  place, 

hue. 
place,  p6n5,  ere,  posuT,  positus  ;   con- 
loco,  are,  avi,  atus ;   constituo,  ere, 

constitur,  constitutus. 
plan,  consilium,  1,  n. 
plead    (a    cause),    dico,    ere,    dixi, 

dictus. 
please,  delecto,  are,  avT,  atus. 
pleasing,  gratus,  a,  um. 
pledge,  obses,  obsidis,  m.  or  f, 
plow,  aro,  are,  avi,  atus. 
point  out,  demonstro,  are,  avi,  atus. 
Pompey,  Pompeius,  I,  m. 
poor,  miser,  misera,  miserum. 
possess,    obtine5,    ere.    obtinuT,    ob- 

tentus. 
possession,  take  possession  of,  oc- 

cupo,  are,  avi,  atus  ;  get  possession 

of,  potior,  potirT,   potitus   sum,   w. 

abl. 
possible,  the  .  .  .  -est  possible,  as 

...  as  possible,  quam,  w,  superl. 

of  adj, ;  as  soon  as  possible,  quam 

prTmum. 
power,  potestas,  atis,  f, ;  imperium,  T, 

n.;  vis,  ace,  vim. 
powerful,  potens,  potentis ;  be  very 

powerful,  plurimum  posse.' 
praise,  laudo,  are,  avi,  atus. 
prefer,  malo,  malle,  maluT,  — . 
prepare,  paro,  are,  avT,  atus;    com- 

par5,  are,  avi,  atus'. 


present,  be,  adsum,  adesse,  adfuT,  ad- 
futurus  ;  intersum,  interesse,  inter- 
fuT,  interfuturus. 

preserve,  servo,  are,  avi,  atus. 

pretty,  pulcher,  pulchra,  pulchrum. 

proceed,  consequor,  consequi,  conse- 
ciitus  sum. 

promise,  poUiceor,  eri,  poUicitus  sum. 

proper,  be,  oportet,  ere,  oportuit, 
ifupers, 

protect,defendo,ere,defendT,def(ensus. 

protection,  praesidium,  T,  n. ;  fides,  ei, 
/;  put  one's  self  under  the  pro- 
tection of,  in  fid  em  venire,  w.  dat, 

proud,  superbus,  a,  um. 

provide,  paro,  are,  avi,  atus ;  com- 
paro,  are,  avT,  atus. 

province,  provincia,  ae,yi 

provisions,  commeatus,  us,  m.;  res 
frumentaria,  re!  frumentariae,  yC 

prudence,  consilium,  T,  n, 

public,  publicus,  a,  um. 

punish,  punio,  Tre,  punivT,  piinitiis. 

punishment,  poena,  ae,/ 

pupil,  discipulus,  1,  m. 

purpose  of,  for  the,  ad,  w,  ace.  of 
gerundive. 

pursue,  consequor,  consequi,  conse* 
cutus  sum. 

put  to  flight,  in  fugam  do. 


queen,  regina,  ae,yC 
quickly,  celeriter. 
quickness,  celeritas,  atis,yC 


R 

race  (=  nation),  gens,  gentis,/ 
raise,  toUo,  ere,  sustull,  sublatus. 


332 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


rampart,  vallum,  i,  n, 

rank,  ordo,  ordinis,  m, 

ravage,  vasto,  are,  avT,  atus.        [turn. 

reach,  pervenio,  ire,  perveni,  perven- 

rear,  novissimiuii  agmen,  n. 

reason,  causa,  ae,/". 

receive,  accipio,  ere,   accepT,   accep- 

tus  ;  recipi5,  ere,  recepT,  receptus. 
recognize,    cognosce,    ere,    cognovi, 

cognitus. 
redoubt,  castellum,  T,  n, 
relief,  subsidium,  T,  n. 
remain,  maneo,  ere,  mansT,  mansum ; 

remaneS,  ere,  remansT,  remansurus. 
remaining,  reliquus,  a,  um. 
remove,  tollo,  ere,  sustulT,  sublatus. 
render,  reddo,  ere,  reddidl,  redditus. 
reply,   respondeo,   ere,  respondi,  re- 

sponsus. 
report,  nuntio,  are,  avi,  atus  ;  enuntio, 

are,  avi,  atus  ;   renuntio,  are,  avT, 

atus. 
republic,  res  publica,  rei  publicae,^; 
reputation,  auctSritas,  atis,/ 
request,   peto,   ere,   petivi   or  petiT, 

petitus. 
require,  postulo,  are,  avi,  atus. 
resist,  resist 6,  ere,  restiti,  — ,  w,  dat 
respect,  vereor,  erl,  veritus  sum. 
respects,  in  all,  omnibus  rebus. 
rest  of,  reliquus,  a,  um. 
restrain,  contineo,  ere,  continuT,  con- 

tentus. 
retain,  obtineo,  ere,  obtinuT,    obten- 

tus  ;  retineo,  ere,  retinuT,  retentus. 
retreat,  recipio,  ere,  recepT,  receptus 

{rejl.) ;    pedem  refero,  referre,  ret- 

tulT,  relatus. 
return,    intr.^    redeo,    redire,    redii, 

reditiirus ;     revertor,     revert!,     re- 
vert!,   reversus ;     trans.     ( =  give 


back),     reddo,     reddere,    reddidl, 

redditus. 
reveal,  enuntio,  are,  avi,  atus. 
reward,  praemium,  i,  n. 
Rhine,  Rhenus,  T,  m, 
Rhone,  Rhodanus,  i,  m. 
right,  dexter,  dext[e]ra,  dext[e]rum. 
river,  flumen,  fluminis,  n. 
road,  via,  ae,  f. ;  iter,  itineris,  n. 
rock,  saxum,  T,  n. 
Roman,  Romanus,  a,  um ;  as  subst.f 

Romanus,  i,  m. 
Rome,  Roma,  ae,yi 
rose,  rosa,  ae,/ 
rough,  asper,  aspera,  asperum. 
rouse,  incito,  are,  avi,  atus. 
rout,  pello,  ere,  pepulT,  pulsus, 
rule,    rego,    ere,    rex!,    rectus  ;     im- 

pero,  are,  avi,  atum,  w^  daU 
run  away,  fugio,  ere,  fugi,  — . 


safe,  tutus,  a,  um. 

sailor,  nauta,  ae,  m, 

sake  of,  for  the,  causa,  w,  gen, ;  ut, 

w,  subjv. 
sally,  eruptio,  6nis,yC 
same,  idem,  eadem,  idem, 
save  (=  preserve),   servo,   are,   av!, 

atus;    (=  rescue),  eripio,  ere,  eri- 

pu!,  ereptus.  {def, 

say,  dico,  ere,  d!xi,  dictus;    inquam, 
scare,  terreo,  ere,  terrui,  territus. 
scout,  explorator,  oris,  m. 
sea,  mare,  is,  n. 
seat,  sedile,  is,  n. 
second,   secundus,   a,   um ;    for    the 

second  time,  iterum. 
see,  video,  ere,  vidi,  visus. 
seek,  peto,  ere,  petiv!  or  petii,  petitus; 

quaer5,  ere,  quaesivi,  quaesitus. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


333 


seize,  occupo,  are,  avi,  atus ;  capio, 
ere,  cepT,  captus. 

select,  deligo,  ere,  delegi,  delec- 
tus. 

self,  himself,  herself,  itself,  them- 
selves, ipse,  a,  um  {intens.)  ;  sui 
{rejl.)  ;  myself,  yourself,  our- 
selves, ipse  (^intens.)  ;  pers.  pron, 
{re/.). 

senate,  senatus,  us,  m. 

send,  mitto,  ere,  misT,  missus  ;  send 
ahead,  praemitt5,  ere,  praemTsT, 
praemissus  ;  send  off,  dimitto,  ere, 
dimisi,  dlmissus. 

Sequani,  SequanT,  orum,  m,  plur, 

set  fire  to,  incendo,  ere,  incendi,  in- 
census. 

set  out,  proficTscor,  proficTscT,  profec- 
tus  sum. 

set  over,  praeficio,  ere,  praefeci, 
praefectus,  w.  ace,  and  dat, 

seven,  septem. 

seventy,  septuaginta. 

severely,  graviter. 

sharp,  acer,  acris,  acre. 

she,  ea  ;  ilia. 

ship,  navis,  is,yC 

short,  brevis,  e. 

shout,  clamor,  oris,  tn, 

show,  demonstro,  are,  avT,  atus, 

sick,  aeger,  aegra,  aegrum. 

side,  latus,  lateris,  n,;  from  or  on  all 
sides,  undique. 

sight,  conspectus,  us,  m, 

sign,  signum,  T,  n, 

similar,  similis,  e. 

six,  sex. 

size,  magnitudo,  inis,yi 

skillful,  perTtus,  a,  um. 

slaughter,  caedes,  is,/ 

slave,  servus,  T,  m. 


slay,  occTdo,  ere,  occTdi,  occisus. 

slender,  gracilis,  e. 

slow,  piger,  pigra,  pigrum. 

small,  parvus,  a,  um. 

smooth,  lenis,  e. 

snatch    away,     eripio,    ere,    eripuT, 

ereptus. 
SO,  ita  ;    tam    («;.   adjs,  and  advs.)-, 

so  great,  tantus,  a,  um  ;   and  so, 

itaque  ;  SO  as  not,  ne,  w.  subjv, 
soldier,  miles,  militis,  7ti, 
sole,  solus,  a,  um. 
some    (one),  quis,  quae   (qua),  quid 

(quod)  ;      aliquis,    aliqua,     aliquid 

(aliquod);    some  .  .  .  Others,  alii 

.  .  .  alii;   some  in  one  direction, 

some    in    another,   alii    aliam    in 

partem. 
son,  fllius,  fill  or  filil,  m. 
son-in-law,  gener,  generl,  m, 
soon,  iam ;  mox ;  as  soon  as,  quam 

primum. 
Space,  spatium,  i,  n. 
speak,  dico,  ere,  dixi,  dictus;  speak 

together,  conloquor,  conloqui,  con- 

locutus  sum. 
spear,  hasta,  ae,yi 
speech,  oratio,  6nis,yC 
speed,  celeritas,  atis,yC 
spirit,  animus,  I,  m. 
spoil,  praeda,  ae,/ 
stand  before,  praesto,  praestare,  prae- 

stitl,  — . 
star,  Stella,  ae,/ 
state,  civitas,  atis,  f.  ;  res  publica,  rei 

publicae,  f. 
station,  conloco,  are,  avI,  atus  ;   con- 

stituo,  ere,  constitui,  c5nstitutus. 
stay,  maneo,  ere,  mansi,  mansum. 
storm,  oppugno,  are,  avI,  atus ;   take 

by  storm,  expugno,  are,  avI,  atus. 


334 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


story,  fabula,  ae,/. 

strange,  alienus,  a,  um. 

street,  via,  ae,/ 

strength,  vis,  vim,  / 

strengthen,  al6,  ere,  aluT,  alitus  or  altus. 

strive,  contendo,  ere,  contend!,  con- 

tentum. 
strong,  validus,  a,  um. 
struggle,    contendo,    ere,    contendi, 

contentum. 
sturdy,  validus,  a,  um. 
such,  talis,  e  ;   tantus,  a,  um. 
suffer,  patior,  patT,  passus  sum;    la- 

boro,  are,  avT,  atus. 
suitable,  idoneus,  a,  um. 
summer,  aestas,  atis,/ 
summon,  convoco,  are,  avT,  atus. 
supplies,  commeatus,  us,  m. ;  supplies 

of  grain,  res  frumentaria,/ 
supply,  copia,  ae,/ 
suppose,    existimo,    are,    avT,    atus ; 

arbitror,  ari,  atus  sum. 
surpass,  /r.,  supero,  are,  avT,  atus  ; 

intr,^  praest6,praestare,  praestiti, — . 
surrender,  deditio,  onis,  / 
surrender,     trado,    tradere,    tradidl, 

traditus;     dedo,    dedere,     dedidi, 

deditus. 
surround,    circumvenio.   Ire,   circum- 

veni,  circumventus. 
survive,  supersum,  superesse,   super- 

fuT,  superfuturus. 
sustain,   sustineo,  ere,  sustinui,  sus- 

tentus. 
swift,  velox,  velocis. 
swiftly,  celeriter. 
sword,  gladius,  i,  m. 


table,  mensa,  ae,/ 

take,  capio,  ere,  cepi,  captus;   take 


away,  tolls,  ere,  sustuli,  sublatus  ; 

take  by  storm,  expugn5,  are,  avT, 

atus;  take  possession  of,  occupo, 

are,  avi,  atus. 
teacher,  magister,  magistrl,  m» 
tell,  dico,  ere,  dixi,  dictus. 
temple,     templum,     i,     n, ;     aedes, 

aedis,  / 
ten,  decem. 

tender,  tener,  tenera,  tenerum. 
territory,  fines,  finium,  m.  plur. 
than,  quam  ;   abl,  after  comparative. 
that,  demonstr.f  is,  ea,  id  ;    ille,  ilia, 

illud  ;   rel.,  qui,  quae,  quod. 
that,  in  order  that,  so  that,  ut,  w, 

subjv. ;  after  verbs  of  fearing^  ne,  w, 

subjv.;    that   not,   ne,    w.    subjv,; 

would  that,  utinam. 
their   (own),  theirs,   suus,  a,  um ; 

eorum,  earum. 
themselves,  see  self, 
then,  tum. 

thence,  inde.  \_lated, 

there,   ibi ;    introductory^  not  trans- 
therefore,  itaque. 
thereupon,  inde. 
they,  ii,  eae,  ea ;  illi,  illae,  ilia, 
thing,  res,  rel,/ 

think,  existimo,  are,  avi,  atus ;  arbi- 
tror, ari,  atus  sum. 
third,  tertius,  a,  um. 
thirty,  trlginta. 
this,  hic,  haec,  hoc. 
thou, tu. 
thousand,  mille  {indecL) ;  plur,,  miUia 

or  milia. 
three,  tres,  tria ;  three  hundred,  tre- 

centT,  ae,  a. 
through,  per,  w.  ace. 
throw,  iacio,  ere,  iecT,  iactus ;  conicio, 

ere,  coniecl,  coniectus. 


ESSENTIALS  OF   LATIN 


335 


thus,  ita. 

Tiber,  Tiberis,  is,  m, 

time,  tempus,  temporis,  n,;  spatium, 
1,  n. ;  for  a  long  time,  diu. 

to,  sign  of  dat. ;  ad,  in,  w.  ace.  ;  sign 
of  subjv.  of  purpose, 

to-day,  hodie. 

top  of,  summus,  a,  um. 

toward  (s),  ad,  w.  ace, 

tower,  turris,  is,/ 

town,  oppidum,  1,  n. 

trader,  mercator,  oris,  m, 

Tralles,  Tralles,  Trallium,  m.  pi, 

transport,  traduc5,  ere,  traduxi,  tra- 
ductus. 

treat,  ago,  ere,  egi,  actus, 

trench,  fossa,  ae,  / 

trial,  iudicium,  T,  n, 

tribe,  gens,  gentis,/ 

troops,  copiae,  arum,  f  pi, 

trustj  fides,  ei,/  \w,  dat. 

trust,    credo,  ere,  credidT,  creditum, 

try,  Conor,  ari,  atus  sum. 

turn  about,  converts,  ere,  convert!, 
conversus ;  turn  back,  revertor,  re- 
vert!, revert!,  reversus ;  turn  the 
mind  to,  animadverto,  ere,  animad- 
vert!, animad  versus. 

twelve,  duodecim. 

twenty,  vigint!. 

two,  duo,  duae,  duo. 


Ugly,  turpis,  e. 

unfavorable,  alienus,  a,  um. 

unless,  nisi. 

unlike,  dissimilis,  e. 

unwilling,  be,  nolo,  nolle,  nolul,  — . 

upon,  in,  w,  ace,  and  abl. 


urge,  cohortor,  ar!,  atus  sum;  urge  on, 

incito,  are,  av!,  atus. 
use,  usus,  us,  m. ;  be  of  use  to,  prosum, 

prodesse/  profui,  profuturus,  w,  dat. 
use,  utor,  ut!,  usus  sum,  w.  abl. 


van,  pr!mum  agmen,  pr!m!  agminis,  n, 

vassal,  cliens,  clientis,  m. 

very,  adj.  or  adv.  in  superl, ;  intens,^ 

ipse,  a,  um. 
view,  conspectus,  us,  m. 
village,  v!cus, !,  m, 
virtue,  virtus,  utis,/ 

W 

wage,  gero,  ere,  gessi,  gestus  ;  wage 

war  upon,  helium  infero,  !nferre,  in- 

tuli,  inlatus,  w.  dat, 
wait  for,  exspecto,  are,  avi,  atus, 
wall,  murus, !,  m, 
walls,  moenia,  moenium,  n,pl, 
war,  helium, !,  n. 

warn,  moneo,  ere,  monu!,  monitus. 
waste,  lay,  vasto,  are,  av!,  atus. 
watch,  vigilia,  ae,/ 
way,  via,  ae,  / 
we,  nos,  nostrum. 
weapon,  telum,   !,   n,;  plur.^  arma, 

orum,  ;/. 
wear  out,  conficio,  ere,  confec!,  con- 

fectus. 
well,  bene  ;  well  known,  n5bilis,  e. 
what      {rel.),      qu!,     quae,     quod; 

{interrog.)f  quis,  quae,   quid, 
when,  ubi,  cum. 
where,  ubi. 
which     (rel.),    qui,     quae,    quod ; 

(Jnterrog.)y     quis,      quae,     quid  ; 

which  of  two,  uter,  utra,  utrum. 
white,  albus,  a,  um. 


336 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


who   (r^/.)»   qui,   quae ;    (Jnterrog.), 

quis,  quae. 
whole,  totus,  a,  um  ;  omnis,  e. 
why,  cur. 

wicked,  malus,  a,  um. 
wide,  latus,  a,  um. 
width,  latitude,  inis,/ 
wild,  ferus,  a,  um. 
will,  volo,  velle,  voluT,  — ;    will  not, 

nolo,  nolle,  noluT,  — . 
willing,  be,  volo,  velle,  volui,  — ;  be 

more  willing,  malo,  malle,  malui, — . 
wine,  vTnum,  i,  n. 
wing,  cornu,  us,  n. 
winter,  hiems,  hiemis,yC 
winter  quarters,  hlberna,  orum,  n.  pL 
wisely,  prudenter. 
wish,    cupio,    ere,    cupTvT,    cupitus; 

volo,  velle,  voluT,  — . 
with,   sign   of  abl.;     cum,   w.    abl.; 

apud,  IV.  ace.  [cessum, 

withdraw,  discedo,  ere,  discessi,  dis- 
within,  sign  of  abl.  of  time. 
without,  sine,  w.  abl.  ;  be  without, 

careo,  ere,  carui,  cariturus,  w.  abl. 


withstand,    sustineo,    ere,    sustinuT, 

sustentus. 
woman,     femina,     ae,    //     mulier, 

mulieris,  / 
wood  (=  forest),  silva,  ae,/ 
work,  labor,  oris,  /  /  opus,  operis,  «. 
work,  laboro,  are,  avT,  aturus. 
would  that,  utinam,  zu.  subjv. 
wound,  vulnus,  vulneris,  n. 
wound,  vulnero,  are,  avT,  atus. 
wretched,  miser,  misera,  miserum. 
write,  scrlbo,  ere,  scripsi,  scrTptus. 


year,  annus,  I,  m, 

yet,  tamen. 

you,  tu,  vos. 

young,  iuvenis,  is. 

your,   yours,  tuus,   a,    um ;    vester, 

vestra,  vestrum. 
yourself,  tu,  vos  ;  ipse. 


zeal,  studium,  I,  ». 


INDEX 


(Numbers  refer  to  Sections.  References  to  matter  contained  in  footnotes  are 
given  by  citing  the  page  and  the  number  of  the  note :  in  such  cases  p.  =  page, 
n.  =  note.  The  only  other  abbreviation  used,  vs.,  =  'distinguished  from.'  The 
Index,  it  is  expected,  will  be  supplemented  by  the  Table  of  Contents,  pages  7-9.) 


a  vs.  ab,  p.  70,  n.  i. 

Ablative,  of  agent,  141-142 ;  absolute, 
315-317;  of  cause,  117-118;  of 
comparison,  with  and  without  quam, 
259-260;  of  description,  302-303;  of 
instrument,  93-94;  with  in,  p.  24, 
n.  2;  of  manner,  147-148;  of 
means,  93-94;  of  measure  of  dif- 
ference, 266-267;  of  place  whence, 
236,  a:  237;  of  separation,  210- 
211;  of  specification,  156-157;  of 
time  when,  130-13 1;  with  utor, 
fruor,  fungor,  potior,  vescor,  336- 
337. 

Ablative  singular,  in  -i,  in  adjectives  of 
third  declension,  155,  i ;  in  -i  and  -e, 
in  nouns  of  third  declension,  122,  3. 

Accent,  general  rules  for,  20 ;  of  geni- 
tive singular  of  nouns  in  -ius  and 
-ium,  74,  I ;  of  vocative  singular  of 
nouns  in  -ius  and  of  filius,  74,  2 ;  of 
perfect  forms  in  second  conjuga- 
tion, 106 ;  of  present  passive  of 
fourth  conjugation,  215,  2. 

Accusative,  of  direct  object,  45  :  46,  2  ; 
of  duration  of  time  and  extent  of 
space,  244-245 ;  of  limit  of  motion, 
236,  a:  237;  as  subject  of  infini- 
tive, 184,  i;  329:  429-430;  with 
in,  p.  29,  n.  2;  with  ob  and  propter 
to  express  cause,  p.  71,  n.  2. 

Accusative  singular  in  -im,  in  third 
declension,  122,  3. 


Active  periphrastic  conjugation,  437 : 
529. 

Adjectives,  agreement  of,  see  Agree- 
ment;  comparison  of,  256-257 : 
264-265;  demonstrative,  201-202; 
interrogative,  216-217;  possessive, 
292-293:  296;  position  of,  32; 
predicate,  general  rule  for,  321 
33-34;  predicate,  with  comple- 
mentary infinitive,  183,  c.  184,  3^ 
construed  with  dative,  162-1635 
denote  only  part  of  word  modified, 
p.  133,  n.  i;  used  as  nouns,  203; 
with  genitive  singular  in  -ius  and 
dative  singular  in  -i,  209. 

Adverbs,  formation  of,  279;  com- 
parison of,  280. 

Agent,  expressed  by  a  or  ab  with  the 
ablative,  141-142. 

Agreement,  of  adjectives,  general 
rules  for,  32:  33-34:  63:  65;  oi 
possessive  adjectives,  293  ;  of  pred- 
icate adjective,  in  general,  32: 
33-34;  of  predicate  adjective  with 
complementary  infinitive,  183,  c\ 
184,  3;  of  appositive.  57-58;  of 
participles,  152,  2;  of  relative  pro- 
noun, 196,  h:  197;  of  verbs,  in 
general,  45,  4 :  46,  i ;  of  person  of 
verb  in  relative  clause  with  that 
of  antecedent,  288. 

aliquis,  301,  4:  515.. 

alius,  declension  of,  209. 


337 


,338 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


Alphabet,  2-4. 

alter,  declension  of,  209. 

Antecedent,  defined,  196,  a-b;  deter- 
mines person  of  the  verb  of  the 
relative  clause,   288. 

Apodosis,    413. 

Apposition,  appositive,  57-58:  p.  119, 
n.  I. 

Article,  missing  in  Latin,  p.  16,  n.  2. 

Base,  25:   52,  2:   69,  2,  4:   112,  I,  3: 

122,  2. 
bonus,  comparison  of,  272. 

careo,  ablative  with,  211. 

Cases,  names  of,  24.  See  also  Abla- 
tive, Accusative,  Dative,  Genitive, 
Locative,  Vocative. 

Cause,  ablative  of,  11 7-1 18;  ex- 
pressed by  ob  and  propter  with  ac- 
cusative, p.  71,  n.  2;  expressed  by 
cum  with  the  subjunctive,  386: 
387,  2. 

Command,  aflfirmative,  expressed  by 
imperative,  399;  negative,  ex- 
pressed by  n6li  or  nolite  with  in- 
finitive, 399. 

Comparative,  with  special  signification 
*  too*  or  *  rather,'  268.  See  also 
Comparison. 

Comparison,  of  adjectives,  256-257: 
264-265;  of  adverbs,  280;  irregu- 
lar, of  adjectives,  272;  ablative  of, 
259-260. 

Complex  sentences,  349:  413;  in  in- 
direct discourse,  427-430. 

Compound  verbs,  dative  with,  393- 
394;  dative  and  accusative  with, 
393. 

Concessive  clauses,  with  cum  and  sub- 
junctive, 386-387. 

Concord,  see  Agreement. 

Conditional  sentences,  413-421. 

Conditions,  general  classification  of, 
414;   contrary  to  fact,  416;  future. 


418-419;  simple,  415;  summa- 
rized, 420;  expressed  by  ablative 
absolute,  315-316;  expressed  by 
participle,  421. 

Conjugation,  23 :  26. 

Conjugations,  the  four,  how  distin- 
guished, 85. 

Consonants,  2;  pronunciation  of,  7: 
14. 

Contrary  to  fact  conditions,  416; 
contrary   to   fact   wishes,    423-424. 

cum,  preposition,  with  ablative,  in 
expressions  of  manner,  147-148; 
appended  to  pronouns,  287. 

cum  clauses,  especially  with  the  sub- 
junctive, 386-387. 

Dative,  of  indirect  object,  57-58;  of 
possession,  with  sum,  230-231;  of 
service  or  purpose,  294-295;  with 
adjectives,  162-163;  with  com- 
pound verbs,  393-394;  with  com- 
pound verbs,  together  with  the 
accusative,  393;  with  verbs  of 
special  meaning,  342-343. 

Declension,  24. 

Degree  of  difference,  expressed  by 
ablative,  266-267. 

Demonstratives,  201-203;  less  used 
in  Latin  than  in  English,  p.  155,  n. 
I :  p.  186,  n.  I. 

Deponent  verbs,  333-335 :  528;  per- 
fect passive  participle  of,  active 
in  meaning,  335. 

Description,  ablative  and  genitive  of, 
302-303. 

Difference,  degree  of,  expressed  by 
the  ablative,  266-267. 

Diphthongs,  4:  8:  17,  4. 

Direct  object,  see  Object. 

Discourse,  indirect,  see  Indirect  diS' 
course. 

d6,  quantity  of  vowel  a  in,  p.  30,  n.  i. 

domi,  235,  2. 

domus,  222,  2:   501. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


339 


Duration  of  time,  expressed  by  the 
accusative,  244-245. 

e  vs.  ex,  p.  70,  n.  i. 

Enclitics,  20,  4.     See  -ne  and  -que. 

Endings,  case,  25:  112;  personal,  43, 
1 :  87,  I :  g2,  i :  106,  i :  139,  2-3 : 
146,  1 :  173,  1 :  348,  2. 

eo,  234:  525. 

*  exceedingly,'  expressed  by  the  super- 
lative degree,  268. 

Exhortation,  subjunctive  of,  399. 

Extent  of  space  and  time,  expressed 
by  the  accusative,  244-245. 

extremus,  '  the  end  of,'  p.  133*  »•  i- 

Fearing,  object  clause  after  verb  of, 

384-385. 
ferd,  527. 
fio,  526. 

fruor,  with  ablative,  336-337. 
fungor,  with  ablative,  337. 
Future  conditions,  418-419. 
Future  perfect  tense,  formation  of,  98, 

1 :  99. 
Future  wishes,  423-424. 

Gender,   rules   of,    27-28:     29:     128: 

223. 
Genitive,  general  rule  for  use  of,  38; 

of    description,  302-303;    partitive, 

250-251;    of  the  whole,  250-251.  • 
Gerund  and  gerundive,  404-406.     See 

Purpose. 

hie,  201 :  203 ;  vs.  ille,  203 ;  vs.  is, 
203;  as  demonstrative  of  the  first 
person,  208,  i. 

*  his '  and  *  her  '  omitted,  p.  27,  n.  2. 

Historical  present,  p.  125,  n.  3. 

Historical  tenses,  372. 

Hopeless  wishes,  423-424. 

hunu,  235,  2. 

-i-  stems,  of  nouns,  in  third  declension, 
123;  of  adjectives,  in  third  declen- 
sion, 155,  1 :  161,  3. 


idem,  189. 

ille,  202-203;  vs.  hie,  203;  vs.  is, 
203 ;  =  '  that  famous,*  position  of, 
203. 

Imperative,  use  of,  399;  shortened 
form  of,  in  certain  verbs  (die,  due, 
fae,  fer),  398. 

Impersonal  use  of  verbs,  432. 

imus,  *  the  bottom  of,'  p.  133,  n.  i. 

in,  with  the  ablative,  p.  24,  n.  2 :  235, 
3 :  237>  I ;  with  the  accusative,  p. 
29,  n.  2  :  237,  2. 

Indefinite  pronouns,  300-301. 

Indicative  active,  table  for  formation 
of,  99. 

Indirect  discourse,  327-330:  369-370; 
infinitive  and  subjunctive  in,  in 
complex  sentences,  427-430. 

Indirect  object,  see  Object. 

Infinitive,  formation  and  meanings  of, 
322;  general  remarks  on  the  use  of, 
183-184;  as  subject,  183,  c:  184,1; 
complementary,  183,  hi  184,  2; 
in  indirect  discourse,  328-330: 
429-430;  subject  of,  in  the  accusa- 
tive, 183,  c:  184,  i;  predicate  ad- 
jective with  complementary  infini- 
tive, 183,  c  184,  3;  in  substantive 
clause,  378. 

Inflection  defined,  23. 

Instrument,  ablative  of,  93-94. 

Interrogative  adjective  and  pronoun, 
216-217. 

ipse,  207;    vs.  se,  286,  4. 

Irregular  comparison  of  adjectives, 
272. 

is,  declension  of,  188;  meanings  of, 
190-191;  vs.  suus,  293^  2:  286,  3; 
as  antecedent  of  relative  pronoun, 
196,  c. 

iste,  declension  of,  208;  used  as  the 
demonstrative  of  the  second  per- 
son, 208. 

Locative,  235 :  237. 


340 


ESSENTIALS   OF  LATIN 


malo,  362 :  524. 

Manner,  expressed  by  ablative,  or  by 
the    ablative    with    cum,    147-148. 

*  many  great,'  etc.,  =  *  many  and 
great,'  etc.,  p.  34,  n.  i :   p.  62,  n.  i. 

Means,  ablative  of,  93-94. 

Measure  of  difference,  expressed  by 
the  ablative,   266-267. 

medius,  *  the  middle  of,'  p.  133,  n.  i. 

mille,  242  :  243,  3. 

Moods,  26,  I.  See  Imperative,  In- 
dicative,  Infinitive,  Subjunctive. 

-ne,  enclitic,  20,  4;    in  questions,  40. 

ne,  negative  particle,  not  used  with 
the  imperative,  399;  used  with  the 
subjunctive  of  exhortation,  399;  used 
with  the  subjunctive  of  wish,  424. 

Negative,  with  the  subjunctive  of 
exhortation,  399;    with  wishes,  424. 

neuter,  declension  of,  209. 

noli  or  nSlite,  with  the  infinitive  in 
negative  commands   (prohibitions), 

399" 

nolo,  362 :  524. 

Nominative,  34,  i;  in  predicate  ad- 
jective with  complementary  in- 
finitive, 183,  c:  184,  3. 

nonne,  in  questions,  40,  2. 

nullus,  declension  of,  209. 

Numbers,  26,  5. 

Numerals,  241-243. 

Object,  direct,  in  the  accusative,  45 : 
46,  2;  indirect,  in  the  dative, 
57 :  58,  2 ;  indirect,  with  compound 
verbs,  393-394;  direct  and  indi- 
rect both,  with  compound  verbs,  393. 

Object  clauses,  ^eo.  Substantive  clauses. 

Omission,  of  subject,  45,  3-4;  of  the 
possessive  adjectives,  p.  27,  n.  2. 

Order  of  words,  general  rules  for,  32: 
82  :  p.  24,  n.  3 ;  position  of  adjectives, 
32;  position  of  the  vocative,  p.  27, 


Participles,  agreement  of,  see  Agree' 
ment;  formation  of,  307;  tenses  of, 
309;  uses  of,  152:  308:  311:421; 
of  deponent  verbs,  334;  perfect,  of 
deponent  verbs,  active  in  sense, 
335;  as  protasis  of  conditional 
sentences,  311 :  421. 

Partitive  genitive,  250-251. 

Parts,  principal,  see  Principal  parts; 
how  given  in  this  book,  p.  49,  n.  i. 

Parts  of  speech,  22. 

Passive  periphrastic  conjugation, 
438-439:  530. 

Perfect  tense,  vs.  imperfect  tense,  92 ; 
endings  of,  92,  i ;    formation  of,  99. 

Periphrastic  conjugation,  active,  437: 
529;  passive,  438-439:  530. 

Person  of  verb,  remarks  on,  45;  how 
indicated,  43. 

Personal  endings,  see  Endings. 

Personal  pronouns,  284-285;  CUm 
appended  to,  287. 

Persons,  26,  4. 

Place   whence,    how   expressed,    236: 

237,3- 

Place  where,  how  expressed,  235:  237, 
I. 

Place  whither,  how  expressed,  236: 
237,  2. 

Pluperfect  tense,  formation  of,  98, 
\'  99. 

plus,  declension  of,  273. 

Possession,  dative  of,  with  sum,  230- 
231. 

Possessive  adjectives,  292-293:  296; 
omitted,  p.  27,  n.  2. 

Possessives  omitted,  p.  27,  n.  2. 

possum,  274:  522. 

potior,  with  the  ablative,  337. 

Predicate  adjective,  in  general,  32- 
2,z  '-  34,  2 ;  with  complementary  in- 
finitive, 183,  c:  184,  3. 

Predicate  agreement,  of  adjective  and 
noun,  32-33:  34,  2;  with  comple- 
mentary infinitive,  183,  c:    184,  3. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   LATIN 


341 


Primary  tenses,  372. 

Principal  parts  of  verbs,  86 ;  how  given 
in  this  book,  p.  49,  n.  i. 

Prohibitions,  399. 

Pronouns,  demonstrative,  201-203; 
indefinite,  300-301 ;  interrogative, 
216-217;  personal,  284-285;  reflex- 
ive, 284:  286;  relative,  195;  agree- 
ment of,  196-197;  in  indirect  dis- 
course, 428;  cum  appended  to,  287. 

Pronunciation,    5-8. 

prosum,  391 :  523. 

Protasis,  413;  expressed  by  ablative 
absolute,  315-317;  expressed  by 
participle,  311 :  421. 

Purpose,  expressed  by  ad  with  the 
accusative  of  the  gerund  or  the 
gerundive,  406,  3 ;  expressed  by  the 
dative,  294-295;  expressed  by  the 
genitive  of  the  gerund  or  the  gerun- 
dive with  causa,  406,  3 ;  expressed 
by  the  subjunctive,  350-351;  ex- 
pressed by  relative  clauses  in  the 
subjunctive,  363-364;  expressed  by 
the  supine,  433-435- 

quam,  *  than,'  in  expressions  involving 
a  comparative,  259-260. 

Quantity,  general  rules  for,  16-19; 
in  fifth  declension,  genitive  singular, 
p.  122,  n.  I. 

-que,  position  of,  20,  4:    p.  80,  n.  i. 

Questions,  with  -ne  and  nonne,  40; 
indirect,  in  the  subjunctive,  369- 
370;  indirect,  vs.  indirect  state- 
ments, 369. 

qui,  195.     See  Relative  pronoun. 

quidam,  301,  5. 

quis,  interrogative,  216-217;  indefi- 
nite, used  especially  with  si,  nisi, 
ne  and  num,  301,  i. 

quisque  vs.  omnis,  301,  2. 

*  rather,'  expressed  by  the  comparative 

degree,  268. 
Reflexive  pronouns,  284:    286;     cum 


appended  to,  287;  use  of,  in  in- 
direct discourse,  p.  160,  n.  i. 

Relative  clauses  of  purpose,  in  the 
subjunctive,  363-364. 

Relative  pronoun,  declension  of,  195; 
meanings  and  use  of,  195-196; 
agreement  of,  196-197;  antece- 
dent of,  196,  a;  antecedent  of,  often 
is,  196,  c;  cum  appended  to,  287; 
used  at  beginning  of  sentences  or 
clauses  where  English  uses  the  de- 
monstrative, p.  155,  n.  I :  p.  186,  n.  i. 

Result,  expressed  by  subjunctive, 
356-358. 

revertof,  forms  of,  p.  189,  n.  i. 

ruri,  235,  2^ 

se  vs.  ipse,  286,  4. 

Secondary  tenses,  372. 

Separation,  how  expressed,  210-21 1. 

Sequence  of  tenses,  371-374. 

Service,  dative  of,  294-295. 

Simple  conditions,  415. 

solus,  declension  of,  209. 

Space,  extent  of,  expressed  by  the 
accusative,  244-245. 

Specification,  ablative  of,   156-157. 

Speech,  parts  of,  22. 

Stem,  defined,  25;  of  third  declension, 
in:  112,1;  of  verb,  43:  86:  122,2. 

Subject,  normal  case  of,  33 :  34i  i ;  of 
infinitive,  in  the  accusatfve  case, 
184:  329:  429-430;  may  be 
omitted,  45,  3. 

Subjunctive,  of  exhortation,  399;  in 
indirect  discourse,  in  complex  sen- 
tences, 427:  429-430;  of  purpose, 
in  clauses  with  ut  or  ne,  350-351; 
of  purpose,  in  relative  clauses,  363- 
364;  of  result,  356-358;  in  wishes, 
423-425. 

Subordinate  clauses  in  indirect  dis- 
course, 427 :  429-430. 

Substantive  clauses,  with  infinitive^ 
378:    380;     with   the   subjunctive. 


342 


ESSENTIALS    OF   LATIN 


378-380;     with    verbs    of    fearing, 

384-385. 
sui,  suus,  286,  2,  3. 
sum,  521;    with  dative  of  possession, 

230-231. 
summus,  '  the  top  of,'  p.  133,  n.  i. 
Superlative,  with  special  signification 

'exceedingly'   or   'very,'    268. 
Supine,  433-435- 
suus  vs.  is,  293,  2. 
Syllables,  10-15;    quantity  of,  18-19; 

accent  of,  20. 

Tenses,  named,  26,  2;  primary,  372; 
historical  or  secondary,  372;  per- 
fect vs.  imperfect,  92  ;  sequence  of, 
371-374;  in  subjunctive  clauses  of 
result,  357,  b,  c;  in  subjunctive 
clauses  of  purpose,   357,   h,  c. 

Time,  extent  of,  expressed  by  the  ac- 
cusative, 244-245 ;  clauses  express- 
ing, 386 :  387,  I ;  time  when,  ex- 
pressed by  the  ablative,  130-13 1. 

*  too,'  expressed  by  the  comparative 
degree,  268. 

tdtus,  declension  of,  209. 

Translation,  hints  for,  136. 

Villus,  declension  of,  209. 
unus,  declension  of,  209. 
uter,  declension  of,  209. 
uterque,  declension  of,  209. 
utinam,  in  wishes,  424-425. 
utor,  ablative  with,  336-337' 


Verbal  noun  vs.  verbal  adjective,  403. 
See  Gerund. 

Verbs,  compound,  construed  with  ihe 
dative,  393-394,  or  with  dative  and 
accusative,  393 ;  conjugations  of, 
85 ;  construed  with  the  dative, 
342-343;  principal  parts  of,  86; 
principal  parts  of,  how  given  in 
this  book,  p.  49,  n.  i;  stems  of,  86; 
transitive,  construction  with,  46, 
2;  used  impersonally,  432.  See 
Agreement. 

'  very,'  expressed  by  the  superlative 
degree,  268. 

vescor,  with  the  ablative,  337. 

vetus,  ablative  singular  of,  in  -e, 
p.  83,  n.  I. 

Vocative,  24,  5 :  69,  3 ;  position  of, 
p.   27,  n.  I :    p.  40,  n.  i. 

Vocative  singular,  of  nouns  in  -ius  and 
of  faius,  74,  2. 

Voices,  26,  3 :  138. 

volo,  524. 

Vowel,  characteristic,  of  the  four  con- 
jugations, 146,  2. 

Vowels,  3;  pronunciation  of,  5-6; 
quantity  of,  16-17. 

Whole,  genitive  of,  250-251. 

Wishes,     expressed    by     subjunctive, 

423-425;   negative  in,  424;   utinam 

in,  424-425. 
Words,  order  of,  see  Order  of  words. 


ADVERTISEMENTS 


PEARSON'S     LATIN     PROSE 
COMPOSITION 

By  HENRY  CARR   PEARSON,   Horace  Mann  School, 
Teachers  College,  New  York. 


Complete  ... 

Part  II,    Based  on  Caesar 
Part  III,   Based  on  Cicero 


THIS  book  combines  a  thorough  and  systematic  study  of 
the  essentials  of  Latin  syntax  with  abundant  practice  in 
translating  English  into  Latin;  and  aifords  constant  prac- 
tice in  writing  Latin   at  sight.      It   meets  the  most  exacting 
college  entrance  requirements. 

•[[  Part  I  is  a  summary  of  the  fundamental  principles  of  Latin 
grammar  and  syntax,  and  contains  clear,  concise  explanations 
of  many  points  that  are  troublesome  to  the  ordinary  pupil.  It 
is  divided  into  graded  lessons  of  convenient  length,  each  les- 
son including  Enghsh-Latin  exercises  for  practice.  References 
to  all  the  leading  grammars  are  also  given. 
^  Part  II  contains  short,  disconnected  EngHsh  sentences  and 
some  continuous  narrative  based  on  Books  I-IV  of  Caesar's 
Galhc  War.  Part  III  presents  material  for  translation  into 
Latin  based  upon  Cicero.  There  are  also  exercises  for  gen- 
eral review  preparatory  to  college  entrance  examinations. 
^  A  valuable  feature  of  the  book  is  the  Review  Lessons,  in- 
troduced at  intervals.  These  contain  lists  of  important  words 
for  vocabulary  study,  and  together  with  the  summaries  of 
grammatical  principles  afford  excellent  material  for  review 
work  and  practice  in  sight  translation.  For  purposes  of  em- 
phasis and  intensive  study,  typical  Latin  sentences,  illustrating 
important  grammatic  usages,  idioms,  and  phrases  are  placed  at 
the  head  of  each  chapter  based  on  Books  I  and  II  of  Caesar 
and  the  first  Catilinian  oration  of  Cicero. 


AMERICAN     BOOK    COMPANY 


PEARSON'S    GREEK     PROSE 
COMPOSITION 

By  HENRY  CARR  PEARSON,   Horace  Mann  School, 
Teachers  College,  New  York. 


THIS  book  combines  a  thorough  and  systematic  study  of 
the  essentials  of  Greek  syntax  with  abundant  pr^'.ctice 
in  translating  connected  idiomatic  English  into  Greek; 
and  affords  constant  practice  in  writing  Greek  at  sight. 
^  Part  I  contains,  in  graded  lessons,  the  principal  points  of 
Greek  syntax  which  require  especial  emphasis,  the  unusual 
and  the  non-essential  being  purposely  omitted.  These  les- 
sons are  designed  for  use  at  the  beginning  of  the  second  year' s 
study  of  Greek,  thereby  serving  as  a  partial  review  of  the  first 
year's  work  and  as  an  introduction  to  the  composition  work 
in  connection  with  the  reading  of  Xenophon's  Anabasis. 
^  Part  II  contains  short,  simple  EngHsh  sentences,  based  on 
Books  I -IV  of  the  Anabasis,  designed  to  be  used  daily  in 
connection  with  the  reading  of  the  text. 

^[  Part  III  contains  connecJ:ed  English  prose,  based  on 
Books  I -IV  of  the  Anabasis.  This  is  carefully  graded,  so 
that  the  student  who  performs  faithfully  the  work  outlined 
will  be  able  to  pass  the  entrance  examination  to  any  college. 
^  Review  lessons  are  introduced  at  intervals,  containing  a 
list  of  the  important  words  and  an  enumeration  of  the  princi- 
pal constructions  used  in  the  preceding  sentences.  These  re- 
views enable  the  student  to  make  definite  preparation  for  sight 
work  by  giving  him  valuable  practice  in  the  off-hand  use  of 
words  and  principles  of  grammar. 

^  The  book  is  provided  with  an  English- Greek  vocabulary 
and  contains  a  selection  of  recent  college  entrance  examination 
papers  in  Greek  prose  composition. 


AMERICAN    BOOK    COMPANY 

(283) 


LATIN     GRAMMARS 

By  ALBERT  HARKNESS,  Ph.D.,  LL.D.,  Professor 

Emeritus  in  Brown  University 


Complete  Latin  Grammar, 


Short  Latin  Grammar . 


THESE  text-books  represent  the  latest  advances  in  philo- 
logical science,  and  embody  the  results  of  the  author's 
large  experience  in  teaching,  and  of  his  own  linguistic 
studies,  together  with    the  suggestions  and  advice  of  eminent 
German  specialists  in  the  field  of  historical  and  comparative 
grammar. 

^  Throughout  each  volume  the  instruction  has  been  adapted 
to  present  methods  and  present  needs.  A  special  effort  has 
been  made  to  develop  the  practical  side  of  grammar,  to  make 
it  as  helpful  as  possible  to  the  teacher  in  explaining  the  force 
of  involved  constructions  in  Latin  authors,  and  to  the  learner 
in  understanding  and  appreciating  the  thought  in  a  compli- 
cated Latin  sentence. 

^  The  COMPLETE  LATIN  GRAMMAR  is  designed  to 
meet  the  needs  of  Latin  students  in  both  scho  Is  and  colleges. 
Simplicity  and  clearness  of  presentation,  as  well  as  ^f  language, 
form  leading  characteristics  of  the  work.  Attention  is  directed 
particularly  to  the  arrangement  of  material,  and  to  the  treat- 
ment of  etymology,  syntax,  moods  and  tenses,  subjunctive, 
indirect  discourse,  and  hidden  quantity. 
^  The  SHORT  LATIN  GRAMMAR  is  intended  for 
those  who  prefer  to  begin  with  a  more  elementary  manual, 
or  for  those  who  do  not  contemplate  a  collegiate  course.  In 
its  preparation  the  convenience  and  interest  of  the  student  have 
been  carefully  consulted.  The  paradigms,  rules,  and  dis- 
cussions have  in  general  been  introduced  in  the  exact  form 
and  language  of  the  Complete  Latin  Grammar,  by  which  it 
may  at  any  time  be  supplemented.  The  numbering  of  the 
sections  in  the  two  books  is  also  alike. 


AMERICAN     BOOK    COMPANY 

C2J7) 


FOR   LANGUAGE   STUDY 


DECOURBEY'S  FRENCH  VERB  BLANKS, 

A  simple  device,  containing  forty-eight  blanks,  bound  to 
gether  in  a  single  pad.  Each  primitive  tense  is  grouped  with 
the  tenses  derived  from  it,  and  both  the  French  and  the  Eng- 
lish names  of  the  tenses  are  given.  With  the  help  of  one  of 
these  blanks  the  average  pupil  can  write  out  a  verb  in  about 
live  minutes. 

McCOLLOM'S  GERMAN  VERB  FORM  . 

These  tabular  forms,  containing  forty-eight  blanks  to  the 
pad,  simplify  and  systematize  the  study  of  the  German  verb 
by  facilitating  the  change  of  a  verb  from  one  voice  to  the 
other,  by  enabling  the  pupil  to  grasp  easily  the  substitutions 
for  the  passive  voice,  and  by  providing  abundant  material  for 
drill. 

INGLIS'S  LATIN  COMPOSITION  EXERCIS? 
BOOK 

Gives  a  systematic  training  indispensable  to  'a  thorough 
comprehension  of  the  language.  Preceding  the  blanks  on 
which  the  student  is  to  write  the  exercises,  are  pages  con- 
taining the  symbols  of  correction,  and  a  summary  of  the  chief 
principles  of  grammar  and  syntax,  accompanied  by  references 
to  the  standard  Latin  grammars. 

REILEY'S  PRACTICAL  EXERCISES  ON 
THE  LATIN  VERB       .... 

Th^se  blanks  provide  for  the  writing  or  over  one  hundred 
verbs  and  have  been  prepared  to  combine  rapidity  with 
thoroughness,  to  economize  the  time  of  both  teacher  and 
pupil,  and  to  present  the  verb  in  such  a  way  that  its  acquisi- 
tion will  be  both  easy  and  permanent. 


AMERICAN     BOOK    COMPANY 


A     N  EW     CICERO 

Edited  by  ALBERT  HARKNESS,  Ph.D.,  LL.D.,  Pro- 
fessor Emeritus  in  Brown  University  ;  assisted  by  J.  C. 
KIRTLAND,  Jr.,  Professor  in  Phillips  Exeter  Academy; 
and  G.  H.  WILLIAMS,  Professor  in  Kalamazoo  Col- 
lege, late  Instructor  in  Phillips  Exeter  Academy 


Nine  Oration  Edition  . 


Six  Oration  Edition 


FOR  convenience  this  edition  of  Cicero  has  been  pub- 
lished in  two  forms.  The  larger  edition  includes  the 
four  orations  against  Catiline,  the  Manilian  Law,  Archias, 
Marcellus,  Ligarius,  and  the  Fourteenth  Philippic.  The 
smaller  edition  contains  the  first  six  of  these  orations,  which 
are  those  required  by  the  College  Entrance  Examination 
Board,  and  by  the  New  York  State  Education  Department. 
^  Before  the  text  of  each  oration  is  a  special  introduction, 
which  is  intended  to  awaken  the  interest  of  the  student  by 
furnishing  him  with  information  in  regard  to  the  oration. 
^  The  general  introduction  presents  an  outline  of  the  life  of 
Cicero,  a  brief  history  of  Roman  oratory,  a  chronological  table 
of  contemporaneous  Roman  history,  a  short  account  of  the 
main  divisions  of  the  Roman  people,  the  powers  and  the 
duties  of  magistrates,  of  the  senate-  of  the  popular  assemblies, 
and  of  the  courts  of  justice. 

^  The  notes  give  the  student  the  key  to  all  really  difficult  pas- 
sages, and  at  the  same  time  furnish  him  with  such  collateral 
information  upon  Roman  manners  and  customs,  upon  Roman 
history  and  life,  as  will  enable  him  to  understand,  appreciate, 
and  enjoy  these  masterpieces  of  Roman  oratory.  The  gram- 
matical references  are  to  all  the  standard  Latin  grammars. 
•[[  The  vocabulary  gives  the  primary  meanings  of  words,  with 
such  other  meanings  as  the  student  will  need  in  translating 
the  orations.  Special  attention  is  devoted  to  the  important 
subject  of  etymology.     There  are  many  maps  and  illustrations. 


AMERICAN     BOOK     COMPANY 

C354) 


CAESAR'S     GALLIC     WAR 

Edited    by    ALBERT    HARKNESS,     Ph.D.,     LL.D., 

Professor  Emeritus  in  Brown  University ;  assisted  by 
CHARLES  H.  FORBES,  A.B.,  Professor  of  Latin 
in   Phillips  Academy,   Andover,    Mass. 


Complete  Edition   . 


Four  Book  Edition 


THIS  edition  of  Caesar's  Commentaries  is  now  issued  in 
two  forms.  Besides  the  complete  edition  containing  the 
entire  seven  books  of  the  Gallic  War,  there  is  also  an 
edition  in  which  the  first  four  books  are  published  separately. 
As  these  four  books  of  Caesar  are  those  generally  read  by 
students  in  preparing  for  college,  and  constitute  the  minimum 
requirements  of  the  College  Entrance  Examination  Board,  and  of 
the  New  York  State  Education  Department,  this  smaller  volume 
satisfies  the  demands  in  many  schools  at  less  than  the  usual 
cost.  Both  editions  present  the  necessary  pedagogic  appa- 
ratus, with  parallel  references  to  the  standard  Latin  grammars. 
^  The  introduction  contains  an  outline  of  the  life  of  Caesar, 
a  description  in  brief  of  the  scenes  of  his  military  operations 
in  Gaul,  Germany,  and  Britain,  and  a  short  treatise  on  the 
military  system  of  the  Romans,  together  with  a  list  of  valuable 
works  on  the  subjects  discussed  in  the  introduction. 
^  In  the  notes,  such  difficult  subjects  as  the  subjunctive  mood, 
and  indirect  discourse,  have  been  treated  with  unusual  clear- 
ness. In  the  earlier  books  frequent  comparisons  have  been  made 
between  the  direct  and  the  indirect  forms  of  discourse,  and 
between  kindred  constructions.  The  notes  to  the  Second  Book 
are  sufficiently  full  for  students  who  begin  with  that  book. 
^  The  vocabulary  gives  special  attention  to  etymology,  but 
the  treatment  is  made  as  simple  as  possible,  with  the  sole  aim 
of  aiding  the  student  in  understanding  and  appreciating  the 
significant  elements  of  words.  The  illustrations  constitute 
one  of  the  most  striking  features  of  the  work. 


AMERICAN     BOOK    COMPANY 
I ^ 


JANES'S    SECOND    YEAR    LATIN 
FOR    SIGHT    READING 

Edited  by  A*  L.  JANES,   Instructor  in  Latin,  Boys'  High 
School,  Brooklyn 


THIS  book  has  been  prepared  to  meet  the  Latin  sight 
reading  requirements  of  the  College  Entrance  Exam- 
ination Board,  and  is  intended  to  follow  the  intensive 
reading  of  Books  I  and  II  of  Caesar's  Gallic  War.  All 
words  which  Professor  Lodge  in  The  Vocabulary  of  High 
School  Latin  has  shown  should  be  mastered  by  the  end  of 
the  second  year  are  printed  in  full-faced  type  in  the  text 
where  they  first  occur.  The  footnotes  include  the  meanings 
of  the  less  usual  words,  unusual  meanings  of  common  words, 
hints  on  derivation  and  translation,  and  synonyms. 


BARSS^S    THIRD    YEAR    LATIN 
FOR   SIGHT    READING 

Edited  by  J.   EDMUND   BARSS,   Latin    Master, 
Hotchkiss  School,  Lakeville,  Conn. 


THE  purpose  of  this  work  is  identical  with  that  of 
Janes' s  Second  Year  Latin  for  Sight  Reading,  which  it 
is  intended  to  follow.  The  treatment  of  vocabulary, 
idiom,  and  construction  is  therefore  much  the  same  as  in  the 
earlier  volume,  but  since  the  pupil  has  now  acquired  the 
greater  power  of  reading  at  sight,  the  assistance  afforded  in 
the  way  of  footnotes  and  vocabulary  is  not  quite  so  extensive. 
The  book  covers  more  than  twice  the  amount  specified  by 
the  requirements. 


AMERICAN     BOOK    COMPANY 

(253) 


A   TERM     OF    OVID 


Edited   by    CLARENCE   W.    GLEASON,  A.Mo 
(Harvard),  of  the  Volkmann  School,  Boston 


BY  THE  SAME  AUTHOR 

Greek  Primer       ....     o     ...     c     o     o 

Greek  Prose  Composition  for  Schools 

Story  of  Cyrus  .«. o. 

Xenophon's  Cyropaedia  »     .     ,     o     • 


THE  ten  stories  from  the  Metamorphoses  included  in 
this  book  are:  Atalanta's  Last  Race ;  Pyramus  and 
Thisbe ;  Apollo's  Unrequited  Love  for  Daphne; 
How  Phaeton  Drove  his  Father's  Chariot ;  The  Death  of 
Orpheus ;  The  Touch  of  Gold  ;  Philemon  and  Baucis ; 
The  Impiety  and  Punishment  of  Niobe  ;  The  Flood  ; 
Perseus  and  Andromeda. 

^  There  is  a  distinct  advantage  in  using  these  selections 
from  Ovid  as  a  stepping-stone  from  Caesar  to  Virgil. 
Written  in  an  entertaining  manner,  they  not  only  make  the 
student  acquainted  with  the  legends  of  the  gods  and  heroes, 
but  also  lessen  the  greatest  gap  in  a  continuous  Latin  course  by 
familiarizing  him  with  the  vocabulary  of  Virgil  in  easier  verse,  - 
In  the  present  volume  are  all  but  300  of  the  words  found  in 
the  first  book  of  the  Aeneid. 

^  The  work  contains  about  1,420  lines  of  text,  with  full 
notes  on  the  text  and  on  scansion,  and  a  vocabulary.  The 
first  hundred  lines  are  divided  into  feet  for  scansion,  with  the 
accents  and  caesuras  marked.  The  first  three  stories  are 
accompanied  by  a  parallel  version  in  the  order  of  ordinary 
Latin  prose,  with  the  quantities  indicated.  There  are  also 
synonyms  of  words  not  usual  in  prose,  and  of  common 
words  in  extraordinary  uses. 


AMERICAN    BOOK    COMPANY 

C364) 


VIRGIL'S    AENEID 

Edited  by  HENRY  S.  FRIEZE,  late  Professor  of  Latin,  Uni- 
versity of  Michigan.  Revised  by  WALTER  H.  DEN- 
NISON,  Professor  of  Latin,  University  of  Michigan 


First  Six  Books    .      .     .  Complete 

Complete  Text  Edition  . 


IN  its  present  form  this  w^ell-known  work  has  been  thor- 
oughly revised  and  modernized.  It  is  published  in  two 
volumes :  one  containing  the  first  six  books,  the  other  the 
entire  twelve  books — an  arrangement  especially  convenient  for 
students  who  read  more  than  the  minimum  College  Entrance 
Requirements  in  Latin.  Both  volumes  are  printed  on  very 
thin  opaque  paper,  thus  m::king  each  an  extraordinarily 
compact  and  usable  book. 

^  The  introduction  has  been  enlarged  by  the  addition  of 
sections  on  the  Lfe  an  J  writings  of  Virgil,  the  plan  of  the 
Aeneid,  the  meter,  manuscripts,  editions,  and  helpful  books 
of  reference. 

^y  The  text  has  been  corrected  to  conform  to  the  readings  that 
have  become  established,  and  the  spellings  are  in  accord  with 
the  evidence  of  inscriptions  of  the  first  century  A.D.  To  meet 
the  need  of  early  assistance  in  reading  the  verse  metrically, 
the  long  vowels  in  the  first  two  books  are  fully  indicated. 
^  The  notes  have  been  thoroughly  revised,  and  largely  added 
to.  The  old  grammar  references  are  corrected,  and  new  ones 
added.  The  literary  appreciation  of  the  poet  is  increased  by 
parallel  quotations  from  English  literature.  The  irregularities 
of  scansion  in  each  book  are  given  with  sufficient  explanations. 
^  The  vocabulary  has  been  made  as  simple  as  possible,  and 
includes  only  those  words  occurring  in  the  Aeneid.  The 
illustrations  and  maps,  for  the  most  part,  are  new  and  fresh, 
and  have  been  selected  with  great  care,  with  a  view  to  assist- 
ing directly  in  the  interpretation  of  the  text. 


AMERICAN    BOOK     COMPANY 


(256^ 


BEGINNER'S     GREEK     BOOK 


By  ALLEN  ROGERS  BENNER,  Professor  of  Greek, 
Phillips  Academy,  Andover,  and  HERBERT  WEIR 
SMYTH,  Ph.D.,  Eliot  Professor  of  Greek  Literature, 
Harvard  University 


THE  use  of  this  book  should  enable  the  average  class  to 
begin  reading  Xenophon's  Anabasis  without  much  diffi- 
culty before  the  end  of  the  first  year.      Only  the  gram- 
mar, forms,   and  constructions  needed  in   the  first  year  of 
Greek  are  presented. 

^  The  main  part  is  divided  into  60  lessons  or  chapters,  each 
consisting  of  a  number  of  grammatical  principles,  clearly  illus- 
trated by  examples,  a  special  vocabulary,  and  Greek- English 
and  English-Greek  exercises  for  translation.  The  vocabula- 
ries contain  only  such  words  as  are  used  by  Xenophon,  with 
preference  given  to  the  commoner  words  of  the  Anabasis. 
^  Only  the  more  significant  paradigms  and  rules  of  syntax 
are  emphasized.  Thus  the  present,  future,  and  aorist  tenses 
of  the  verb  are  introduced  early ;  but  the  perfect  tenses  are 
postponed  to  later  lessons.  Infinitives,  even  in  indirect  dis- 
course, participles,  and  compound  verbs  have  an  early  place. 
In  the  first  50  lessons  the  prefix  of  a  compound  verb  is  regu- 
larly separated  from  the  verb  proper  by  a  hyphen. 
^  The  essential  rules  of  syntax  are  enforced  by  repetition  of 
examples  in  successive  exercises.  Paradigms  of  certain  words 
that  are  unusual  in  the  Anabasis  are  not  given,  if  at  the  same 
time  these  words  involve  special  difficulties.  The  dual  num- 
ber has  been  retained  in  the  paradigms,  although  it  may  easily 
be  disregarded,  as  it  has  not  been  used  in  the  exercises. 
^  At  the  close  of  the  book  are  a  few  simplified  selections 
from  the  Anabasis  which  are  designed  for  those  students  who 
are  not  ready  to  begin  reading  the  original  text,  after  com- 
pleting the  lessons.  Summaries  of  forms  and  syntax,  verb  lists, 
vocabularies,  and  an  index  are  included. 


AMERICAN     BOOK     COMPANY 


C286) 


"                  14  DAY  USE 

RKIURN  TO  DESK  FROM  WHICH  BORROWED 

EDUCATION-PSYCHOLOGY 
LIBRARY 

This  book  is  due  on  the  last  date  stamped  below,  or 

on  the  date  to  which  renewed. 

Renewed  books  are  subject  to  immediate  recall. 

SEP  i  0  1963 

Jm  C     REC'D  -12  iV 

^lit^^^r         ^-^iESF-^  1 

^B  36257 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


